Definition It is one of the classes into which words are divided according to their grammatical systems. And they are divided into 8 components, or words are divided into different kinds or classes called parts of speech, according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence. They are eight in number:-

NOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE

ADVERB VERB CONJUNCTION PREPOSITION INTERJECTION

Chapter 1

Definition Everything that stands for the name of person, animal, thing, and place as well is called nouns. And it is divided into five kinds differently; as, Noun Case Noun Kind Noun Gender Noun Number Noun In apposition

NOUN CASE When a noun or pronoun used as a Subject of a verb, it‟s said to be in the nominative or subjective case

Subject (nominative case) + F.V + (Obj.) For instance You will be praised by many people.

Samouth is a husband of Channy. Samouth and Channy are couple.

To achieve the goal is a dream of us. The biggest threat to the environment in Cambodia is logging. Most of students come for their lessons. The climate of Cambodia is governed by two monsoons. Passing the test is wish of each student. Who teaches you the truth of life is Buddha. Note Finding nominative case, we put “who...? or what...? before a verb.

What is governed by the two monsoons? The climate of Cambodia

ii. When noun or pronoun used as an object of a verb, it‟s said to be in the accusative or objective case

…… + noun/ pronoun (accusative case) For instance

My lovely dog needs food. Our boss hopes to obtain an impact. Most of victims asked the president provide more special help. People like being treated equally.

He has slowly but surely divided and conquered the opposition, isolating opponents before destroying them.

I remember when the crowd crush happened in Phnom Penh.

Note Finding accusative case, we put “whom...? or what...?” before auxiliary verb and its subject.

What does my lovely dog need? Food A noun or pronoun comes after a preposition is also said to be in the accusative case ………… + preposition + noun/ pronoun (accusative case)

For instance Staff should pay attention to security guideline first.

Husband must fear for life of his wife. The problem is not just the parlous state of the Cambodia economy but the international demand.

Don‟t be afraid of being dismissed from position. Man should talk about what will help him improve his concept.

A noun or pronoun used as an indirect object of a verb, it‟s said to be in the dative case

…… +Di.tv + indirect object + direct object For instance

She leaves me a letter. The boy gives the girl a kiss. Tell me where many people will help me in many ways. My classmate bought our new teacher a special book.

A noun or pronoun used to name a person or thing addressed, it is said to be in the nominative of address or vocative case

Sentence, Noun or Noun, Sentence For instance

Give me a smile, girl Be careful, Adrew Samouth, try hard. Darling, come in.

The form of noun + s, and form of noun added s, it‟s said to be in the genitive case or possessive case.

FORMATION OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE

a. With singular noun, we add „s to the noun The king‟s sons = the sons of the king The boy‟s football = the football of the boy. Note The letter s is omitted in a few words where too many hissing sounds would come together; as, For conscience’ sake; for goodness’ sake For justice’ sake; for Jesus’ sake; Moses’ laws.

b. With plural noun ending in s, we add apostrophe. The girls‟ dresses = the dresses of the girls The cats‟ food = the food of the cats.

c. Plural nouns do not end in s, we add ‘s. The men‟s suit = the suit of the men. The women‟s bathroom = the bathroom of the women.

Note Finding a possessive case or genitive case, we answer the question “whose.......?”.

d. When a noun or a title consists of several words, the Possessive sign is attached only to the last word; as,

The king of Bhutan‟s visit The Prime Minister of Mauritius‟s speech The door of my friend‟s house e. When two nouns are in apposition, the possessive sign is put to the latter

only; as, That is Tagore, the poet‟s house He lives in Delhi, India‟s capital. This is Padma, the teacher‟s favorite‟s student

f. Also when two nouns are closely connected, the possessive is put to the latter; as,

Karim and Salim‟s bakery. William and Mary„s reign. g. Each of two or more connected nouns implying separate possession must

take the possessive sign; as, Raja Rao‟s and R.K Narayan‟s novels Goldsmith‟s and Cowper‟s poems American‟s and India‟s armies.

USE OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE

a. With living thing President‟s car Tiger‟s den

b. With personified object Cambodia‟s leader Death‟s call At death‟s door

c. With noun denoting time, space, weight A year‟s income A day‟s work A foot‟s length A month‟s salary

d. With name of building such church, house, school, college... I was educated at Oxford‟s. I shall go to my aunt‟s (house).

e. With some phrases At his finger‟s end At his wit‟s end For mercy‟s sake To his heart‟s content

f. Used to denote authorship, origin, kind, ete. as, Shakespeare‟s plays = the play written by Shakespeare A mother‟s love = the love felt by mother. Ashok‟s school = the school where Ashoke goes. A children‟s playground = a playground for children A week‟s holiday = a holiday which last a week Court‟s stay = stay order given by the court. India‟s win = Win gained by India Durga‟s temple = a temple dedicated to Durga

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NOUN KIND Nouns are divided into eight kinds: Common Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Material Noun

Abstract Noun Compound Noun Noun Equivalent Agent

Noun

i. Common Noun

A common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind; as,

Table, boy, woman, doctor, garden, basket, oranges, house... Ex: There is a new house in a large city.

The basket is full of oranges. The man works in the garden.

The bird sings sweetly in the bush. The basket is full of oranges.

There is a new house in a large city. Many tourists and locals hung out with me in various parts of the country.

The bold words are common nouns because they are common names of all persons, places and things.

ii. Proper Noun

A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place Cambodia, Bill Clinton, Japan, Sony, Sanyo, Panasonic, America Ex: London is a capital of England.

Sony is more expensive than Sanyo. Dara lives in Kampong Chhnag but works in Phnom Penh. London is a capital of England.

William and Masaki at The Angkor Hotel, Laurent Holdener for showing me the road to Beng Mealea, Frederic for protecting the birds of Tonlé Sap lake.

The bold words are proper nouns since they are the particular people and places.

Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.

iii. Collective Noun

A collective noun is the name of collection of things or persons; as, 1. Collective Noun like;

Crowd, mob, team, block, herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee, poultry, cattle, gentry, class, swarm, class, party, government, regiment, cabinet, flock etc.

For instance The police dispersed the crowd. A herd of cattle is passing. The French army was defeated at Waterloo.

The jury found the prisoner guilty. 2. Collective Noun has the form: Collective Noun + of + Common Noun

A band of musicians A class/ batch of students A bench of magistrates A bevy of ladies A board of directors A bouquet of flowers A box of cigars A brood of chickens A bunch of flowers A bunch of fruits A bundle of sticks A caravan of travelers A choir of singers A cloud of locusts A cluster/constellation/ galaxy of star A crowd of people A flock of cheap A gang of thieves A herd of cattle A tribe of citizens Note

A verb of collective noun could be used both singular and plural; as, 1. With denoting to one whole together, plural verb is used A flock of cheap is worth 100 dollars.

The government is trying a new measure. 2. With separating from each one, singular verb is used A band of musicians are standing under the tree.

The government have discussed for three hours.

iv. Material/ Mass Nouns A mass noun is name of original thing from nature, and it is used without article; as,

1. Material Noun cab be; Sugar, cream, rice, coal, wood, leather, water, ink, mud, soap, bread, flour, gold, soil, cloth, copper, oil, air, smoke, furniture etc

The verb of these words is singular, and it cannot be used by preceding the article a/an. Copper is less valuable than gold. Mud is soil mixed with water.

Living thing cannot remain without air. 2. Material Noun has the form

Numeral + Common Noun + Of + Mass Noun A glass of milk Two glasses of milk Fives pieces of chalk A cup of tea Two cups of coffee One kilogram of meat Ten bags of sand A loaf of bread A bottle of ink Ten loaves of sugar

For instance A piece of chalk is on the table. She made two cups of coffee for me. Five kilograms of meat are worth two hundred baths.

v. Abstract Noun An abstract noun is the name of quality, action or state considered a part from the object to which it belongs;

1. Abstract Noun like; Freedom, liberty, thought, joy, sorrow, love, death, goodness, kindness, childhood, admission, justice, life, truth, beauty, information, wish etc.

Quality : Goodness, Kindness, Whiteness, Darkness etc Action : Laughter, Movement, Hatred, Judgment, Theft etc State : Youth, Slavery, Childhood, Boyhood, Death etc

2. Abstract Noun comes from verbs; Verb Abstract Noun Verb Abstract Noun Act acting Live life

Know knowledge Please pleasure Speak speech Succeed success Decide decision Organize organization

3. Abstract Noun comes from adjectives; Verb Abstract Noun Verb Abstract Noun True truth Wise wisdom High height Poor poverty Happy happiness Strong strength Honest honesty Brave braveness Die death Dark darkness

4. Abstract Noun comes from nouns; Verb Abstract Noun Verb Abstract Noun Child childhood Slave slavery Friend friendship Monk monkhood

5. Abstract Noun can come from the other names of subjects; Chemistry, grammar, science, economics, basketball, ping pong, mathematics, art, music, English, geology, politics, geography etc.

For instance Death comes to all men. It gives me much pleasure to see you here. I have no choice in this matter. Prevention is better than cure. Beauty is wanted by everyone. Honesty is the best policy. She sent it without my knowledge. The room was suddenly plunged into complete darkness.

vi. Compound Noun A compound noun is one made up from various components of classes of words. The followings are formations of compound noun;

1. Noun + Noun Life + boat = lifeboat Cow + boy = cowboy Door + man = doorman Moon +light = moonlight Mail + box = mailbox Country + man = countryman

2. V-ing – noun; Noun + Noun Living-room looking-glass swimming-pool Court martial Hand-organ schoolboy

3. Noun (adj.) + Noun Bankork Bank Football game Picnic Basket Footpath Examination paper Mango tree Salt water Governmental school etc

4. Adjective + Noun White + board = Whiteboard Black + list =Blacklist Sweet + heart =Sweetheart Black + sheep =Black sheep

5. Verb + Noun Dare + devil =Daredevil Cut + throat =Cutthroat Hang + man =Hangman Pick + pocket =Pickpocket

6. Preposition + Noun Out + law =Outlaw Over + coat =Overcoat Fore + man =Foreman After + noon =Afternoon

7. Adverb + Verb In + come =Income Out + burst =Outburst Out + break =Outbreak Out + come =Outcome

8. Noun + Verb + er Hair + dress + er =Hairdresser Hair + dry + er =Hairdryer/ Hairdrier Shop + keep + er =Shopkeeper Shoes + make + er =Shoesmaker

9. Verb + Adverb Cut + down =Cut down Look + out =Lookout Look + up =Lookup Go + between =Go-between

10. Noun + Preposition + Noun Mother + in + law =Mother-in-law Man + of + war =Man of war Man + of + world =Man of world Mother +of+ pearl =Mother of pearl

11. Verb + er + on/up/by… Look + er + on =Looker on Run + er + up =Runner up Pass + er + by =Passer by

12. Preposition + Noun/Gerund On + coming =On-coming By + stander =By-stander

13. Adjective + Verb White + wash =Whitewash Having been difficult to learn about the form of Compound Noun, there have no definite forms about them, all learners should learn by heart about compound nouns because most of them are formed by using some components of parts of speech in formation, so to remember them one by one is a better way than other. And the above examples are illustrations to help you understand some words of compound nouns. See further words as examples;

Felt-tip pen, Felt-tipped pen, Felt-tip ប៊៊ិចបណ្តូ លចរចើន The birds and the bees ចរឿងកំប្បលងទាក់ទងនងឹផលូវចភទ Man in the street មនុស្សធមមតា Comrade in arm ម៊ិរររមួអាវុធ Death-blow កាច់ស្ម្លល ប់ Hired killer ឃារករ Hit man ឃារករកសុ្ើឈ្នួល Whose house ឃាល ងំ Home office ការ ៊ិយាល័យចាប់ Chatterbox មនុស្សប៉ប៉ច់ប៉ចប៉ច Gas bag មនុស្សពូប្ករប៉៉ូ Little people ពលរដ្ឋអរ់អំណាច Career girl រស្ើតម្លនមុខរបរពើរ Carior (carrier?) pigeon រាបនសំារ Tour-de force សាន ដដ្ Corrugated iron បនទះចអៀនប៉ន់ Seat-back driver អនកដំ្ចណ្ើ ររអូ៊រ

Bird „s nest soap ស្មលសុ៊្បច៊ិន Bond man/ woman អនកកំដ្រ Bright spark មនុស្សវាង Half breed កូនការ់ Crashing bore មនុស្សរពួយជាន៊ិចច Cog in the machine អនកម្លនរំប្ណ្ងទាប Birth control ការពនាកំចណ្ើ រ Chip off the old block មនុស្សដូ្ចប្ម៉ឳ Dog eat dog ការរបយុទធសុ្ើសាច់ហុរឈាម Dog in a manger មនុស្សឈាន នើស្ចគ Die-hard អនកជទំាស្ ់

vi. Agent Noun Agent Noun is a noun acting as an agent

1. Noun + suffix Noun Agent Noun Noun Agent Noun Piano Pianist Farm Farmer Art Artist Music Musician Buddhism Buddhist History Historian Politic Politician Cambodia Cambodian

2. Verb + suffix Verb Agent Noun Verb Agent Noun Act Actor/actress Study Student Listen Listener Preside President Attend Attendant Visit Visitor Serve Servant Sail Sailor

viii. Noun Equivalent Noun Equivalent is a one becoming from Infinitive, gerund, adjective, noun phrase, noun clause and used as a noun. 1. From infinitive

For instance To sleep is necessary for human health. He needs to walk every morning. To play sport is to be very good healthy. The most comprehensive section on Cambodia is to be found in the augmented and excellent 2and edition of In dochine du Sud (SEGMC, Paris, 1939)

2. From gerund For instance

Sleeping at midday is necessary for a baby. Marisia likes reading after dinner. Every day, I think of sleeping, but walking. Seeing is believing. The regime boycotted the 1993 elections and later rejected peace talks aimed at creating a ceasefire.

3. From adjective The + adjective

For instance The good should be praised.

The rich must help the poor. The poor are appearing in our country now.

4. Noun Phrase For instance Where to go is not known.

I am being skeptical about what to say. We know how to do it.

Tell me how to win your heart. 5. Noun Clause

For instance What he is doing now is difficult for us to know. No one can understand why she cries. What we are learning is what we have waited for long. I thought that 9 May would be the date of election. Do you know why the door is locked?

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NOUN GENDER

Noun Gender indicates whether a person or an animal is male or female. The word “gender” is originated from Latin “genus” which means kind or short. There are four kinds of genders 1. Masculine Gender 2. Feminine Gender 3. Common Gender 4. Neuter Gender

i. Masculine Gender A noun which denotes a male person or an animal is known as masculine gender.

For instance Boy brother father husband horse dog drone king cord man monk nephew son stag uncle wizard author widow father-in-law poet host actor waiter manager etc.

ii. Feminine Gender A noun which denotes a female person or an animal is known as feminine gender.

For instance

Girl sister mother wife mare bitch bees queen lady woman nun niece daughter hind aunt witch authoress

heroine poetess hostess actress manageress cow hen hen sparrow etc

iii. Common Gender A noun which denotes both male and female person and an animal is known as common gender

For instance Parent painter driver singer cousin friend child artist cooker judge reader pupil thief servant relation enemy person monarch etc iv. Neuter Gender

A noun which denotes neither male nor female person nor an animal is known as neuter gender.

For instance Book pen pencil lamp house radio album photograph camera glass college school science poetry car hand etc

Note

How to form the feminine of noun 1. By adding “ess” to masculine or by changing “or and er” to “ress”

Poet Poetess Host Hostess Actor Actress Manager Manageress Waiter Waitress Lion Lioness Prince Princess Giant Giantess Author Authoress Emperor Empress Heir Heiress Shepherd Shepherdess Priest Priestess Patron Patroness Prophet Prophetess Steward Stewardess Peer Peeress Traitor Traitoress

2. Using different words to show different gender Boy Girl Man Woman King Queen Sir Madam Earl Countess Father Mother Horse Mare Bull Cow Cock Hen Gentleman Lady Son Daughter Brother Sister Uncle Aunt Bridegroom Bride Nephew Niece Monk Nun Bachelor Spinster Great uncle Great aunt Master Mistress Peacock Peahen Wizard Witch Stag Hind Lord Lady Gander Goose Drone Bee

3. Adding another words Doctor Woman/ lady-doctor Teacher Woman teacher Bull-calf Cow-calf

Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow Jack ass Jenny ass Pea cock Pea hen School boy School girl Manservant Maidservant Landlord Landlady Tom-cat She-cat He-goat She-goat Boy friend Girl friend 4. There are a few word making its feminine adding “ine”, “ina” or else Hero Heroine Czar Czarina Administrator Administratrix Executor Executrices Prosecutor Prosecutrix

Some facts about gender 1. Note the use of the following words

Salesman Saleswoman or girl Spokesman Spokeswoman Chairman Chairperson or woman

But salesperson, chairperson, spokesperson are preferred. 2. Ships and Countries are treated as feminine gender

For instance The ship has lost all her crew. India is proud of her heritage and culture.

3. Objects noted for strength and violence are treated as masculine gender. For instance Sun Summer Winter Time Death Autumn Wind River Mountain Storm Anger Fear Love Murder War Grave Sleep etc The sun shed his beams on the rich on the rich and the poor alike.

4. Objects notable for beauty, grace, gentleness, and admiration are treated as feminine gender.

For instance Moon Earth Spring Church Nature Liberty Justice Mercy Peace Hope Charity The mother Country City University Humanity Faith Modesty Jealousy Pride Fame Fortune Night Morning Religion etc The moon has hidden her face behind a cloud. Spring has spread her mantle of greenery over the earth. Peace has her victories no less renowned than war.

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NOUN NUMBER

Noun Numbers are divided into 2 parts: Singular & Plural 1. Singular Number

Cat dog boy man woman Cow Book Hand Computer Pen Table Bottle etc

For instance She is the only one who tries to help me. One place I‟d like to visit in Phnom Penh. I saw an old man walking along the road.

2. Plural Number Birds arms hours houses men nations Markets Kisses Churches Places Women Faces etc

For instance Men have two legs and two arms. The farmers have the rights to determine their own futures.

The Royal Government of Cambodia has been working in close cooperation with many national and international organizations to ensure that the country‟s diverse agricultural resources are used in a sustainable way.

FORMATION OF THE PLURAL NOUNS

1. The plural of a noun is usually make by adding “s” to the singular Day Days Book Books Pen Pens Bird Birds Star Stars Arm Arms House Houses Cat Cats Girl Girls River Rivers Month Months Hand Hands

2. Noun ending in “e” we add “s” to the base form House Houses Nose Noses Size Sizes Plate Plates Face Faces Cause Causes Bridge Bridges Place Places

3. Noun ending in “s, ss, x, sh, ch, z” we add “es” Bus Buses Box Boxes Bench Benches Topaz Topazes Church Churches Glass Glasses

Bush Bushes Buzz Buzzes សូ្រងូ៉វៗ

Brush Brushes Kiss Kisses 4. Noun ending in “” we add “es”

Hero Heroes Tomato Tomatoes Echo Echoes Negro Negroes Motto Mottoes Mango Mangoes Torpedo រាប់ប្បក Torpedoes

3. a/ Words of foreign origin or abbreviated word ending in “o” we add “s” only b/ The exception: words ending in “o” whether before “o” is consonant or vowel, we add “s” only.

Bamboo Bamboos Studio Studios Kilo Kilos Radio Radios Piano Pianos Kangaroo Kangaroos Eskimo Eskimos Embryo Embryos Photo Photos Canto Cantos វគគកំណាពយ,លបះចចរមៀង Casino Casinos Cameo Cameos ចរគឿងចម្លល ក់ Solo Solos Folio Folios ចស្ៀវចៅធ ំZoo Zoos Dynamo Dynamos

Zero Zeros Curio Curios វរថុចប្មលក Memo អនុស្សរណ្ៈ Memos Albino Albinos Banjo ចាបុើ Banjos Magneto Magnetos

អនុស្ាវរ ើយ ៍Memento Mementos Octavo Octavos ទំហទំពំ័រ ខលុយរូច Piccolo Piccolos Quarto Quartos ខ្នន រទំព័រ១ភាគ៤ 6. There are 11 words ending in “o” we can add both “s” or “es”

Buffalo Buffalos Buffaloes Cargo Cargos Cargoes

Grotto Grottos Grottoes ល្អា ង Lasso Lassos Lassoes ប្ខសររួ Portico Porticos Porticoes ដំ្បូលផលូវចដ្ើរ Volcano Volcanos Volcanoes Calico Calicos Calicoes

Domino Dominos Dominoes សំពត់ផាឌឹប Halo Halos Haloes ប្បភាមណ្ឌ ល Mosquito Mosquitos Mosquitoes Proviso Provisos Provisoes សសចក្តីប្ពមសប្ពៀង

7. Word ending in “y” with a consonant we change “y” to “ies” City Cities Country Countries Duty Duties Penny Pennies Lady Ladies Body Bodies Baby Babies Fly Flies Army Armies Story Stories

Pony Ponies សសេះតូច

8. Noun ending in “y” and following a vowel, we add “s” Donkey Donkeys Day Days Toy Toys Boy Boys Key Keys Ray Rays

9. Exception: Proper noun ending in “y” we add “s” Henry Henrys Mary Marys Judy Judys Germany Germanys

10. Word ending in “f” or “fe” we change to “ves” Knife Knives Wife Wives Leaf Leaves Wolf Wolves Life Lives Calf Calves

Loaf Loaves Sheaf Sheaves ក្ណ្តត ប់ Shelf Shelves Thief Thieves

11. Exception: Some words ending in “f” or “fe” we just add “s” Chief Chiefs Roof Roofs

Hoof ប្ក្ចក្ Hoofs Cliff Cliffs Proof Proofs Strife Strifes/strives សសចក្តីសវទនា

Safe Safes Fife Fifes បីុ Turf សមៅ Turfs Dwarf Dwarfs មនុសសសតឿ Gulf Gulfs Grief Griefs/ Grieves

Reef ថ្ៅប៉ប៉េះទឹក្ Reefs Handkerchief Handkerchiefs 12. The following words ending in “f” we can add both “s” or “ves”

Hoof Hoofs Hooves Scarf Scarfs Scarves Wharf Wharfs Wharves Staff Staffs Staves

13. Some words are different Changing (changing its vowel) Man Men Woman Women Tooth Teeth Mouse Mice Louse Lice Goose Geese

សតវមយ៉ងដូចក្ណ្តុ ល Dormouse Dormice Penny Pence or Pennies 14. There are three words very strange changing

Ox Oxen Child Children Brother Brethren/ Brothers

15. Some words have the same form for both singular and plural Corps Corps Series Series Fish Fish Sheep Sheep

Deer Deer Cod Cod ប្តីម័ររយុ Salmon Salmon Trout Trout ប្តីមយ៉ងស្សសដៀងប្តីប្ពួល Herring ប្តីសាឌីន Herring Elk Elk សតវអែលស្សសដៀងសប្បើស Bison សោព្ប្ព Bison Swine Swine មនុសសសោក្ទាប Mackerel ប្តីព្សបកា Mackerel Grouse Grouse បក្ាបក្សីធំៗ Flounder ស ៅ្ េះប្តី Flounder Reindeer Reindeer Antelope សប្បើស Antelope Pike Pike លំអពង

16. Nationality words ending in “s” or “se” we keep the same

A Japanese 2 Japanese A Swiss 2 Swiss A Chinese 5 Chinese A Portuguese 7 Portuguese A Vietnamese 4 Vietnamese

17. Some words are never used as plural as; News, advice, information, knowledge, furniture, luggage, civics, means, mumps, summons, physics, statistics, headquarters, ashes, alms, politics, gallows, ethics, mechanics, economics etc

18. Some words are never used as singular as;

People, Poultry, Verminសតវលអិត, Clergy, Minority, Cattle, Gentry មនុសសវណ្ណៈខ្ពស់, Police, Majority etc

19. Some words never have singular as;

Trousers, Shorts, pants, eye-glasses, shears ក្ព្ប្នធំ, tongs ដសងកៀប, pincers ដង្កក ប់, arms, contents, clothes, tidings ដំណឹ្ង, assets, chattels, draughts, fetters, embers, nuptials, victuals, giblets, earnings, goods, pantaloons, breeches, spectacles, tweezers, bellows, scissors, thanks, whiskers, wages, riches, amends, billiards, bowling, suds, eaves, trappings, entrails, bowels, customs etc 20. Compound Noun made with a preposition, the first word takes the plural form as; Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Son-in-law Sons-in-law Looker-on Lookers-on Passer-by Passers-by Runner-up Runners-up Roll-on Rolls-on Man-of-war Mans-of-war Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law Lady-in-waiting Ladies-in-waiting Word-of-court Words-of-court 21. Compound Noun is normally added the last word Step-son Step-sons Living-room Living-rooms Woman-servant Woman-servants Boy friend Boy friends Travel agent Travel agents Girl friend Girl friends Note Man-driver Men-driver Woman-driver Women-driver Man-doctor Men-doctor Woman-writer Women-writer 22. With “Letter or Figure” we add “ „s “

T T‟s R R‟s 5 5‟s There are two T‟s in little. Do you see three 9‟s in 999? Your 5‟s looks almost like 8‟s.

23. The word “Dozen, Score, Gross, Hundred, Thousand, Million” when having definite number as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc stand before, we don‟t both add “ „s “ and use “of” after them. On the other hand, when having indefinite number as many, several, few, a few etc stand before and having “of” after them, we add “s” Suni wanted three dozen eggs for her birthday party. Six thousand students could pass their examination. I bought many dozens of note books yesterday. Few hundreds of soldiers were killed in the war. Thousands of people are waiting for the king.

Gross has no plural but followed by “of” + plural noun A gross of pencils Three gross of pencils.

24. The word “trousers, billiards អលបង” we omit “s” when using as adjective Trouser buttons, Trouser pockets, a billiard table. 25. The word “arms, sports, games, savings” stays the same when using as an adjective The arms race, a sports car, the games master, the savings bank 26. The abbreviated words below can be formed into plural

MP MPs (Members of Parliament) VIP VIPs (Very Important Persons) OAP OAPs (Old Age Pensioners) UFO UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects)

27. The words like; freedom, news, progress, knowledge, furniture, clothing, music, advice, work, information, leisure, money, fun, scenery, courage, alcohol, lightning, machinery, traffic, intelligence, bunting, thunder etc, they are just used with adjectives likes; little, a little, much, a lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, plenty of , but not with adjectives like; many, few, a few, several, a great number of etc You have a lot of money. We have no so much freedom. I have much knowledge of French. Note I have many knowledges of French. 28. The words borrowed from Latin can be formed into plural Agendum Agenda Addendum សរឿងប្តូវបអនថម Addenda Memorandum Memoranda Ovum Ova Focus ចំណុ្ចប្បសពវ Foci/Focuses Fungus រកុ្ខជាតិផសតិ Fungi/Funguses Genius Genii/geniuses Radius រ៉ឌីយូ៉ម Radii/Radiuses Animalculeសតិសុខុ្មសតវ Animalcular Stratumោន ក់្,ក្ប្មឹត Strata

ចុងផលូវTerminus Termini/ Terminuses Formula Formulae, Formulas Stamen ការែត់ធន់ Stamina Antenna Antennae Axis Axes Medium Media Alumnus និសសិតចាស់ Alumni Index Indexes/Indices Erratum ពាក្យខុ្ស Errata Appendix Appendixes, Appendices Apparatusបរធិាន Apparatus/ Apparatuses 29. The words from Creech Basis Bases Crisis Crises Hypothesis Hypotheses Analysis Analyses

Synthesis សំសោគ Syntheses Oasis ក្អនលងសាអ តក្នុងសមុប្ទខ្ាច់Oases Phenomenon Phenomena Bacterium Bacteria Thesis Theses 30. Words from French

Beau ប្ពាននារ ី Beaux, Beaus Bureau ការោិល័យ Bureaux, Bureaus Madam(e) Mesdames Monsieurសៅហ្វវ យប្បសុ Messieurs 31. Words from Italian Bandit Banditti, Bandits Dilettante Dilettantiែនក្និយមសិលបេះ

32. Words from Native American

Cherub សទវបុប្ត Cherubim, cherubs Seraph សទវតា Seraphim, seraphs 33. The following words change meanings when adding “s, es, ves”

Air អាកាស Airs Beef Beeves សោ Compass ប្តីវស័ិយ Compasses រងវង់ Draught អខ្សខ្យល់ Draughts ចប្ក្ប្តង់បារងំ Force Forces ក្ងទ័ព Iron irons ឆ្ន ំងែុ៊ត Manner អាការៈ Manners មារោទ Physic ោន ំ Physics វជិាា សពទយ Return Returns រយការណ៍្ Work Works សរងចប្ក្

34. The following words have 2 or 3 meanings when changing to plural

Color ពណ៌្ Colors 1 ពណ៌្ 2 ទង់, ដ្ងចកើ Custom របដពណ្ើ Customs 1 របដពណ្ើ 2 ពនធដារអាករ Letter Letters 1 ែក្សរ ២ ចុតហ្វៅ យ ៣ ែក្សរសិលប ៍Effect លទធផល Effects 1 ផល ២ ប្ទពយសមបតតិ Moral Morals 1 សីលធម៌ ២ ការប្បប្ពឹតតិ Spirit សនាត នចិតត Spirits 1 សនាត នចិតត ២ វញិ្ញា ណ្ ៣ ស្សា Spectacle ទសសនីយភាពSpectacles ១ ទសសនីយភាព ២ អវនតា Pain Pains ១ ជំងឺ ២ សសចក្តីសតត ប្ក្ហ្វយ Heaven Heaven ១ សាថ នសួគ៌ ២ ព្ផទសមឃ Premise មតិសសនើ Premises ១ មតិសសនើ ២ ផទេះនិងដី 35. The base form has two meanings while the plural has one meaning

Light ១ ពនលឺ Lights ចសងកៀង ២ ចសងកៀង People ១ ពលរដឋ,ប្បជាជន Peoples សញ្ញា តិ Abase ១ ការសប្បើកំ្ហុស Abases ការសប្បើកំ្ហុស ២ ភាសាអាប្ក្ក់្ Foot ១ សជើង Feet សជើង ២ ការសដើរសោយសជើង Horse ១ សសេះ Horses សសេះ

២ ទាហ្វនសសេះ Wood ១ ស ើ Woods ព្ប្ពស ើ

២ ព្ប្ព

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NOUN IN APPOSITION When a noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in noun in apposition. Again, two noun phrases are in apposition when one comes after the other and both refer to the same thing.

….. Noun + Noun in apposition For instance Everyone visits the White House, the home of the president.

Joseph Conrad, the famous English novelist, couldn’t speak English until he was 47.

Note 1. When the second phrase adds extra information, we use a comma. Heng Ratana, director-general of the Cambodian Mine Action Center Kitty McKidsey, a regional spokeswoman for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees ……… sites round Baghdad and Tikrit, one of the main justifications for launching the Iraq invasion. 2. When the second phrase identifies the first one, we do not use a comma The novelist Joseph Conrad couldn‟t speak English until he was 47. Pretty 25-year-old secretary Linda Pilkington has shocked her friends and neighbors.

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FUNCTION OF NOUNS

1. Subject of a verb For instance Samouth is both NGO staff and free-lance trainer. This boy prefers to have dinner at six in the evening. She loves her parent very much.

2. Direct Object of a verb

For instance Jack loves Jan.

We respect the teacher. They give me a book.

I need some money. 3. Indirect Object of a verb

For instance They gave me a book.

Our organization provides us training. The teacher teaches the student a lesson.

4. Object of a preposition For instance We think of the teacher when we leave school. He speaks to his girl friend every day. John waits for Ann for 3 hours.

5. Subjective Complement For instance Siri is a hairdresser.

She was a nurse two years ago. He is a doctor.

6. Complement of a linking verb For instance They become doctor.

Marry is a devoted girl. You are a good teacher.

7. Objective Complement For instance We elected Mr. Samouth a leader.

His parent named him Henry. Every one calls him a coward.

8. An antecedent in relative clause For instance Dara who was sent to join the training in PP was sick. The information that I sent to you is correct. The book which I lend you cost 10$.

9. Nominative of absolute phrase For instance Dinner being over, we all sat and talked.

Uthai having been elected the chairman of the parliament, I am sure the meeting will have outstanding result. The sun having set the farmers walked home. He having finished work, we left the office together. The moon having risen, we went home.

10. In vocative case For instance Robert, please close the door.

You‟re right, Jammy Teacher, please explain it slowly. It is true, Jame, that he will come tomorrow.

11. In possessive case

For instance The teacher‟s table is standing in front of the class. This is the lady‟s handbag which is very heavy. Do you know my principle‟s house?

12. Apposition to a noun For instance Reagan, the president of USA, visited Thailand. Samouth, a free-lance trainer, is now coming for training provision. Our country, Cambodia, is the land of peace.

13. Retained Object For instance She was given some money by him. Some money was given to her by him.

14. Adjectival Noun For instance The football match today is very interesting.

Samouth is waiting for you at the bus stop. There is my relative living in New York City.

15. Cognate Object For instance

He lived a good life. They fought a good fight. She sang a sweet song. He sleeps a sound sleep. He ran a good race. Mrs. Mary died of an accident death. Mali dreamt a good dream last night. She smiled a sweet smile. These boys laughed a merry laugh. They ran a lively race. Marry slept the sleep of justice. Dara sang a beautiful song. She sighs a deep sigh. WORD USED AS NOUN

The following words are considered as nouns as; Noun

The police killed the robber. The dog bites me. The boy goes to school. Mary married Jan.

Pronoun She goes to private school. You kiss me a nose. He wants to be a professor. It is going to rain now.

Infinitive To study English makes me tired. I need to stay alone for per day. To sing a song makes me feel happy all time.

I hope to be granted 100 dollars. Gerund

Walking alone drives me scare. I like playing tennis with friends in the afternoon. She denies sleeping with her husband.

Noun Phrase An interesting book is every expensive. A lovely child of mine is Nivin, my small baby. a day-to-day meeting is likely disappointed by staff.

Noun Clause What I detest is smoking cigarette. I remember when I get married. That he is living with HIV is almost true.

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