adoption of change in hospital pharmacy practice jean-françois bussières b pharm msc mba fcshp...
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Adoption of Change in Hospital Pharmacy Practice
Jean-François BussièresB Pharm MSc MBA FCSHP
Chef, département de pharmacie et unité de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, CHU Sainte-Justine
Professeur titulaire de clinique, Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal
Kevin HallB. Sc. Pharm., Pharm. D., FCSHP
Clinical Associate ProfessorFaculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Alberta
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Objectives
• To understand the typical trajectory associated with the adoption of change, following the initial availability of evidence supporting the change
• To discuss possible ways of accelerating the adoption of evidence-based improvements in the practice of pharmacy
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Adoption of change in healthcare
Following the availability of evidence supporting the adoption of a new healthcare practice, how many years do you think will pass, on average, before the improved practice will be in widespread usage?
•2 years?•5 years?•9 years?•17 years?•25 years?
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Balas et al.
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Managing clinical knowledge for health care improvement
• 1843– Oliver Wendell Holmes – Boston Society for Medical Improvement– Contagiousness of puerperal fever– Advocated hand washing before examining a
pregnant woman … « a revolutionary idea at the time »
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‘Managing clinical knowledge for health care improvement’
• Studied nine clinical procedures
• Calculated the annual increase in use by dividing the current rate of use by the number of years between the publication of the landmark trial and the reported current use
• Average: 3.2% increase each year
• 15.6 years required before an innovation is used by 50% of potential users
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There was twice as much evidence available in 1995 than there was in 1966
Imagine now …
2 x
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The nine clinical interventions
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Calculated that onaverage it takes
17 yearsfor researchevidence toreach clinicalpractices
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Does the figure of 17 years seem excessive for the adoption of change in
hospital pharmacy practice?
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Sources of information used to identify key issues in pharmacy practice
• Pharmacy and other Scientific Literature
• Hospital Pharmacy in Canada Report
• CSHP 2015 Survey Results
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What information can we glean from these sources concerning the adoption
of change in pharmacy practice?
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Trends from the HPC Report• Six examples ….
– Unit-dose distribution service– IV admixture service – Use of barcodes in the drug-use process– Implementation of computerized prescriber
order entry (CPOE) systems– Pharmacy technician scope of practice– Pharmacist scope of practice
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Adoption of change in Pharmacy Practice
• Approximately when was the innovation proven to be beneficial?
• What level of implementation had been achieved by 2012?
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Source: Parker P. Unit-dose systems reduce error, increase efficiency.
Hospitals JAHA 1968; 42: 65-72.
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Unit-dose distribution systems
65 %
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2012 minus 1968
=44 years and and the use of unit dose systems, full or partial, was
reported by only 65% of respondents !
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1978
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IV admixture to > 90% patients
64 % in 2012
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2012 minus 1978
=34 years !
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1974
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Use of barcoding in hospital pharmacy
Range of 2-22% in 2012
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2012 minus 1974
=38 years !
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Computerized prescriber order entry systems
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Emergingevidencebut stilla lot ofunknownsabout theirimpact
2008
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Implementation of CPOEs
5% in 2004 9% in 2012
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Scope of Practice Changes for Pharmacists and Pharmacy
Technicians
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Pharmacy Technician Scope of Practice
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• “The counting and pouring often alleged to be the pharmacist’s chief occupation will in time be done by technicians and eventually by automation. The pharmacist of tomorrow will function by reason of what he knows, increasing the efficiency and safety of drug therapy and working as a specialist in his own right.”, Dean Tice of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1961
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2012
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2012 minus 1961
=51 years !
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Pharmacist Scope of Practice
• “I would establish as the principal qualifications of a clinical practitioner that he bear personal responsibility for the safe and effective use of drugs in a number of patients on a continuing basis.”
• Don Francke 1976
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Independent prescribing rights for pharmacists
Alberta allowed pharmacists to acquire independent prescribing rights beginning in 2006.
Since then, what percentage of pharmacists have obtained independent prescribing rights?
4% ?
10% ?
18% ?
50% ?
71% ?
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2012 minus 1976
=36 years !
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Pharmacy technicians as a supportrole for clinical services
8to37%
(excluding drug distribution liaison)
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Is Pharmacy an evidence-based Profession?
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No evidence for clinical activities=higher priority
Source: http://www.lillyhospitalsurvey.ca/hpc2/content/home.asp
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So why do changes occurso slowly ?
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• Why do we have such significant gaps between objectives, priorities and implementation ?– Limited resources ($, human)?– Too many competing priorities?– Lack of leadership?– Staff attitudes?
• What contributes to the successes that are reported?– Passion and motivation?– Staff awareness?– Incorportation of CSHP 2015 in strategic planning?– Inspirational leadership?
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Barriers to change …• Unsuccessful passive diffusion …
• Results difficult to understand …
• Too much information …
• People feel they should not change what works !
• No expertise …
• No incentive …
• Fear …
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