additional mathematics project work 2010 4

8/9/2019 Additional Mathematics Project Work 2010 4

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ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS

PROJECT WORK 4

2010

NAME

NRIC

Teacher



CONTENTS

Appreciation 1

Objectives 2

Introduction 3

PART 1 4

PART 2 18

PART 3 24

Further Exploration 27

Conclusion 33

Reflection 34



Appreciation

First and foremost, Alhamdulillah ya Allah, thank you for giving me the opportunity to finish this project

work. I would like to say thank you for the will that I had provided with. A very special thank you to Puan Siti

Zubaidah Mohamed, our additional mathematics teacher as well as my parent who give me support and the finance

Thank you Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider the person which created the internet, without the internet I will

not be able to finish this project. Moreover, the internet is free. Thank you to all my friends. A special thank you to

all 5 Kenanga students. They are my classmates who involved in this project as we work together as a secondary

family. We do practise teamwork.

Not forgetting those people who had helped me with or without my knowledge or even by coincidences.

Thank you.



OBJECTIVES

We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we in Form 5. This

year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared for tasks for us. We are to

choose and complete ONLY one task based on our area of interest. This project can be done can be done in

groups or individually, but each of us are expected to submit an individually written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are to gain valuable experiences and able to :

1. apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve

routine and non-routine problems2. experience classroom environments which are challenging, interestingand meaningful and hence improve their thinking skills

3. experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills areapplied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems

4. experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and

communication are highly encouraged and expected

5. experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhanceseffective learning

6. acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing, and to use the language of

mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely

7. enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem- solving in ways that increase interest and confidence

8. prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and inworkplace

9. realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hencedevelop positive attitude towards mathematics.

10. train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also tocollaborate, to cooperate and to share knowledge in an engaging

healthy environment

11. use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively

12. train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematicsand to become more creative and innovative

13. realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics



INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of demographic and economic

data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, then including the disciplineconcerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in

government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, andhave allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability and statistical

inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between statistics and probability theorydeveloped rather late, however. In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose

initial results were found in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance

(gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics wassystematized and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual

development. In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models toadvance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists used statistical

reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and

the scientific method.

Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a

special concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific method and inductivelogic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of science; with its emphasis on learning

from data and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision science andmicroeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer

science.

NOW

Statistics and index numbers are widely used in economics and even in our daily life.



The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to another. Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only

reasonably priced but also give value for their money.

You are required to carry out a survey on four different items based on the following categories i.e. food, detergent

and stationery. The survey should be done in three different shops.



(a) Collect pictures, newspaper cuttings or photos on items that you have chosen. Design a collage to illustrate

the chosen items.

FOOD



STATIONERY



DETERGENT



(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table 1. Since items may be differently packed, be sure

to use a consistent measurement for each item selected so that comparison can be done easily and accurately.

ANSWER

Category Item Price (RM)

Giant Econsave Carrefour

FOOD

Blue-Key Self-Rising Flour 1kg 4.29 3.80 4.25

CSR Sugar 2kg 3.30 3.30 3.30

Buttercup Spread 250g 4.29 4.25 4.29

Nutriplus Omega-3 Gred A 1 dozen 4.49 3.93 4.29

Total Prices 16.37 15.28 16.13

Detergent

Kiwi Kleen Flour Cleaner super

active 2 litres

10.99 8.90 8.90

Vanish liquid Stain Remover 1litres 11.98 13.95 11.90

DAIA Powder Detergent Floral 5kg 18.99 16.95 24.90

Softlan Floral Fantasy 2 litres 6.99 6.29 7.05

Total Prices 48.95 46.09 52.75

Stationery

Faber-castle Dust-free eraser 3s 1.99 2.40 2.50

Paper Mate 7ml 1s 5.80 5.90 6.5

Stabilo ballpen828nfine 4s blue 3.49 3.80 3.80

UHU glue 50ml 2s 2.49 2.80 2.80

Total Prices 13.77 14.90 15.60

Grand Total 79.09 76.27 84.48



(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the use of ICT is encouraged) to compare and

contrast the prices of the items chosen.

ANSWER

4.29

3.8

4.25

3.30 3.30 3.30

4.29 4.254.29

4.493.93 4.29

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5


Self-rising flour (1kg)

Sugar (2kg)

Butter (250g)

Egg (1 dozen)



10.99 8.908.90

11.9813.95

11.9

18.99

16.95

24.90

6.99

6.29

7.05

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Flour cleaner (2 litres)

Stain Remover ( 1 litres)

Powder detergent ( 5 kg)

Clothes softener


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16.37

15.28

16.13

14.6

14.8

15

15.2

15.4

15.6

15.8

16

16.2

16.4

16.6


Total prices for food categoy (RM)

Total prices for food categoy

(RM)



48.95

46.09

52.75

42

44

46

48

50

52

54


Total prices for detergent categoy (RM)

Total prices for detergent

categoy (RM)



13.77

14.90

15.60

12.5

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16


Total prices for stationery categoy (RM)

Total prices for stationery

categoy (RM)



16.37

48.95

13.7715.28

46.09

14.916.13

52.75

15.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Food Detergent Stationery

Giant

Econsave

Carrefour



(d) Based on the graphical representations that you have constructed in Part 1 (c), interpret, discuss and draw

conclusions. Comments on your findings.

ANSWER

Based on the graphs, the prices for detergents is the highest compared to the other categories among the

shops. Giant sold stationery at the lowest prices while Econsave sold detergents and foods at the lowest prices. The

prices for sugars among all three shops are the same at RM3.30. This may be due to controlled prices for sugar.

The chart below shows the conclusion based on the chart above,

79.09= 33%

76.27= 32%

84.48= 35%

Grand Total (RM)

Giant

Econsave

Carrefour



(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference among the shops. Calculate the mean and the standard

deviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest and discuss possible reasons for the price difference.

ANSWER

The item that has a large price difference among the shops is DAIA Powder Detergent Floral 5kg,

The mean,

The variance,

The price of DAIA Powder Detergent Floral 5kg at Carrefour supermarket has a high prices difference. This may be

due to the rental prices for the location of the store might be high. A high rental cost will results in increase of the

prices of the item. It is also as a market strategy. As many people buy the product, the cost of the product will

increase to gain its own profit. Despite that, many people does not concern about the price as the item may be a

trusted brand. The item has a higher quality of the same item of different brands. The store also located in a housing

area. The people who live in the area would go to the store as it located near their houses. The demands for the

item may be high.



Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This year the school plans to install air

conditioners in school library. Last year, during the carnival, your class made and sold butter cakes. Because of the

popularity of butter cakes, your class has decided to carry out the same project for this years carnival.



(a) Suggest a shop from Part 1 from which you would go to purchase the ingredients for the butter cakes.

State and discuss your reasons for purchasing from the shops you suggested.

ANSWER

Ingredients Quantity per cake Price in the year 2009

(RM)

Price in the year 2010

(RM)

Self-raising flour 250g 0.90 0.95

Sugar 200g 0.35 0.33

Butter 250g 3.30 4.25

Eggs 5 eggs (300g) 1.25 1.64

=5.80 =7.17

TABLE 2.1

For self-rising flour,

For sugar,

For butter,

For eggs,



(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items found in the shop/supermarket that you have chosen.

(i) Calculate the price index for each of the ingredients in Table 2 for the year 2010 based on year

2009.

(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a butter cake in the year 2010 based on the year

2009. Discuss how you obtained your answers.

(iii) In the year 2009, the butter cake was sold at RM15.00 each. Suggest a suitable selling price for

the butter cake in the year 2010. Give reasons for your answer.

ANSWER

TABLE 2.2

To calculate the composite index of the ingredients, the weightage of the ingredients is needed. Table 2.2 shows the

value of the weightage.

The composite index,

Ingredients Quantity per cake (x) Weightage (W) Index number (I) IW

Self-raising flour 250g

26.39

Sugar 200g 18.858

Butter 250g 32.1975

Eggs 5 eggs (300g) 39.36

x=1000g W=1 I=459.84 IW =116.8055



In the year 2009, the price for a butter cake is RM 15.00.

In the year 2010, the price for a butter cake is,

RM17.52

Hence, the price for a butter cake in the year 2010 is RM17.52. It is reasonable for the increased in the price sold as

the cost for making a butter cake had increased.



(c) (i) Find out from reliable sources how to determine suitable capacity of air conditioner to

be installed based on volume/size of a room.

(ii) Work in groups to determine the number of air conditioners with the appropriate

capacity required for your library.

(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air conditioner for the school library, how manybutter cakes must your class sell in order to buy the air conditioner?

ANSWER

In choosing a suitable air conditioner, several factors should be ensured, that is, the size of the room, the

cooling capacity of the air conditioner, the power of the air conditioner, the condition of the room and the usage of

the room. Never install an air conditioner according to horse-power rating. This is because, British Thermal Unit

(BTU) is the actual rating. A regular usage such as for bedroom uses an air conditioner of 5 000 BTU/hr. A more

crowded room should be installed ranges between 36 500BTU/hr to of 1 000 000 BTU/hr. To check the efficiency of

an air conditioner, divide the watt rating into BTU output. A factor of 10 means it is an efficient unit, and the factor

should not be less than 5. An effective rule of thumb to determine the BTUs needed to cool a room is to multiply the

volume of the room by 25; add 1,000 for every window and 400 for each occupant at a time.

The school library has 2.019m height, 1.895m width and 8.360m long. The volume of the library,

Volume= height x width x length

Volume= 2.019m x 1.895m 8.360m

Volume= 31.99m3

A higher BTU will results in higher cooling capacity.

Using the rule of thumb, provided the maximum occupant at a time in the library is 110 people,

BTU = 31.99 x 25 + 60(1 000) + 110(400)

=50 799.75

Using a standard BTU air conditioner that is about 9 100 BTU, the amount of air conditioner needed is

= = = 5.6

=6

The suitable quantities of air conditioner for the school library are 6.



The cost of an air conditioner of 9 100 BTU is RM579.99. The profit gain by selling a butter cake, assuming that RM3

additional cost for baking and other costs excluding costs for ingredient.

Profit = Prices sold cost

Profit = 17.52- ( 7.17 + 3.00 )

Profit = RM7.35

Hence, the number of cakes required to buy an air conditioner is,

=

=78.91

=79 cakes



As a committee member for the carnival, you are required to prepare an estimated budget to organize this years

carnival. The committee has to take into consideration the increase in expenditure from the previous year due to

inflation. The price of food, transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The cost of games, prizes and

decorations remains the same, whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increased by 30%.



(a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given above

Expenditure Amount in 2009 (RM) Amount in 2010 (RM)

Food 1200.00 1380.00

Games 500.00 500.00Transportations 300.00 345.00

Decorations 200.00 200.00

Prizes 600.00 600.00

Tents 800.00 920.00

Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00

TABLE 3.1

(b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the year

2009. Comment your answer.

Expenditure Amount in 2009

(RM)

Amount in 2010

(RM)

I W IW

Food 1200.00 1380.00 115 12 1380

Games 500.00 500.00 100 5 500

Transportations 300.00 345.00 115 3 345

Decorations 200.00 200.00 100 2 200

Prizes 600.00 600.00 100 6 600

Tents 800.00 920.00 115 8 920

Miscellaneous 400.00 520.00 130 4 520

Total 4000 4465 775 40 4465

TABLE 3.2

Therefore, the price in the year 2010 had increased by 11.625%. The increased in the price is due to increased price

of some items.



In India, the Stock Exchange, Mumbai, was established in 1875 as "The Native Share andStockbrokers Association" (a voluntary non-profit making association) and is now popularly known as theBombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The other major exchange is the National Stock Exchange of IndiaLimited (NSE) and was incorporated in November 1992. Combined the two trading zones are responsiblefor 99.9% of the trading done in India.

Types of Indexes available:- Broad-Market Index: This consists of all the large, liquid stocks of the country and becomes thebenchmark for the entire capital market of the country. An example for this is the S&P CNX 500. Specialized Index: We can either have Industry or Sector specific Index for any particular sector of theeconomy which then serves as the benchmark for that particular industry or we can have an index for thehighly liquid stocks. Taking an example for an industry specific index we have the S&P Banking Indexwhich is a capitalization-weighted index of 26 domestic equities traded on the New York Stock Exchangeand NASDAQ, The stocks in the Index are high-capitalization stocks representing a sector of the S&P 500.Similarly, The S&P CNX Nifty is a relevant example for an index composed of highly liquid stocks

Determinants of a Stock Index Following parameters should be taken into picture before one constructs a stock index: Liquidity ± Liquidity of stocks as measured by the ³impact cost´ criterion which determines the cost facedwhen actually trading the index. For example if the current market price of a stock is Rs 200 and a trader purchases it at Rs 202 (due to involved transaction costs) then the market impact cost is 1% and the stockis considered highly liquid for lower impact cost. EG. Diversification ± Diversification, by putting stocks of various sectors that reflect the economy, is used tocancel out stock noise which is essentially the individual stock fluctuations and to reduce investor¶s risks.

An index must thus have a balanced representation of all sectors. Optimum size - More stocks lead to greater diversification but the limiting factor is the size of the index.Increasing number of stocks in an index from 10 to say 30 gives a sharp reduction in risks but increasingthe number beyond a point does very little in risk reduction. Further it might lead to addition of illiquidstocks. For example, the optimal size for BSE Sensex is 30. Market Capitalization: The index should include primarily the stocks of companies that have significantmarket capitalization with respect to the index such that any major change in the price of the stock isreflected in the index. For example in BSE 30 Index, the scrip must have a minimum of 0.5% of the marketcapitalization of the Index. Averaging - Every stock primarily moves for two reasons: The news about the company and the newsabout the country. An ideal index is affected only by the latter, that is the news of the economy and theeffect of the former is knocked out by proper averaging. The various methods of averaging employed are:

y Price Weighted: The weights assigned are proportional to the stock prices.

y Market Capitalization Weighted: The equity price is weighted by the market capitalization of the company. Hence each constituent stock in the index affects the index value in proportion tothe market value of all outstanding shares.

Index =

x Base Value

Where:CMS = Sum of (current market price * outstanding shares) of all securities in the indexBMS = Sum of (market price * issue size) of all securities as on base date.

y Equal Weighted: The weights are equal and assigned irrespective of both market capitalizationor price

Index revision is done periodically taking into consideration the factors mentioned above. The relevantindex body makes clear, researched and publicly documented rules for this purpose. These rules are



applied regularly, to obtain changes to the index set. However, it is ensured that the value of the indexdoes not change significantly after the revision of the index set.

Sensex (BSE 30)The index includes 30 companies which figure in top 100 in terms of market capitalization and are alsoamong the leaders in their industry groups. Presently the following are the constituent companies: ACC,Infosys, ICICI Bank, Dr. Reddy¶s Lab, SBI, CIPLA, Zee Telefilms, Nestle India, RPL, RIL, HCL Tech., Bajaj

Auto, BHEL, Castrol, BSES, Colgate Palmolive, Hindalco, Grasim, Glaxo, Hero Honda, Gujrat AmbujaCements, HLL, HPCL, ITC, L&T, MTNL, Ranbaxy, TISCO, TELCO and Satyam.

Standard and Poor¶s CRISIL NSE Exchange NIFTYS&P CNX NIFTY is an S&P endorsed Stock Index owned by the India Index Services Ltd. (IISL). It is ahighly diversified index, accurately reflecting the overall market conditions and is composed of 50 liquidstocks. It is backed by solid economic research and three extremely respected organizations (NSE, CRISILand S&P).

Signals from the Stock Index The Index finds uses in various fields starting from economic research to helping investors chooseappropriate portfolio for investment. For example the index funds are funds that passively invest in themarket i.e. the portfolio returns of the index funds is same as that of the Index.

Since the Index is an indicator of the overall mood of the investors in the secondary market, it helps acompany answer questions like is it the right time to take out an IPO, how to price the issue, etc.

It acts as a signal to the government of the µfeel good¶ factor prevailing in the economy. As much as thefinance ministry may want to ignore it, the performance of the stock market right after the introduction of thebudget gives an immediate feedback to the Finance Minister about the acceptability of the budget.

However, the market index is a double edged sword. Because the index is influenced by expectations of the future performance of the stocks, it leads to a self fulfilling prophecy. Suppose an investor thinks thatthe stock of the company is going to go down and this feeling prevails across the market then everyonewould want to get out of the company¶s stock. This will automatically lead to the stock prices crashing.

The Stock Index can often also act as a trigger to herd mentality. Any downturn in the market would bereinforced by the collective action of the investors to hedge against any losses and get out of the market.This would further depress the market.

This herd mentality is often used to the advantage of speculators. The speculator buys long thus creatingwaves in the market that the stock he is investing in is µhot¶. Thus everyone would follow suit giving thespeculator a good short term profit margin.

The stock index is often more a representation of investors¶ perceptions (noise element) rather than realnews. The dot com bubble of 2000 is a case in point. There was a rush of investment in anything evenremotely connected with information-technology driving up the stock prices way above what they shouldhave been according to their P/E ratios.

Thus it can be seen that though the index is a popular investor¶s guide, it is riddled with imperfectionswhich can often confuse rather than help.



The index popularly used in India is the NSE CNX Nifty. There are processes afoot to reduce the purenoise element and speculative margin of the index. The basic problem arises due to imperfect informationreflected by the inclusion of illiquid stocks in the calculation of the index. Illiquid stock is one which is notactively traded in the market or has been lying dormant for a long time. Inclusion of such stocks leads toproblems of stale prices, bid-ask bounce and ease in manipulation.

Bid-ask bounce: Illiquid stocks have a wide bid-ask spread. Thus even when no news is breaking, when astock price is not changing, the `bid-ask bounce' is about prices bouncing up and down between bid andask. Such changes are spurious in nature.

Stale prices: A stock index is supposed to represent the state of the stock market at the closing time (3:30pm in NSE) on a particular day. However the last traded price of an illiquid stock (if included in the index)may be even a week old thus distorting the index.

Hence to make an index useful, there has to be continuous evaluation of the stocks listed and any stockwhich remains inactive for a period of time should be de-listed or removed from the index. A prudentinvestor is one who exercises caution while interpreting the market index, taking into account all itsinconsistencies.

AIR POLLUTION INDEX

The Air Pollution Index (API) is a simple and generalized way to describe the air quality in mainlandChina, Hong Kong and Malaysia. It is calculated from several sets of air pollution data.

Mainland ChinaChina's State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) is responsible for measuring the level of air pollution

in China. As of 28 August 2008, SEPA monitors daily pollution level in 86 of its major cities. The API levelis based on the level of 5 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),

suspended particulates (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stationsthroughout each city.

API Mechanics An individual score is assigned to the level of each pollutant and the final API is the highest of those 5

scores. The pollutants can be measured quite differently. SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentration are measured as

average per day. CO and O3 are more harmful and are measured as average per hour. The final API value iscalculated per day.

The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API of 100 does not mean twicethe pollution of API at 50, nor does it mean twice as harmful. While an API of 50 from day 1 to 182 and

API of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual average of 75, it does not mean the pollution isacceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is because the benchmark is a 24 hour target.

The annual average must match against the annual target. It is entirely possible to have safe air every day of the year but still fail the annual pollution benchmark.



API and Health Implications (Daily Targets)

API Air Pollution

Level

Health Implications

0 - 50 Excellent No health implications

51 -

100

Good No health implications

101-

150

Slightly Polluted Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart

problems should reduce outdoor exercise.

151-

200

Lightly Polluted Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart

problems should reduce outdoor exercise.

201-

250Moderately

Polluted

Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or

heart problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. Theseindividuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.

251-300

Heavily Polluted Healthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These

individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.

300+ ExtremelyPolluted

Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. Theremay be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses.Elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy

individuals should avoid out door activities.

Hong Kong

The API has been in use in Hong Kong since June 1995. It is measured and updated hourly by the

Environmental Protection Department (EPD). Moreover, the EPD makes forecast on the API for thefollowing day everyday.

The API is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide

(NO2), suspended particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), measured at all the monitoringstations throughout the territory

There are 11 General Stations and 3 Roadside Stations. The former includes Central / Western, Eastern,

Kwai Chung, Kwun Tong, Sha Tin, Sham Shui Po, Tai Po, Tap Mun, Tsuen Wan, Tung Chung, and YuenLong; the later Causeway Bay, Central, and Mong Kok.

In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the latest APIshourly.

The index and the air quality objectives were set in 1987; and pollutant levels are measured over varying

periods, in g/m3. There are hourly, 24 hour and annual targets for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, and24 hour and annual targets for particulates.



The table below shows the official Health Implications of the respective API levels in Hong Kong.

API

Air

Pollution

Level

Health Implications;

0 - 25 Low Not expected.26 -

50Medium Not expected for the general population.

51 -

100High

Acute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed if one is

persistently exposed to such levels.

100 -200

Very HighPeople with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation of their health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some discomfort.

201 -

500Severe

People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant aggravationof their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in the healthy population

(e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and sore throats).

In 1998, the Education Bureau's recommended schools to curtail outdoor activities when the index reached

200, whereas leading healthcare advocates are urging that the level be revised to 100.The World HealthOrganisation revised its air quality guideline levels of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone in 2006 in

light of new scientific evidence. The WHO also introduced new measurement guidelines for very small particulates which are more dangerous to pulmonary function. At the '200' level, Hong Kong levels of SO2

(800g/m3) and NO2 (1,130g/m

3) are 40 times and 5½ times WHO guidelines respectively; the equivalent

for particulates (350g/m3) is 7 times WHO guidelines.

Malaysia

Similar to Hong Kong, the air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution Index. Four of the

index's pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) arereported in ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in g/m

3.

This scale below shows the Health classifications used by the Malaysian government.

y 0-50 Good

y 51-100 Moderate

y 101-200 Unhealthy

y 201-300 Very unhealthy

y 301- Hazardous

If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be

a prohibition on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the foodsector.



CONCLUSION

As conclusion statistics are widely used in daily life

. It is not just widely used in markets but also in

interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water, especially in conducting an air-

pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life necessity. Without it, surveys cant be conducted,

the stock market cant be interpret and many more. So, we should be thankful of the people who

contribute in the idea of statistics. Statistics make daily problems easier to be solved.



REFLECTION

During the period of completing the project work, I had discovered that the cooling capacity of an air

conditioner is not the amount of horse-power but the British Thermal Unit. I found that many things use statistics

and index to interpret data and make conclusions. I learnt to be more careful while surfing the internet to prevent

breaking the law, abuse and porn websites. Throughout the project, I kept the word sharing is caring, so, I share all

the information to the whole class and public. With my classmates, we work as a team to finish the project.

In my opinion, this project work works as a refresher for students in guiding them to know better. It is a

good knowledge transfer as students practise what they had learnt and found out the information they dont know.

Students will also experienced team work, patience, creative thinking and interaction to the society. Personally, I

hate statistics and index number as it confusing me but I like the part where statistics and index number were used

in brain surgery. Being professional, the usage of statistics and index number in astronomy is little. Now I had

feelings that I can get 70% correct in question about statistics and index number in the examination. Thank you

teacher for the support.

I felt additional mathematics is like this...

It is full of number that is hard and complicated to be solved but it is useful.

additional mathematics project work 2010 4

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