advances in small farm production · no-till nrcs cig project nrcs conservation innovation grant...
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`
Cary L. Rivard, Ph.D.
Dept. of Horticulture
Olathe Res. & Ext. Center
Advances in Small Farm Production
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Total Management Commitment
Hazard Identification
Biological, Physical,
&Chemical
Produce Safety
Assurance
Education &
Training
• Food Safety Plans • Tiered regulation
Good Agricultural Practices
Food Safety Modernization Act
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• What do we do when the system fails?
– Re-design it
– Add, replace, or remove a cog
– Add a whole series of cogs
(Lewis et al., 1997)
Organic Management
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Integrated Pest Management
Knowledge/Experience
Site Selection
Environmental control
Cultural control
Crop Selection Growing system
Genetic resistance
Sanitation Biological control
OMRI-approved Fung. & Pest.
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High Tunnel Production
• NRCS EQUIP Program • Role of Season Extension • Role of Environmental Protection
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High Tunnel Research
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Photo courtesy: S. O’Connell (NCSU)
• All shapes and sizes
– Three or four seaaon
• Climate Control
– Season Extesnion
– Use of low tunnels, etc.
– Protection
• Reduced Foliar Disease
• Access to new market
windows
• Production stability
Why High Tunnels?
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Incredible growth of warm and cool season crops
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• Early/late frosts
• WIND
• Thermal Stress
• Storms
• Heat ??
Why High Tunnels? Environmental Protection
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Working / Harvesting Conditions
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Protection from Heat
High Tunnels = Early Planting Date
• Fruit set before heat
• Plant is established
– Root system
– Foliage – fruit shading
• Planting Preference
– Scheduling
– Varieties
– Transplant quality
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Protection from Heat
High Tunnels CAN be cooler than the field
• Ventilation
• Plastic type
– UV/IR blocking
• Shade cloth
– 30% is recommended
– Timing
– Structural ??
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Kelly Gude, C.L. Rivard, K.Oxley, H. Chiebao, and E. Pliakoni
Overall objective: to determine the effect of variety and evaporative cooling on postharvest quality, decay, and shelf life of day-neutral strawberries grown in a high tunnel
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Early Tomato Production 15
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Scion
Rootstock
• First reports of vegetable grafting occurred in Asia in the 1920’s.
– Fusarium wilt of melon
• Popularized in Japan and Korea
– Tunnel and Greenhouse production
Tomato Grafting
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• Grafting for the US
– High tunnels
– Disease Management
• Technique and Econ
(Rivard and Louws, 2011)
Tube Grafting
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$0.28
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
Seed costs
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
$0.13
$0.40
$0.58
$0.59
$0.04
Non-grafted
Grafted
$0.28
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
Seed costs
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stageProduction stage
$0.13
$0.40
$0.58
$0.59
$0.04
Non-grafted
Grafted
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
$0.76
Seed costs
Mark-up
Cold frame
18-cell tray
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
$0.13
$0.67
$0.98
$1.21$1.25
$1.88
$0.51$0.47
Grafted
Non-grafted
$0.44
$0.24
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
$0.76
Seed costs
Mark-up
Cold frame
18-cell tray
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
Mark-up
Cold frame
18-cell tray
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stageProduction stage
$0.13
$0.67
$0.98
$1.21$1.25
$1.88
$0.51$0.47
Grafted
Non-grafted
$0.44
$0.24
A
B
$0.28
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
Seed costs
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
$0.13
$0.40
$0.58
$0.59
$0.04
Non-grafted
Grafted
$0.28
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
Seed costs
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stageProduction stage
$0.13
$0.40
$0.58
$0.59
$0.04
Non-grafted
Grafted
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
$0.76
Seed costs
Mark-up
Cold frame
18-cell tray
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
$0.13
$0.67
$0.98
$1.21$1.25
$1.88
$0.51$0.47
Grafted
Non-grafted
$0.44
$0.24
Time after sowing (weeks)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7$0.00
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
$1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
non
graf
t
Acc
um
ula
ted
co
sts
($/
pla
nt)
$0.76
Seed costs
Mark-up
Cold frame
18-cell tray
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stage
Mark-up
Cold frame
18-cell tray
Grafting / healing
50-cell tray
Germination
Production stageProduction stage
$0.13
$0.67
$0.98
$1.21$1.25
$1.88
$0.51$0.47
Grafted
Non-grafted
$0.44
$0.24
A
B
(Rivard et al., 2010)
Propagation Costs
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Grafted Tomato Propagation
• Goal: To optimize grafted tomato propagation systems that can be utilized by small-acreage growers with limited propagation capacity.
• Investigation of healing chamber environment
• Working with leaf removal as a way to reduce water stress in the scion
– Follow-up studies of mature plants (field and GH)
• Determine ways to reduce adventitious roots from the scion post-grafting
– Environment, leaf removal, hormone interactions
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• Goal: To identify vigorous tomato rootstocks which increase productivity with little to no disease pressure, particularly in high tunnel systems.
– Complementary to disease management work
• Mostly hybrid scion (BHN 589) • Rootstocks:
– Maxifort – Mulitfort – Arnold – DRO 131 – Colosus – Trooper Lite – Estamino – Emperador – RST-04-106 – RT 1028 – (Have shown to significantly increase yield in high tunnels)
Coordinated Rootstock Trials
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Annual Strawberry Production
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Planting date is very IMPORTANT
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Managing Winter Injury
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No-Till NRCS CIG Project NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant Program
• Rivard, C.L., M. Kennelly, J. Griffin, R. Janke, D. Presley, P. Tomlinson, R. Wynia (NRCS), M. Bates (MU)
• Demonstrate no-till systems – Pumpkin, sweet corn, snap bean – Equipment (planter) experience
• 4 replicated trials at KSU/NRCS locations
• 16 demonstration trials at commercial farms (2014-15)
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Characteristics of Crops that Do Well in No-Till
• Competitive crops do best – Canopy development – Water and nutrients
• Planting date – Late (summer crops)
• Crops that do well under mulch
• Transplants
• Crops that require intensive weed management
No-Till Veggie Crops
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Grow Your Own Mulch
Benefits of No-Till
• Cover crop residues serve as mulch – Weed management
– Soil moisture
– Crop health and quality
• Reduced soil temperatures – Fall crops
Video
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John C. Pair Center
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2014 COVER CROP BIOMASS PRODUCTION
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Spring Oats/Pea Spring Oats Winter Rye/Pea WinterRye/Hairy Vetch
WinterRye/Canola
WinterRye/Hairy
Vetch/Canola
Winter Rye
OHREC 2.30 2.77 2.33 2.32 1.75 2.76 1.79
JCP 3.35 3.22 2.78 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.43
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2014 Fruit Yield
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
WinterRye/Pea
ConventionalTillage
WinterRye/Hairy
Vetch
WinterRye/Hairy
Vetch/Canola
Spring Oats SpringOats/Pea
WinterRye/Canola
Winter Rye
Olathe 14.87 13.17 12.71 10.48 10.21 10.09 7.74 5.58
Wichita 12.41 12.38 14.45 12.05 11.11 13.43 10.71 12.39
Olathe Wichita
A A
B
AB
AB AB
AB
AB
B
A
A AB AB
AB
AB
AB
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Challenges exist in No-Till Systems
Challenges of No-Till
• Soil temperature
• Nutrient Management
• Managing cover crops
• Disease and pest pressure
• Production logistics
Southern Blight on Tomato
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Biomass (lbs/acre) C:N
Available N
Rye Vetch (lbs/acre)
High Tunnel 3749.4 329.4 9.8 83.2
Field 721.8 1589.1 8.5 54.2
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Nitrogen Recovery / Deposition
Fertilizing with Cover Crops
• NO3 Recovery
• Legume cover crops
• Calculated lbs/A N
– Legumes
• 3.5-4% (young tissue)
• 3-3.5% (flowering)
– Grasses
• 2-3% (young tissue)
• 1.5-2.5% (flowering)
Lbs biomass
Estimated % N
50% Availability
Total Nitrogen
x
x
=
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Beneficial habitat planted around the tunnel
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Eco
logi
cal f
un
ctio
n
•Cover crops •Compost
* *
Single tactic control of a
single problem/issue
in a mono-cultured crop
Systems Approach
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Eco
logi
cal f
un
ctio
n *
•Cover crops •Compost •Certified plants •Crop rotation •Nutrient mgmt
*
• Disease suppression
• Plant growth promotion
• Good yields
•Biologicals •Knowledge of pathogens •Soil community (bias)
Systems Approach
![Page 43: Advances in Small Farm Production · No-Till NRCS CIG Project NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant Program •Rivard, C.L., M. Kennelly, J. Griffin, R. Janke, D. Presley, P. Tomlinson,](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050421/5f9078c3bc5502494f6e7bf1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Eco
logi
cal f
un
ctio
n
*
* Multiple
crops over time and space to
foster high biodiversity, multi-pest
suppression, and vigorous plant health •Biologicals
•Knowledge of pathogens •Soil community •Crop diversity
• Disease suppression
• Plant growth promotion
• Good yields • Weed
suppression • Nutrient
cycling/CEC
Systems Approach
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QUESTIONS ??