Adjective, Adverb & Verb

• Adjectives and adverbs are descriptive words that allow our sentences to be much more specific and interesting than they would be without them.

adjectives and adverbs comparisons

• An adjective describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun.

• An adverb describes, or modifies, a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

Adjectives

• Which one?,

• What kind?,

• How many?

That car is mine

In that sentence, the word 'that' is a demonstrative adjective that modifies the noun ‘????‘

The word 'that' works to identify something in the sentence, and to answer the question Which one?

The demonstrative adjectives this and that can identify singular nouns and pronouns,

and the demonstrative adjectives these and those can identify plural nouns.

Most adjectives answer the question What kind? by offering descriptions of nouns and pronouns.

You might describe a book with the adjectives red, huge, scary, hilarious, or important.

I just started a new, exciting, challenging job

adjectives can also answer the question How many?

I have two cats (describes the noun 'cats.‘)

I have some spare quarters. or that

I have lived in many different states. .

Adverbs

• an adverb describes, or modifies, a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

• Adverbs answer questions like When?, Where?, Why?, How?, and To what extent?

Examples

I carefully carried the stack of books across the room.

the adverb 'carefully' modifies the verb ‘?????' to answer the question How?

She completely destroyed her new car. Here, the adverb 'completely' modifies the verb ‘??????' to answer the question ????

The new father lowered the baby into her crib very slowly.The adverb 'slowly' modifies the verb ‘?????,' and the

adverb 'very' modifies the adverb 'slowly.' These modifiers answer the question How?

The teacher became very angry with her students.The adverb ‘?????' modifies the adjective ‘?????' to answer the

question To what extent?

Many adverbs, though not all, end in -ly, and there are some adjectives and other non-adverb words that end in '-ly.' You can often spot an adverb because it looks like a similar adjective, but with an '-ly' at the end.

For example, the word quiet is an ????, and the word quietly is an ?????.

The word slow is an ?????,and the word slowly is an ?????.

The word rude is an ?????,and the word ?????, is an adverb

He slept in the quiet room, or

He quietly walked down the hall.

the adjective 'quiet' describes ??????.'

In the second sentence, the adverb 'quietly'describes the verb ‘?????.'

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that modifies a noun in a sentence.

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun.

A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb.

Relative Pronouns

• Adjective clauses begin with 'signal words' or 'relative pronouns.' Here is a list of the most-used relative pronouns:

which, who, whoever, whomever, that, and whose

• It is important to recognize relative pronouns because they signal the beginning of adjective clauses in sentences. They also act as the actual subjects and sometimes the objects in the adjective clauses!

Active Verbs vs. Passive Verbs

• Mark passed the history exam.The history exam was passed by Mark.

Verb

• We need verbs to tell others what we have done, what we are doing, and what we will be doing. We need verbs to ask questions, issue commands, and make requests.

• A verb is word that is used to express an action, an event, or a state of being.

• A verb can be used to indicate a single action, event or state of being, or it can be used to indicate two or more actions, events, or states of being, by joining with another verb, called a helping verb.

• A verb that is joined with a helping verb is called a compound verb.

Conjugation

• Conjugation tells you the point of view of the verb (person), whether the verb is singular or plural (number), when the action of the verb takes place (tense), whether the verb is passive or active (voice), and the attitude of the speaker (mood).

• The point of view or person is divided into three categories:

• --First person uses 'I' or 'we' and tells the reader the subject is speaking .

'I drank too much beer last night' or 'We ran away as fast as we could.‘

• --Second person uses 'you' and tells the reader that the subject is being spoken.

'You have to call her right away!‘

• --Third person uses 'he/she/it' or 'they' and tells the reader that the subject is being spoken about

'He saw that man steal her purse' or 'She hit that man with her purse' or 'They chased that man into the mall.'

Infinitives

• You may recall that a verb is a word that expresses an action or occurrence. There are a few different types of verb forms that you'll want to be able to identify and use correctly in sentences.

One type of verb form is the infinitive, which consists of the word 'to' plus the base form of a verb. You can think of an infinitive as kind of the raw form of a verb that hasn't been conjugated, paired up with a subject or assigned a verb tense.

Examples of infinitives include:• to run• to go• to worry• to be• to drive

Singular and Plural Subjects

Present Tense

• The valet crash the car.

• The owners is upset.

Past Tense• In the past tense, however, subject-verb agreement is a little

less complicated. Why?

• So, The robot menaced me from across the bar.• The robots menaced me from across the bar.

• Of course, there are some exceptions! (This is English; there are always exceptions.) When certain helping verbs are used as the main verb, then you have to pay attention to your subject-verb agreement again.

• The most common are 'has'/'have' and 'was'/'were.’

• The robot has destroyed the village.• The robots have destroyed the village.

• The photo was plastered all over campus.• The photos were plastered all over campus.

Verb Review

A verb is the word that expresses an action, condition or state of being.

To find the verb in any sentence, just ask What is the subject doing? The answer will be the verb. Look at the following examples:

• Her visitor talked for hours.• The tale was endless.

In the second sentence, what is the subject, tale, doing? The tale was. So was is the verb in that sentence. This second example is a verb that shows a state of being instead of a straight action.

Verb Phrases: Structure and Examples

• The examples listed above are the simplest kinds of sentence. Each has just one subject and one verb. However, most of the time you use much more complex words to express more specific situations. Look at the next sentence:

The tale might be endless.

• Might is called a helping verb, or auxiliary verb. Helping verbs aid the main verb in expressing time or action. The main verb in this case is be. When helping verbs appear in sentences instead of a simple verb, this is a verb phrase.

• A verb phrase consists of a main verb and two or more helping verbs linked together.

• Notice how the verb phrase helps express the different time each action is taking place.

Different versions of 'The Endless Tale' have originated in various parts of the world.

• (verb phrase: have originated, past tense)

The hero can talk endlessly about locusts stealing corn.• (verb phrase: can talk, present tense)

In Japanese folklore, you will find a similar hero.• (verb phrase: will find, future tense

• Linking verbs only serve to connect the subject of the sentence (the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about) to some other word that describes the subject.

• Linking verbs tend to take a certain form of a limited number of verbs like 'to be,' 'to seem' and 'to appear.'

• Joe is a blacksmith.

The point of the verb is (a form of the verb 'to be') is simply to link the subject Joe to a word that describes him, in this case blacksmith.

Transitive Verb

• Persons, places, things and ideas are called nouns. The words that describe them are known as adjectives. Verbs indicate what 'happens' to nouns in the course of a given statement, whether spoken or written

• A transitive verb is defined as an action verb that takes an object.

• Action verbs, on the other hand, indicate that some action is taking place to the subject of the sentence.

Joe melts iron (he is doing something )

• Action verbs show that nouns are doing something, as in the sentence,

The man seems Belgian, then nothing is happening to the man, nor is he doing anything to anything else. He just seems like a Belgian. Therefore this sentence contains a linking verb.

• A transitive verb is a certain kind of action verb that takes an object,.

Joe melts iron. In other words, melts is a transitive verb because its subject (Joe) is performing a specific action on a given object (iron).

Transitive and Intransitive Action Verbs

• When action verbs are not used in order to indicate an action toward a particular object, then the verb is considered intransitive.

• The blacksmith walks.

• Sue is talking.

Active Verbs vs. Passive Verbs

• Mark passed the history exam.The history exam was passed by Mark.

Regular & Irregular verbs• Examples:• (to write)• Smith writes short stories at home. (-s ending)• Smith is writing short stories at home. (-ing ending)• Smith wrote short stories at home. (-ed ending)• Smith has written short stories at home. (-en ending)• *• (to buy)• Jones buys a newspaper each day. (-s ending)• Jones is buying a newspaper today. (-ing ending)• Jones bought a newspaper yesterday. (-ed ending)• Jones has bought newspapers every day. (-enending)• *• (to go)• Students go to the library often. (-s ending)• Students are going to the library often. (-ing ending)• Students went to the library often. (-ed ending)• Students have gone to the library often. (-en ending)

• Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) will signify that a word is a verb. For example, the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en

• usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten.

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• Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en- may signify that a word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage.