adrian j. ebsary – online community specialist …...technology – open education • open...
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www.uOttawa.ca
The future of higher education
Adrian J. Ebsary – Online Community SpecialistUniversity of Ottawa | Université d’Ottawa
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Can we predict the future?
• “In both parametric and nonparametric tests, individual analysts fail to exhibit consistent differences in forecasting ability.”
O’Brien, P. C. Journal of Accounting Research. 1990
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Can we predict the future?
• Futurist predictions in 1997 book for the year 2025– Roughly 66% accuracy for ‘on track’ predictions– Similar to 68% accuracy from futurists in 1967
predicting 30 years later
Hines, A. World Future Review. 2009
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What makes a good futurist?
Forecast Accuracy
Experience(Ability)
Employer size(Resources)
Number of firms and industries followed(Complexity)
Clement, M.B. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 1999
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What makes a good futurist?
• The best forecasters of world politics:– Scored higher on intelligence and political knowledge– More open-minded cognitive styles– Benefited from probability training– Profited from better working environments & teams– Spent more time deliberating and updating forecasts
Mellers, B. et al. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 2015
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What makes a good futurist?
• Exceptionalism lies in quantitative trend forecasting– Kurzweil’s Law of Accelerating Returns– Certain kinds of progress are exponential, not linear
http://bit.ly/KurzweilBigThink
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What do futurists do?
• Illustration by David Plunkert
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Analytical Framework for Futurism
• Framing– What’s happening right now?
• Scanning– What do the trends tell us about tomorrow?
• Describing– What are some potential futures?
• Visioning– How do we want to shape the future?
• Planning– What is our roadmap for shaping the future?
http://profuturists.org/futurists
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Analytical Framework for Futurism
• Framing– What’s happening right now?
• Scanning– What do the trends tell us about tomorrow?
• Describing– What are some potential futures?
• Visioning– How do we want to shape the future?
• Planning– What is our roadmap for shaping the future?
http://profuturists.org/futurists
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Framing - Will the change matter?
• Pew Research Center survey of 1,021 “Internet experts” on the future of higher education
http://bit.ly/FutureHighEd
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Environmental Scanning
Environmental Scanning: What it is, how to do it… Thinking Futures. 2009
http://bit.ly/EnviroScan
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Environmental Scanning with STEEP
• STEEP =– Society– Technology– Environmental– Economy– Political
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Society
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Society – massification continues
• Demand for higher education is rising
Ho Mok, et al. Higher education governance in crisis: a critical reflection on the massification of higher education, graduate employment and social mobility. Journal of Education and Work. 2015
http://bit.ly/EnviroScan
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Society – Vocational focus for learning
• “Now, this model of liberal arts education is under threat. Students come to college hell-bent on learning something that will make them employable.”
• “This is an understandable response to the economic uncertainties of our age, and to the extraordinary cost of an education […].”
• “Whether eighteen-year-olds are experiencing this economic anxiety themselves, or whether it is being hammered into them by their parents, I don’t know.”
http://bit.ly/whatishigheredfor
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Society – Teaching & research
• Are teaching and research compatible?
http://bit.ly/CAPsurvey2007
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Society - Mature Enterprise Syndrome
• “…American higher education has become what, in the business world, would be called a mature enterprise: increasingly risk averse, at times self-satisfied, and unduly expensive.”
• “Without serious self-examination and reform, institutions of higher education risk falling into the same trap [as other failed industries], seeing their market share substantially reduced and their services increasingly characterized by obsolescence.”
Spellings Report. US Department of Education. 2006
http://bit.ly/SpellingsReport
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Society - Mature Enterprise Syndrome
• “It is harder to innovate in a mature enterprise.”
White, et al. Innovations in Higher Education: Implications for the Future. New Directions for Higher Education
http://bit.ly/NewInnovationsHigherEd
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Society - Questions
• Will higher education innovate or lose to competitors?
• Will demand for higher education continue to rise?
• Will certain countries choose to change the relationship between teaching and research?
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Technology
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Technology – Open Education
• Open educational resources (1-5 years)– Students need lower cost content– Industry needs to get more flexible with product offerings– Intellectual property law needs to progress
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Technology – 3D Printing
• 3D Printing (1-5 years)– New options for personalization reduce demand for
non-customized in-store goods– Gateway to more sustainable production– Become a valuable tool (or toolmaker) for researchers
across fields
http://bit.ly/3Dprintfuture
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Technology – Virtual Reality
• Virtual and augmented reality (1-5 years)– Provided viable distance-learning options– Help scale delivery of classroom experiences
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Technology - Gamification
• Gamification, experimental teaching styles (1-5 years)
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Technology – Modular Curricula
• Personalized curricula, modularization & hybrid degrees (5-10 years)– Help students adapt to changes in job
market signals– Modularizing curricula provides clearer
metrics for employers with unique needs
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
http://bit.ly/FastCompanyFuture
Hullinger, J. This is the future of college. Fast Company. 2015
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Technology – Analytics
• Learning analytics enabled by more sensors (5-10 years)– “These tools offer innovative ways to predict student
success, measure achievement of learning outcomes, and drive improvements in admissions, pedagogy, and student support services.”
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Technology – Analytics
• Learning analytics enabled by more sensors (5-10 years)– “And newer endeavors […] can alert students to toxic
course combinations and provide an early warnings of at-risk behavior to faculty, advisers, and the students themselves.”
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Technology - Biometrics
• Biometrically-verified online identity systems (5-10 years)– Physical traits & behavioural signs inform learning analytics– Users want to protect valuable digital identities– No more passwords
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Technology – The Global Brain
• Collective knowledge mapping with Global Brain (10-20 years)– Mapping known vs. unknown reveals opportunities– Contributions factor into learning analytics
O’Reilly, T. Towards a Global Brain. GreenBiz.com
http://bit.ly/GlobalBrainTim
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Technology - Questions
• How will these technologies facilitate distance learning?
• In what areas of education will distance learning become the norm?
• Will new teaching technologies allow fewer teachers to engage with more students?
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Environmental
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Environmental – Climate Change
• “… things will start going haywire in the tropics at around the year 2020, and in [places further from the equator] around 2047.”
Eric Zuesse, Huffington Post, about:Mora, C. et al. The Projected timing of climate departure from recent variability. 2013
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Environmental – Climate Change
• Higher Ed Climate Adaptation Committee findings:
“1. Have a critical role to play in preparing society to adapt to the impacts of climate disruption by providing research and education around adaption strategies and science.”
“7. Should aim to identify adaptation strategies that also contribute to mitigation efforts.”
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Environmental – Questions
• Could restrictions on energy usage discourage displacement and encourage online learning?
• Will the economic impacts of climate change reduce enrollment capacity for traditional institutions?
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Economy
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Economy – The Future of Work
Störmer, et al. The future of Work: Jobs and Skills in 2030.
http://bit.ly/FutureOfWork2030
• Disruptions that could radically change the future of work
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Economy - Technological Job Displacement• “Will networked, automated, artificial intelligence (AI)
applications and robotic devices have displaced more jobs than they have created by 2025?”– Nearly 2,000 experts surveyed:
48%
YES52%
NOhttp://bit.ly/PewJobsAndRobots
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Economy - Technological Job Displacement• “Will networked, automated, artificial intelligence (AI)
applications and robotic devices have displaced more jobs than they have created by 2025?”– Team NO major arguments:
• Tech displaces some work while creating more• We invent new types of work
http://bit.ly/PewJobsAndRobots
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Economy - Technological Job Displacement• “Will networked, automated, artificial intelligence (AI)
applications and robotic devices have displaced more jobs than they have created by 2025?”– Team NO major arguments:
• Tech displaces some work while creating more• We invent new types of work
– Team YES major arguments:• Blue-collar work first, then white-collar• Might create new jobs, but promote inequality
http://bit.ly/PewJobsAndRobots
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Economy - Technological Job Displacement• “Will networked, automated, artificial intelligence (AI)
applications and robotic devices have displaced more jobs than they have created by 2025?”– Both teams agree:
• Our education system is not preparing workers!
http://bit.ly/PewJobsAndRobots
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Economy - Technological Job Displacement• “We may lose as much as 25% of all
‘simple’ jobs because of smart machines, AI, robotics and automation, e.g., data input clerks, analysts (some), check-out clerks, cab drivers, etc. In the next 25 years, that loss may be as much as 50% of all jobs as ‘machines’ get even better.”
Gerd Leonhard (@gleonhard)in Rudy De Waele's (@mtrends) Shift 2020
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Economy - Technological Job Displacement• “To suggest that technology is going
to somehow create completely new job categories capable of absorbing millions of workers displaced from traditional jobs is pure fantasy.”
Martin Ford, The Lights in the Tunnel
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Economy – Zero Hour Contracts
• Flexible contracts with few guarantees for the employee• Huge benefits for employer, fewer for employee
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Economy - Questions
• How will job loss due to automation compete with job creation?
• Will zero-hour contracts receive government regulations to prevent employee abuses?
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Politics
Image: http://thepolitic.org/understanding-politics/
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Politics – Funding Sources
• Worldwide trends influencing how we finance higher ed:
Increasing demand
Increasingly knowledge-based economies
Increasing Globalization
Increasing liberalization of economies(Increasing privatization of public education)
http://bit.ly/UNESCOtrends
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Politics – Funding Sources
• Worldwide trends influencing how we finance higher ed:
Increasing demand Decreasing revenue, increasing costs
Increasingly knowledge-based economies
Increasing Globalization
Increasing cost per student(rising faster than inflation)
Government-tax revenues can’t keep up with cost
Increasing reliance on non-tax revenues
Increasing importance of financial assistance
Increasing liberalization of economies(Increasing privatization of public education)
http://bit.ly/UNESCOtrends
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Politics – Institutional Specialization
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Politics – Incentivize Student Outcomes
• Should university funding be linked to lifetime career outcome for graduates?
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Politics - Questions
• Will governments encourage or discourage privatization of universities?
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Models for future higher education
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Models for future higher education
• Different ways to get a bachelor’s– Three-year and accelerated bachelors– Multiple education providers
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Models for future higher education
• The bare-bones University– Lower-cost, online education with focus on teaching– Limited enrollment related to local workforce needs
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Models for future higher education
• Experimental models– Online-only– Flipped classrooms– Intership-focused– Minimalist or virtual campuses
– Entrepreneurial universities
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
Etzkowitz, et al. The future of the university an the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm.Research Policy. 2000
http://bit.ly/EntrepreneurialUnis
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Models for future higher education
• Corporate Universities– Deloitte, Disney, Motorola, etc. universities– Displace traditional education with job focus– Longer term investment in specialized employees
Mintz, S. The Future of Higher Education. InsideHigherEd.com
http://bit.ly/FutureInsideHighEd
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Models for future higher education
Brint. Creating the Future: ‘New Directions’ in American Research Universities. Minerva. 2005
http://bit.ly/CreatingTheFuture
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One scenario for the future• Undergrad education supply increases, dropping price• Climate changes increases price of displacement
– Delocalized, stay in your network to study• Vocational focus continues due to uncertain job markets
– Modular education offers adaptability (employablility)• Massification leads to mega institutions for post-grad research
and entrepreneurship– Teaching & research more closely linked for postgrads– Localized, join a network of your academic peers
• More diverse funding for institutions, researchers, students– Student sponsors, KickStarter research, brand giving games
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Contact
• About.me/AJEbsary• AdrianEbsary.com
• Twitter: @AJEbsary• Facebook.com/AJEbsary• Linkedin.com/in/AJEbsary