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Addiction and Recovery: Foundational Principles 1

Light University Online

Addiction and Recovery: Foundational Principles

ARCO 501

Module 4



Module Four

Table of Contents

The Addictive Cycle Eric Scalise, Ph.D. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Trauma and Addiction Jennifer Cisney, M.A., Gary Sibcy, Ph.D., & Daniel Amen, M.D. ................................................................. 12

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: CYCLICAL BEHAVIOR AND TRAUMA



Description In this lesson, Dr. Eric Scalise provides a thorough survey of addiction and related factors culminating in the explanation of the addictive cycle. He discusses terminology as well as the numerous factors which lead to addictive behavior. Dr. Scalise also expounds on the unmet needs that result in addictive behavior and the categories of addiction and drug abuse. The addiction cycle is developed to aid counselors in understanding the addictive process as it occurs at various stages within the mind of addicts.

Learning Objectives:

1. List and discuss the various factors that lead to addictive behavior. 2. Identify and describe the unmet needs that result in addictive behavior.

3. Develop and explain the various phases of the addiction cycle.

THE ADDICTIVE CYCLE

VIDEO

Eric Scalise, Ph.D.



I. Clarification of Common Terms in Addiction

A. Substance

Drug of Abuse

Medication

Toxin

Fathers, mothers, and grandparents are found to give blessings in OT

B. Drugs – are simply chemicals that can change something in the body's chemistry or

internal makeup.

C. Drug Misuse – using drugs for purposes or conditions for which they are not suited; or

for appropriate purposes but improper dosages.

D. Drug Abuse – excessive or persistent use of a drug without regard to accepted medical

practice.

E. Drug Dependence – results from drug abuse; when the central nervous system is

involved and is characterized by a behavioral response that always includes a compulsive

desire to continue taking the drug, either to experience its effects or to avoid the

discomfort of its absence; it always includes psychic craving (psychological dependence)

and sometimes includes physical/organic dependence.



II. Factors that Lead to Addictive Behaviors A. Dysfunctional or Disordered Family of Origin

B. Genetic Factors

C. Excessive Peer Pressure

D. Curiosity/Experimentation E. Low Self-Esteem

F. Parental Role Models for Addictive Behavior

G. Cultural Influences

H. Strong Aggressive Behavior with Deficient Self-Control and/or Social Skills

I. Low Moral or Spiritual Value Center

J. Low Frustration Tolerance

K. History of Abuse or Trauma



L. Emotional Disorders

III. Unmet Needs that Lead to Self-Medicating Behaviors A. Need to Escape from Worry or Anxiety

B. Need to Reduce Guilt Feelings

C. Need for Approval and Acceptance

D. Need to Avoid Pain

E. Need to Avoid Disorder and Confusion

IV. Categories of Addictions and Drug Abuse A. Addictions that Stimulate – activities or substances that provide arousal and

ecstasy usually results in a release of adrenaline.

B. Addictions that Tranquilize – activities or substances that calm, comfort or reduce tension/anxiety – usually results in a release of endorphins (food is an example).

C. Addictions that Serve a Psychological Need – examples include self-punishment,

codependency, and workaholism. D. Addictions that Satisfy Unique Appetites – involves both psychological and

physiological components (examples include pornography and some fetishes).



V. Stages of Addictive Behavior A. Experimentation – the person is motivated by curiosity or a desire for acceptance or

escape; the person doesn’t go overboard and learns that the effects are controlled by the

level of intake; usually few if any consequences.

B. Occasional Use or Activity – the person experiences periodic disruptions at

work/school/home; they need more of the substance or activity to get the same effect;

there’s more actual seeking behavior; still mostly in a social context where the person is

frequently guided by a more experienced “user”.

C. Regular Use or Activity – the person begins obsessing more and is preoccupied with

using or doing; they begin to do it more on their own; may experience a periodic loss of

control; begins to break their own self-imposed rules that regulate the behavior; shame

and guilt may increase; look for ways to hide what’s going on.

D. Dependence/Addiction – the person now needs the substance to survive, cope and get

by in daily living/functioning; there’s a deterioration in mental, emotional, physical,

moral and spiritual health.



Proverbs 23:29-35

* "Those who go in search of..."

* "When it sparkles in the cup..."

* "bites like a serpent...""stings like a viper..."

* "...eyes see strange things...""Your heart will utter perverse

things..."

* "They have struck me but I wasnot hurt; beaten me but I didnot feel it..."

* "When shall I awake, that I mayseek another drink?"

The Process

* An addict begins an innocentquest for relief from his pain

* The seductiveness of alcohol

* The pain relief of the alcoholnow has become the main prob-lem but the addict continues thecycle until recovery or death

* A distorted perspective on life,relationships, attitudes and be-haviors which become an actingout of pain in the heart

* The denial of the addict is sostrong that he can't see how hisaddiction is destroying every-thing around him - He's out oftouch with reality

* Even with all the pain, he stillbelieves that the alcohol willsolve his problems

VI. Common Traits of Addictions

A. They provide a false form of escape.

B. They totally control the addicted person in a way that transcends logic and reason.

C. They involve pleasure.

D. Over time, they are destructive and unhealthy.



E. They take priority over all of life’s other issues.

F. They involve psychological or emotional components of dependence.

G. They are about body chemistry.

VII. The Addiction Cycle

_______________

_______________ _______________

_______________

_______________ _______________

_______________



A. Pain B. Hit Bottom

C. Seek Relief

D. Use or Do

E. Feel Good

F. Crash

G. Cycles Back to Pain

H. Tolerance

I. Romans 7:14-25



Study Questions

1. List, describe, and provide examples of each of the factors that lead to addictive behaviors.

2. List, describe, and provide examples of each of the unmet needs which lead to self-medicating behaviors.

3. Describe each of the categories of addiction and drug abuse.

4. Provide the common traits of drug abuse.

5. Recreate the addiction cycle and provide a description of each phase.



Description Jennifer Cisney, Dr. Sibcy, and Dr. Amen discuss the impact of trauma and traumatic stress on brain function, memory and emotional regulation. This includes addictive tendencies and behaviors. The links between the brain, trauma, and addictions are explored. The panel focuses on the need for thorough triage and assessment along with effective counseling interventions.

Learning Objectives:

1. Possess a general understanding of the impact of trauma and traumatic stress on brain function.

2. Explain what happens to a person’s brain after a traumatic event.

3. Identify and discuss effective counseling strategies related to brain

trauma and addictions.

TRAUMA AND ADDICTION

VIDEO

Jennifer Cisney, M.A., Gary Sibcy, Ph.D.,

with Daniel Amen, M.D.



I. Statistics

A. 50-60% of women and 20% of men in chemical dependency programs report a history of childhood sexual abuse.

B. 55-99% of people with PTSD have co-occurring substance abuse problems II. What Happens in a Person’s Brain after Traumatic Event

A. Explicit Memory – Ability to recall some fact, information, or episode of life, in which you are aware that you are deliberately recalling the fact, information or episode.

B. Implicit Memory – The recorded feelings, sensations, and emotional experiences associated with an event which are recalled automatically.

C. Trauma is recorded in the limbic system as implicit memory.

D. What allows a memory to go from implicit to explicit; a narrative memory? Hippocampus

E. In a trauma, when the brain tries to remember what has happened, a person experiences emotional disregulation. Three Strategies for Dealing with Emotional Disregulation: Avoidance

Dissociate

Tension-Reduction Behaviors (leads to addiction)



III. Link Between the Brain, Trauma, and Addictions

A. When a person has emotional trauma, the brain fires up and the emotional brain becomes overactive. This can lead to addictions as an attempt to settle things down.

B. In the 30-day window, what can help steer people away from drugs/alcohol/addiction? Beta blockers

Process what happened

Exercise

Be around other people

Try to keep the brain healthy

C. What about those who did not have proper interventions? Psychotherapy

Medications

Getting one’s brain healthy

Diet

Exercise

Fish Oil

Dr. Archibald Hart’s book – Thrilled to Death



D. Tips for Preventing Burning Out of Pleasure Centers Don’t engage in constant high stimulation activities

Have some down-time from the technology

Eat right, exercise, etc.

Training your attention to enjoy simple pleasures

E. Addiction as Self-Medication IV. What Can Counselors Do to Help People with Traumatic Events and Addiction?

A. How to Overcome a Fear Expose one to the feared event in a slowed, titrated fashion

Discontinuity between expectation and reality

Brain then re-updates its belief system

Limbic beliefs cannot be overridden with logic; they only respond to emotionally

charged experiences.



B. Understand the Types of Trauma Type 1 Trauma is a one-time traumatic event, such as a fire, without previous

history of trauma or mental health problems.

Type 2 Trauma is a history of recurring traumatic events with other mental health problems, such as anxiety or depression.

C. Be Aware of Red Flags

D. Family Interventions

E. Proper Assessments

F. Make Good Referrals



V. Trauma and Addiction

A. Self-Medicating Continuum

B. If one works in the field, he/she should be very aware of burn-out and traumatization.

C. Children don’t just develop PTSD from an event itself, but rather in a larger context.

D. Only a small percentage of people exposed to a traumatic event develop PTSD; most people will have a level of resilience and can recover quite normally within a 30-day period of a traumatic event.

E. 75% of people in the United States will be exposed to an event that could cause PTSD, but only 25% of those people will develop PTSD.

F. Education is Key

G. Develop Healthy Coping Mechanisms



Study Questions

1. Discuss the statistics given at the beginning of the lesson.

2. What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

3. Discuss the different types of trauma.

4. Discuss one’s understanding of the link between trauma and addiction.

5. What are some things that counselors can do to help people overcome addictions and traumatic events?

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