1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹

∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·-ڷ̤ÓÂÈ ˘ÔÙÈÌË̤ÓË ·Ú¿ ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·Î·‰Ë-Ì·˚΋ Î·È ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ∞Ó Î·È Ë „˘¯Ô-ÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ıÂÌÂÏÈ·Î¿Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜, ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔ-ÓÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÂ Û˘Á΢ÚȷΤ˜ ΢ڛˆ˜·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›·Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¿ÌÂÛÔ ·Ú¿ÁˆÁÔ Ù˘

ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÔÈ ÂÚÌË-Ó›˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹Ì·˜ Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-ÊË̤ÓË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡Û-ÛÔÓÙ·È ‚Ú·‰‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜(Holmes & Babauta, 2005. Caravolas, Hulme &Snowling, 2001) Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÏÔ˘˜·ÓÂÍ·ÈÚ¤Ùˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÏÔ‡˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ (Moats,2005), ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋

æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, 2008, 15 (3) ◆ 290-315 PSYCHOLOGY, 2008, 15 (3) ◆ 290-315

1. ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜: °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, ΔÌ‹Ì· æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫Ú‹Ù˘, 74100 ƒ¤ı˘-ÌÓÔ ΔËÏ.: 28310-77545. e-mail:sideridis@psy.soc.uoc.gr

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ

°EøP°IO™ ¢. ™I¢EPI¢H™1, A°°E§IKH MOYZAKH,

A£ANA™IO™ ¶PøTO¶A¶A™ & ¶ANA°IøTH™ ™IMO™

√ ÛÎÔfi˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ‰ÔÎÈ-Ì·Û›·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘. ™˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó 580 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ B’ – ¢’Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡. Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ̆ ‹Ú¯Â Ì›· ÌfiÓÔ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ-

΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËΠηٿ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ÛÙÈÁ̤˜. √È ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎÔ› ‰Â›¯ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜. ŒÓ·˜ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÚÔηٿÏË-„˘ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÈ΋˜ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ (Differential Item Functioning) ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ıËΠ·Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘÙÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Ë ÌËÙÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋.ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÚÔηٿÏ˄˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û Ìfi-ÓÔ ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ϤÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ.

§¤ÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ: OÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ™Ù¿ıÌÈÛË, M¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Rasch, MÂÚÔÏË„›·

¶EPI§HæH

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·290

(Cossu, Gugliotta & Marshall, 1995). ŸÌˆ˜ ÔÈ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·ÎÚ›-‚ÂÈ·˜ ÊÔÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Û ÎÔÈÓfi ·-Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜(Î·È ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο: Protopapas & Skaloumbakas,2007. ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜, ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓÙ‡¯Ô˜) Î·È ÔÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ Èı·ÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‡·Ú-ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ËÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛË ÏÂÍÈÎÒÓ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·ÊË̤ÓË ÁÚ·Ê‹ (Holmes & Babauta, 2005).™ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ËÁ‹˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘Á-¯ˆÓÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ (amalgamated) ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ηÈÙ˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈ-Ô‡Ó ÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙËÓ Î¿ı ·ӷϷ̂·ÓfiÌÂÓË Úfi-Û‚·ÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Û˘ÚÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÌÓËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Ehri, 2005). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËSnow Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ Ù˘ (2005), Ë ÔÚıÔ-ÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒ-ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿-ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÏ·›ÛÈÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˘Ô‰Ë-ÏÒÓÂÈ ÛÙ¤Ú˜ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ÚÔˆ-ıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· (Snow et al.,2005). ∫·Ù¿ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ËÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ fi„ÂȘÌÈ·˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÎÔÈ-Ófi ˘Ú‹Ó· ÙË ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·.

ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ·Ó·ÊÂ-ÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙË Û·Ê‹ ηٷÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó›‰Ë-ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Û˘ÏÏ·‚‹˜ Î·È ÊˆÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ¤Ú· ·fiÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ʇÛË. ΔÔ Â›-Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ›ÁÓˆÛ˘ η-Ù¿ ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛı› ‰ÒÎ·È ·ÚÎÂÙfi ηÈÚfi Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Ù˘·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ-Ú˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ (Blachman, 1984. Bradley & Bryant,1983. Juel, Griffith & Gough, 1986. Lundberg,Olofsson & Wall, 1980). ™ÙËÓ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ‰Â-ÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ʈÓËÌÈ΋˜ ηٿÙÌËÛ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÌÂ

ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·ÛÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ(Nation & Hulme, 1997). ™ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ËÛ¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ›ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚıÔ-ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÌÔÈ‚·›·, fiˆ˜ ‰È·È-ÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Ï¿ıË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„Ë-ÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÊˆÓËÌÈ΋˜ ›ÁÓˆÛ˘ ηÈ, ·ÓÙ›-ÛÙÚÔÊ·, ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰ÔʈÓËÌÈ΋˜ ›ÁÓˆÛ˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-ÊÈο Ï¿ıË (¶fiÚÔ‰·˜, 1992Ø Porpodas, 1999Ø ∞˚-‰›Ó˘, 2006Ø ∞˚‰›Ó˘ & ¶·Ú¿Û¯Ô˘, 2004).

TÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·

ΔÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ıˆÚ›-Ù·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ‰È·Ê·Ó¤˜ (Ú˯fi), fiÛÔÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË, ηٷϷ̂¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ı¤ÛËÛÙËÓ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Seymour Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ(2003), ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÊÈÓÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û˘ÛÙË-Ì·ÙÈ΋, Û˘¯Ó¿ ¤Ó· ÚÔ˜ ¤Ó·, ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÂٷ͇ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ. ∏ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ̆ „Ë-Ï‹ ·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-Ê›·˜. ŒÓ·˜ ·Ú¯¿ÚÈÔ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·-‚¿ÛÂÈ Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ,‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Û ·Ï‹ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÔʈÓË-ÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯÈÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È fï˜ ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· ÙȘÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ Â¿Ó ‚·ÛÈÛÙ› ·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÊÔ-Ú¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÔÚı‹ ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÏ-ÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙË ÌÔÚ-ÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘¯Ó¿‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÚԤϢÛË Ù˘ ϤÍË˜Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ Û‡ÓıÂÙË.

™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ ÛÂÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÚԂϤ„ÈÌË ÁÈ· Ù· 3 ·fi Ù·5 ʈӋÂÓÙ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÌÂÔÈΛÏÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ‹ ηȉ‡Ô ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ /a/ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ¿-ÓÙÔÙ «·» Î·È ÙÔ /u/ ¿ÓÙÔÙ «Ô˘», ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó 6Áڷʤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ /i/ (È, Ë, ˘, ÂÈ, ÔÈ, ˘È), 2 Áڷʤ˜ ÁÈ·ÙÔ /o/ (Ô Î·È ˆ) Î·È 2 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÔ /Â/ (Â Î·È ·È). ∏ Ûˆ-ÛÙ‹ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Ϥ͢ (Chliounaki &Bryant, 2002. Porpodas, 1999). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 291

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·291

ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊË̤ÓË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÂÁψÛÛÈο ›‰· ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ʈÓËÙÈÎÔ‡. §fiÁÔ˘¯¿ÚË, Ë Ï¤ÍË «Ì‹ÏÔ» ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì ÙÂÏÈÎfi «Ô»ÂÂȉ‹ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi, ÂÓÒË Ï¤ÍË «ÌÈÏÒ» ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì ÙÂÏÈÎfi «ˆ» ÂÂȉ‹ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ú‹Ì·. ŸÌˆ˜ ÔÈ ›‰È˜ ϤÍÂȘ ‰È·Ê¤-ÚÔ˘Ó Î·È ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· («Ë» ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ «È»). ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·-ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏÂÊı› Ô‡Ù ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈο Ô‡ÙÂÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο. ∞·ÈÙ› ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӈÓÌÔÚÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË Ì ÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ.

∏ ÁÚ·ÊËÌÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÒÓˆÓ Â›Ó·ÈÛ˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÚԂϤ„ÈÌË ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ¿ÓÙÔÙ ·Ï‹. Δ·ÊˆÓÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÎÏÂÈÛÙ¿ (/b/, /d/, /g/, /j-/) ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÛ˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ‰‡Ô ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤ÓÚÈÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¿ÊˆÓÔ ÎÏÂÈÛÙfiÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙfiÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚˆÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ ÙÔ /b/ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·ÈÌ («Î·Ì¿Ó·»), fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ /mp/ («Û·Ì¿ÓÈ·»).°È· ÙÔ /j-/ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ì «ÁÁ».∞Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ʈÓÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ÓÌ·ÎÚ¿ ‹ ‰ÈÏ¿ Û‡Ìʈӷ, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Û‡ÌʈӷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ‰ÈÏ¿ ÏfiÁˆ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜(.¯. ÙÔ /m/ ÛÙÔ «Ï‹ÌÌ·»). ΔÔ Û‡Ìʈӷ /v/ Î·È /f/ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‚ Î·È Ê, Ì ÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÌÌ· ˘ ‹ ÌÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·-ÛÌfi «˘‚»/«˘Ê» Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ fiÙ·Ó ÚÔË-ÁÂ›Ù·È · ‹  (.¯. «·‡ÚÈÔ», «Â‡ÊÔÚÔ˜»). ΔÔ /z/ ÁÚ¿-ÊÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ì «˙», ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙ·Ó ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ʈ-ÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÌʈÓÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì «Û» (.¯.«·Û‚fi˜», «¿ÛÌ·»). Δ· Û˘ÌʈÓÈο Û˘ÌϤÁÌ·Ù·/ks/ Î·È /ps/ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ì ٷ ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· «Í» ηȫ„», ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·. Δ· Ô˘Ú·ÓÈο ÎÏÂÈÛÙ¿ (/c/, /j-/) ηÈÙÚÈ‚fiÌÂÓ· (/ç/,/j-/) Û‡Ìʈӷ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·ÈÌ ÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ fiÌÔÈÔ˘ Û ÙÚfiÔ Î·È ÊÒÓËÛˢÂÚˆÈÎÔ‡ ÊıfiÁÁÔ˘, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·fi ¤Ó··fi Ù· 6 ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔ /i/(.¯. «ÎÈԇȻ, «ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·»), ÂÎÙfi˜ ·Ó Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ˜ÊıfiÁÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È /Â/, ÔfiÙ ÙÔ /i/ ·Ú·Ï›ÂÙ·È (.¯.«Î¤ÊÈ», «¯¤ÚÈ»). ∞Ó fï˜ ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Û‡ÌʈÓÔ,¤Ó· Ô˘Ú·ÓÈÎfi ÙÚÈ‚fiÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÁÚ·ÊÙ› ηÈÌfiÓÔ Ì ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ· /i/ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û˘ÌʈÓÈÎfi ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·(.¯. «Î¿ÔÈ·», «‚È¿ÛÔ˘»). ΔÔ Ô˘Ú·ÓÈÎfi Ï¿ÁÈÔÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì «Ï» ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·fi ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ·ÙÔ˘ /i/ (.¯. «ÏÈ¿˙ˆ», «Ì·ÎÂÏÂÈfi»), ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Ô˘Ú·-

ÓÈÎfi ¤ÓÚÈÓÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì «Ó» ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·fiÁÚ¿ÊËÌ· ÙÔ˘ /i/ (.¯. «·ÓÈ¿», «ÓÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ»), ÂÎÙfi˜·Ó ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È /m/ (.¯. «˙ËÌÈ¿», «ÌÔÈ¿˙ˆ»). Δ¤ÏÔ˜,˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ï›Á˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÊıfiÁÁÔ (ÙÔ «» ÛÂ Û˘ÌϤÁÌ·Ù· ÌÂ-ٷ͇ «Ì» Î·È «Ù», fiˆ˜ «¤ÌÙÔ˜»).

™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Û‡-ÛÙËÌ· ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏ˘Û‹Ì·ÓÙË ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ-¯›· (fiÔ˘ ¤Ó·˜ ÊıfiÁÁÔ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-Ú· ·fi ¤Ó· ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù·), Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ·,Î·È Û ÌÈÎÚfi ‚·ıÌfi ·Ó·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· (fiÔ˘ Á›ÓÂٷȯڋÛË ÁÚ·ÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÊıfiÁÁÔ)(Porpodas, 2001. ∫·Ú·Ù˙¿˜, 2005). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë ÂÏ-ÏËÓÈ΋ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· Â›Ó·È Û‡ÓıÂÙË Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜, ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹-ÛË ÊˆÓˤÓÙˆÓ, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔ-ÁÈÎÒÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙˆÓϤ͈Ó. °È’ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙË ÊˆÓËÌÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÔÙÈÎÔÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ÏÂÍÈÎfi Î·È ÙË ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ›ÁÓˆÛË.

EÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜

ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ fiÔ˘ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÁÚ·Ì-Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fi-ÎÙËÛË ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Û‡-ÛÙËÌ· Î·È Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÂÙ·ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. Δ¤-ÙÔȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ÙÔÛ˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·-ÙÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ÛÙË ‰È·-‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο¤ÚÁ·. ™Â ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ Ô˘¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂÍ·¯ı› Ì ̷ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯Ô-Ï›Ԣ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› ÚÒÈÌË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÊˆÓÔÏÔ-ÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÙfiÛÔ Û ʈÓËÌÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂÛ˘ÏÏ·‚ÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (Porpodas, 2001). √È Û˘ÁÎÂ-ÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ‚·ıÌÈ·›··fi ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ

292 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·292

ÙÚfiÔ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÙÂÚË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÁÚ·Ì-Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Nunes, Aidinis & Bryant,2006), ηıÒ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ÌÔÚÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi-ÙÂÚË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ(¢È·ÎÔÁÈÒÚÁË, ª·Ú‹˜ & μ·ÏÌ¿˜, 2005). ∂È-ϤÔÓ, ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Nikolo-poulos, Goulandris & Snowling (2003) Û ‰Â›ÁÌ·28 ‰˘ÛÏÂÍÈÎÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·Ù¤‰ÂÈÍ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·-ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙȘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ‰˘ÛÏÂÍÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÌ¿-‰·˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Û˘ÓÔÌ‹ÏÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘˜Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ̤Û˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘, ÂÓÒ ÔȉȷÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜. ∏ ÏÂÈÔÓfi-ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ï·ıÒÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘-ÛÏÂÍ›· ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘, ÂÓÒ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ï¿-ıÔ˘˜. Δ¤ÏÔ˜, Ù· ‰˘ÛÏÂÍÈο ·È‰È¿ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó Ó·¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·ÎÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ÔÏÏ¿ ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ‡-ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÔηχÙÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÛÙËÁÓÒÛË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÒÓ.

∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰Â-ÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ·ÌÂÙ·ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ηÈÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ›‰Ô, Û˘¯Ó¿ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÔ-‰Â‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ·Ô-ÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘‚·ıÌÔ‡ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙË-Ù·˜ ̤ۈ ÔÛÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ (ÓfiÚ̘) ‹ ̤ۈÔÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÚı‹˜ ηÈÙ˘ Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ϥ͈Ó)ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‚› ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜ ÁÈ·Ù› Ì·˜‚ÔËı¿ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÂÍÔÈΛˆ-ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ì ÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂȉÈ-ÎfiÙÂÚË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏ·‰ÈÎfi¯ÒÚÔ fï˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËψÓÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, Ì·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÈ Î‡ÚȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔ-ÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂ Ù˘ÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfifiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-

ϛ˜) Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‹ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ οı ÂÍÂÙ·-ÛÙ‹/ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹.

∏ ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›··ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍËÙ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜·fi ¤Ó· ·ÚΤ˜ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∏ ‰È·¯ÚÔ-ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÂϤÙË ‰È‹ÚÎÂÛ ÙÚ›· Û¯ÔÏÈο ¤ÙË(2004-2007) Î·È ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó 5 ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Û ٷÎÙ¿ ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· (ÂÚ›Ô˘6 ÌËÓÒÓ). ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓÙ˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ·ӷÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙË-Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ (89,5%) ÁÈ· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ·ÎfiÌË ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÈ-ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜: (·) ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙË-Ù·˜ (·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ·ÓÂͤٷÛ˘) ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ,Î·È (‚) ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÚÔ‚ÏÂÙÈ΋˜ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Ù˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·-Û›· ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ›‰ÈˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ô-ÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ (ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·). Δ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù··fi ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ¤¯Ô˘ÓÛ˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚıÔ-ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô(Mouzaki & Sideridis, 2007. Protopapas et al.,2007. Sideridis et al., 2006) ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘-Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· „˘¯ÔÌÂ-ÙÚÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ. ª¤ÚÔ˜ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ÚÒÙ˜ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂÛ·›Â˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ï˘ı› ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ Ì ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο Ù˘ ¯·-Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο (ªÔ˘˙¿ÎË Î.¿., 2007). ™ÙËÓ ·-ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó¤· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó·Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÌÙË Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈ-΋ ̤ÙÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓÎ·È ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ì¤Û˜ Î·È Âη-ÙÔÛÙÈ·›Â˜ ÙÈ̤˜ (ÓfiÚ̘) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· (™Ù’)Ù¿ÍË ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÂÍÂÙ¿-˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ Ù· „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈοÙ˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÈÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ ·Ó·-

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 293

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·293

Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ·ÊÂ-Ófi˜ Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈ΋˜/‰ÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ Èı·Ó‹˜ ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜.ΔÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·È-fiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ˆ˜ ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ fiÛÔ Î·È·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Ó·‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰Â-ÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÛ¯ÔÏ›Ô.

2. ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜

™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜

∏ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ‹ıËηÙÔÌÈο Û 587 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ 17 ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›-ˆÓ ·fi 3 ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜(∫Ú‹ÙË, ∞ÙÙÈ΋ Î·È ∂Ù¿ÓËÛ·). Δ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ÂÈ-Ϥ¯ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÌË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Û ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÈ˜Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢-ÛË ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ËÌÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÁÚÔÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, 7 Û¯ÔÏ›· ‹Ù·Ó ·ÛÙÈ-ο (41%), 6 ËÌÈ·ÛÙÈο (35%) Î·È 4 ·ÁÚÔÙÈο(24%). ¢Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ μ’, °’ Î·È ¢’ Û˘-ÓÂϤÁËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ª¿ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2005 ·fi Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÔÈÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÈϤ¯ıËÎ·Ó Ù˘¯·›· ·fi Ù· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-Ó· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÏËÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ÎÚÈÙ‹-

ÚÈ·: (·) ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ·ӷϿ‚ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ·fi ÙȘÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ, (‚) ·Ô˘Û›· ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡Ó¢ÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‹ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÓfiÛÔ˘ ‹ ·ÈÛıËÙË-Úȷ΋˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ (Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘), Î·È (Á) ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÙˆÓÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›-Ô˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â‰Ò, ÏËÚÔ‡Û·Ó ¤Ó· ÂÈ-ϤÔÓ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi Ì ÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (‚Ï.·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ). ¢Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂’ Î·È ™Ù’ Ù¿ÍËÛ˘ÓÂϤÁËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ª¿ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2006 Î·È ÙÔ ª¿ÈÔ ÙÔ˘2007 ηٿ ÙËÓ Â·ÓÂͤٷÛË 156 Î·È 152 Ì·ıË-ÙÒÓ, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤-ÙÚËÛË ÊÔÈÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ ¢’ Ù¿ÍË.

∏ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٿ Ù¿-ÍË Î·È Ê‡ÏÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1. ∫·Ù¿ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË 48 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó·fi ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ·ÏÏÔ‰·ÒÓ (΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ∞Ï‚·Ó›·, 20 ÛÙË μ’, 15 ÛÙËÓ °’ Î·È 13 ÛÙËÓ ¢’ Δ¿-ÍË) ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÌÈÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÂÏÏËÓÈο Û ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi›‰Ô, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ù¿-͢, Î·È Â›¯·Ó ÊÔÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ·fiÙËÓ A’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡.

MÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ

¢ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜. ∏ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ‰Â-ÍÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ıËΠ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ™˘-

294 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1 ∫·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٿ Ù¿ÍË Î·È Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È

ËÏÈΛ· Û ̋Ó˜ (ª√±Δ∞ Î·È Â‡ÚÔ˜ Û ·Ú¤ÓıÂÛË)

Δ¿ÍË μ’ °’ ¢’ ∂’ ™Ù’

¡ 95 85 85 75 73∞ÁfiÚÈ· ∏ÏÈΛ· 93±3,5 105±3,3 117±3,6 129±3,6 141±3,6

(87-99) (99-111) (111-123) (123-135) (135-147)¡ 101 96 91 81 79

∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· ∏ÏÈΛ· 93±3,2 105±3,4 117±3,4 129±3,4 141±3,4 (87-99) (96-111) (111-123) (123-135) (135-147)

™˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ¡ 196 181 176 156 142

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·294

ÌÂÚÈÏ‹ÊıËÎ·Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, Ú‹Ì·Ù·, ›ıÂÙ·,Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ, ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù·, ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÌÂÙÔ¯¤˜.Δ· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ (·ÓÙÈ-ÚÔÛÒ¢ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·ÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ) ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËηÓÛ‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·ÈÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÛÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘-ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·. ™ˆÛÙ‹ ·fi‰ÔÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ-΋˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ οı Ϥ͢ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÊ·Ú-ÌÔÁ‹ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ (ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ, ÌÔÚ-ÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ, ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ÎÏÈÙÒÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ηٷÏËÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ‹ ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ, ηÈϤÍÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·ÈÌ ÙËÓ ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Ϥ͢, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·-Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ï·ıÒÓ Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Í›·.Δ· Èı·Ó¿ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Ï¿ıË ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔÔÛÔÙÈ΋ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ӷηٷÚÙÈÛÙ› ¤Ó· ÂÚ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ı· Û¯Â-‰È·ÛÙ› Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. √ÈϤÍÂȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ıËÎ·Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfiÛ˘ÏÏ·‚ÒÓ, ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ/ÌÔÚ-ÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ¤ÌÂÈÚˆÓÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙË Ê¿ÛË Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ-Á·Ï›Ԣ.

™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ Ë Î¿ı ϤÍË ˘·-ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹, Û˘Óԉ¢fiÌÂÓË ·fi ÌÈ·Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤-ÓË Ï¤ÍË. °È· ÙË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ʇÏÏÔ ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Ì·ÚÈıÌË̤Ó˜ ÛÂÈÚ¤˜. √ ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙ‹˜ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÛÙ·Ì·Ù¿ ÙË ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË fiÙ·Ó ÔÌ·ıËÙ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Ï¿ıË Û ¤ÍÈ ‰È·-‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ ϤÍÂȘ (·ÁÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ Ù˘¯fiÓ Ï¿ıË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ-ÓÈÛÌfi). ∏ ̤ÁÈÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È 60(Ì›· ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÁÈ· οı ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊË̤ÓË Ï¤ÍË).

§ÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ Î·È Û¯¤‰È· Ì ·‚Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III.√È ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ-ÏËÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Wechsler Intelligence Scalefor Children III (°ÂÒÚÁ·˜ Î.¿., 1997). ÃÔÚËÁ‹ıË-Î·Ó ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ·‰Ú‹ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·-ıËÙÒÓ.

3. AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·

ΔÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›-ӷη 1 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÂÎÙÈÌÒÌÂÓÔ ‰Â›-ÎÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ >70, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ̤-ÛÔ fiÚÔ Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ ÛÙȘ Îϛ̷Θ ™¯¤‰È· ÌÂ∫‡‚Ô˘˜ Î·È §ÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ <4.

Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› Î·È ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜(ªÔ˘˙¿ÎË Î.¿., 2007), Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔ-ÈÛÙ›·˜ (Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜) ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ Ù˘‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ÈηÓÔÔÈË-ÙÈÎfi˜ (a ÙÔ˘ Cronbach=0,945, ¡=548). ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ-¯· Ôχ ˘„ËÏ‹ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ Ù˘Îϛ̷η˜ ÁÈ· οı ٿÍË (μ’: a=0,89, °’: a=0,93,¢’: a=0,94, ∂’: a=0,95, ™Δ’: a=0,94). ÀÔı¤ÙÔ˘-Ì fiÙÈ Ë ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ a ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓËÏÈΛ· (Ù¿ÍË) ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ-Ô›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈηÓÔًوÓ. ∂›-Û˘, Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÂÓ Ì¤-ÚÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ aÛÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ϤÍÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ¯ÔÚËÁËı›ÛÙȘ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (ηÓfiÓ·˜ ÔÚÔÊ‹˜), ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ›¯Âˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË.

∏ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔ-ÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ (Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì Ùԉ›ÎÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ϥ͢-Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘) ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Èη-ÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÈ̤˜ >0,50 ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ. ŒÓ·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· (item-total ÌÂٷ͇ 0,08 Î·È 0,20) Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ı-ÌÔÏÔÁ›· (ÔÈ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ 5-6 ϤÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıË-Ù¤˜ Ù˘ μ’ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ 6-7 ϤÍÂȘ ÁÈ·ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓ). ∏ Û˘-ÌÂÚ›ÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fï˜ ÛÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È··Ú·›ÙËÙË (ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ) Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì ۇÓıÂÙË ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û ·È‰È¿ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚˆÓ ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ ‹ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ.

∏ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ηٿٷ͢ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ (Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛˆÛÙ‹˜ ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Ù˘ ο-ı Ϥ͢ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜) ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·ÈÛ ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛ˘ (Ú

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 295

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·295

ÙÔ˘ Spearman=0,940). ªÂ Ï›Á˜ ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ «ËÁ‹» (·Ú. 16), «ÊÈ-Ï›» (·Ú. 17) Î·È «‰›¯Ù˘» (·Ú. 19), Ë ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¯ÔÚ‹-ÁËÛ˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡-ÌÂÓË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ.¶Ôχ ˘„ËÏ‹ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ηٿ-Ù·Í˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ (μ’ – °’:Ú=0,974Ø μ’ – ¢’: Ú=0,978Ø °’ – ¢’: Ú=0,976,ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË), ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂ-ÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓϤÍÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜.

√ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ·ÓÂͤٷÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰Ô-ÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ›Û˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÊÔ‡ Ô ‰Â›-ÎÙ˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰Â‡-ÙÂÚ˘ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁ‹ıËΠ¤Ó· ¤ÙÔ˜ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ˘„ËÏfi˜ (r ÙÔ˘ Pearson=0,91 Ì ‚¿ÛË ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÙÈ-̤˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜).

√ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2 ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÛÙˉÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ∞’ – ™Ù’.μÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÊ‡ÏˆÓ (·ÚÈ· ›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹˜ º‡ÏÔ,F[1, 550]=10,10, p<0,002 ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË,

F[1, 491]=14,77, p<0,0001 ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ì¤ÙÚË-ÛË Î·È F[1, 468]=20,98, p<0,0001 ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË Ì¤-ÙÚËÛË, fi¯È fï˜ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˺‡ÏÔ˘ Î·È Δ¿Í˘ (p>0,4). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ù· Ù˘Èο‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· οıÂʇÏÔ.

AÓ›¯Ó¢ÛË ·ÏÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‹ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈ-΋˜/‰ÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î˘-Ú›ˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÙÒÓ (Principal ComponentsAnalysis)

™Â ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê¿ÛË, ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋıËÎÂ Ë ‡·ÚÍËÌ›·˜ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ Ù˘È΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ì ıˆÚËÙÈο ÈÔ ÛˆÛÙ‹Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î˘Ú›ˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ, ËÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÈηӋ Ó· «‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ·Ï¤˜ ‰Ô̤˜» ÌÂÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ· (Gorsuch, 1983). £ÂˆÚ‹-Û·Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ 60 ϤÍÂȘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ-ÓÙ·È ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ·fi Ì›· Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË(Ì›· ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹). ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ·-ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ ‰È¯ÔÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (ÛˆÛÙfi-Ï¿-ıÔ˜), ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈË-ıÔ‡Ó Ì ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜: (·) Ì ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ô-Ï˘¯ˆÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÒÓ (.¯., Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘

296 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2 ª¤ÛÔÈ fiÚÔÈ (ª√), Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ (Δ∞), Î·È ÂηÙÔÛÙÈ·›Â˜ ÙÈ̤˜

ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÛˆÛÙÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ηٿ Ù¿ÍË Î·È Ê‡ÏÔ

EηÙÔÛÙËÌfiÚÈÔ Δ¿ÍË º‡ÏÔ N MO (TA) 5 10 25 50 75 90 95

μ’ ∞ÁfiÚÈ· 95 22,4 (8,0) 10 12 16 22 27 35 38∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· 101 23,8 (6,3) 12 16 20 24 28 32 35

°’ ∞ÁfiÚÈ· 85 31,0 (9,5) 14 18 24 31 38 45 48∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· 96 33,0 (8,5) 19 22 27 34 39 44 47

¢’ ∞ÁfiÚÈ· 85 36,2 (10,0) 17 22 29 37 45 51 53∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· 91 39,6 (10,0) 22 27 33 41 47 51 53

E’ ∞ÁfiÚÈ· 75 40,1 (11,0) 18 25 33 43 49 53 55∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· 81 46,0 (10,0) 27 30 42 48 53 56 57

™Ù’ ∞ÁfiÚÈ· 73 43,0 (10,3) 23 29 36 46 52 54 56 ∫ÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· 79 48,6 (8,8) 30 36 44 51 55 57 58

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·296

EQS 6.1. Bentler, 2004) ‹ (‚) Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Rasch. ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î‡ÚÈÔÈ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ ÚÔ-Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ˆ˜ ÈÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ·‰È¯ÔÙÔÌÈο, ηÙËÁÔÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ (Bentler, inpress. Joreskog & Moustaki, 2001. Moustaki,2001), ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜. ªÂ-

ٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ·Ó›¯Ó¢Û˘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔÂÈÎÚ·Ù¤ÛÙÂÚÔ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË˜ÙˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Scree (Gorsuch, 1983). ∂ÓÙÔ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ¢ı›˜ Ô˘ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ‹ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ȉÈÔÙÈ̤˜, Ô ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó··ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÏÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. √È ·Ó·-χÛÂȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· ÙË μ’,

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 297

EÈÎfiÓ· 1 ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Scree ÁÈ· ÙË B’ (¿Óˆ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿), °’ (¿Óˆ ‰ÂÍÈ¿),

¢’ Ù¿ÍË (οو ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿), Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· (οو ‰ÂÍÈ¿)

VARIANCE

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TV MV UV U1 U2 U3 U4 VARIANCE COMPONENTS

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290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·297

°’, Î·È ¢’ Ù¿ÍË Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘̤ÙÚËÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·˘-ÍËÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘. ™Ù· ‰È·-ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Scree, Ô˘ ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÎfiÓ·1, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ȉÈÔÙÈ̤˜ (ÚÒÙË

Î·È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË) ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ¢ı›· ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹,ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔȘ «Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÔ˘Ó» Û ÌÈ· ·Û˘-ÌÙˆÙÈ΋ ¢ı›· Î·È ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ‰È·Î‡-Ì·ÓÛ˘ οو ·fi 1%. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ·-

298 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3 ™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ∫˘Ú›ˆÓ ™˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ªÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘

Rasch ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜.ªÈÎÚÔ› Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘.

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ™Â ÛΛ·ÛË ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ï¤ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Û ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·.

A/A §¤ÍË B’ °’ ¢’ ™‡ÓÔÏÔ A/A §¤ÍË B’ °’ ¢’ ™‡ÓÔÏÔ1 ·fi 0,02 0,09 0,00 0,04 31 ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ –0,29 0,03 –0,15 –0,032 ¤Ï· 0,07 –0,05 –0,22 –0,03 32 ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· –0,17 –0,05 0,25 0,163 Î·È –0,01 0,08 0,00 0,05 33 ʈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ –0,04 0,01 –0,29 –0,334 Â›Ó·È 0,04 –0,28 –0,07 –0,14 34 ¿‰ÂÈ· –0,25 –0,33 –0,15 –0,155 ÂÙ¿Ó –0,06 0,08 –0,06 0,08 35 ˙ÂÛÙ·›ÓÂÈ 0,17 –0,01 0,01 –0,046 ¿ÏÔÁÔ –0,02 –0,07 0,01 0,01 36 ÔÓÂÈÚ‡ÔÌ·È 0,26 –0,02 0,01 –0,027 Ê›ÏÔ˜ 0,13 0,04 –0,25 –0,14 37 ·ÏÏÈÒÙÈÎÔ˜ –0,11 –0,02 –0,25 –0,268 ͤڈ 0,09 0,02 0,03 –0,09 38 ‰·Ó›˙ˆ –0,22 0,05 –0,11 –0,119 ¤ÙÛÈ 0,09 0,02 –0,11 –0,09 39 ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË –0,11 0,13 –0,08 –0,01

10 fï˜ –0,08 0,03 0,15 0,05 40 Ú·ÎÙÔÚÂ›Ô 0,08 –0,02 –0,07 –0,1111 Ô‡Ù 0,06 –0,06 0,10 0,09 41 ÂÙڤϷÈÔ 0,74 0,07 0,09 0,1412 Ϥˆ –0,05 0,00 –0,03 –0,02 42 ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ 0,20 0,00 –0,31 –0,1813 ·˘Ùfi˜ 0,08 –0,05 0,07 –0,02 43 ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ 0,20 0,19 0,08 0,1414 ÙÚ·¤˙È 0,10 0,00 –0,29 –0,23 44 ·Ó·¯ÒÚËÛË 0,05 0,01 –0,12 –0,0515 ÔÙ›˙ˆ 0,18 0,06 0,20 0,09 45 ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi 0,03 –0,09 0,18 –0,0516 ËÁ‹ –0,21 0,04 –0,04 0,08 46 ÍÂÊ˘ÏÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ 0,11 –0,18 –0,03 –0,2017 ÊÈÏ› –0,19 0,01 0,03 –0,07 47 ΢ÓËÁËÙfi 0,73 0,28 0,04 0,1118 Ê˘Ùfi –0,18 0,04 0,09 –0,09 48 ËıÔÔÈfi˜ 0,70 0,36 0,17 0,2619 ‰›¯Ù˘ 0,01 –0,17 –0,04 –0,10 49 ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ –0,22 0,28 0,34 0,4820 ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· 0,02 –0,03 –0,31 –0,01 50 ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ 0,41 0,12 0,60 0,5721 ¤ÙÚÈÓÔ –0,09 0,06 0,26 0,14 51 Âȯ›ÚËÛË 0,27 –0,04 0,25 0,2022 ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ 0,03 –0,01 –0,05 –0,09 52 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ 0,29 0,33 0,45 0,5823 ËÁ·›Óˆ 0,10 –0,14 0,06 –0,09 53 ÂȉÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ0,000 0,50 –0,14 0,1724 ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓˆ 0,11 –0,79 –0,08 –0,32 54 ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ 0,000 0,41 0,28 0,3425 ÛÔÊÔ› –0,32 –0,51 –0,08 –0,25 55 ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË 0,000 –0,06 0,43 0,3226 ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó 0,02 –0,38 –0,36 –0,30 56 ·Ô¯·ÈÚ¤ÙËÛ· 0,000 0,15 0,39 0,2627 ·È¯ÙÒÓ –0,14 –0,05 –0,30 –0,20 57 ¯Â›Ì·ÚÚÔ˜ 0,000 0,00 –0,07 0,0328 Ù·ÌÂ›Ô –0,08 –0,32 –0,20 –0,16 58 ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› 0,000 0,81 0,02 0,2429 ¯ÒÚÈÛ· –0,24 0,03 –0,06 –0,03 59 Ì·Ù·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È 0,000 0,18 0,11 0,2030 ÂÈ‚¿Ù˘ 0,22 –0,17 0,17 0,03 60 ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ˆ 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·298

Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‹Ù·Ó 98,8% ÁÈ· ÙË μ’ Ù¿ÍË, 98,7% ÁÈ·ÙËÓ °’ Ù¿ÍË, 98,2% ÁÈ· ÙË ¢’ Ù¿ÍË, Î·È 99,5% ÁÈ·ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Linacre(1994), Ë ÚÒÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó Û·˘Ù‹Ó Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ¿Óˆ ·fi 60% Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘. ∞Ó Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÌË-Ó‡ÂÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 5% Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ıˆÚ›ٷÈfiÙÈ Ë ‡·ÚÍ‹ Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ‰Â-‰Ô̤ӷ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰Â›-¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÚÈ· ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-ÊÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Ù· ˘ÔÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È (·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο) Û ¤Ó·‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›-ÙËÙ· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÈÌÔ˜ (ÂÂȉ‹ ÂÍËÁ› Ôχ ÌÈÎÚ¿ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘). ™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, ÙÔ ÌÔ-ÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÓԉȿ-ÛÙ·ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ηٿÙË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ.

√ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3 ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ Û˘-ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·ÊÔ‡ ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËΠËÛ˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·fiÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ «˘ÔÏÂÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ» ‹ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ,·ÊÔ‡ ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËÎÂ Ë ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Ô˘ ÔÊÂÈÏfiÙ·ÓÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË. °È· Ó· ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› fiÙȉÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ù· ˘Ô-Ï›ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÛ˘Û¯ÂÙÈṲ̂ӷ Î·È ·Ú-ÎÂÙ¿ «ÌÈÎÚ¿» (οو ·fi 0,40Ø Gorsuch, 1983). ∞˘-Ù‹ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-ÁËÛË ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ô˘ ÚÔ-¤Î˘„ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Rasch.Ÿˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ô ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ Ϥ-ÍÂȘ ›¯·Ó, fiˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi, ÌÈÎÚ‹ ¤ˆ˜ ηÈÌˉ·ÌÈÓ‹ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË ÛÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·. ∂Ï¿-¯ÈÛÙ˜ ϤÍÂȘ Ì ÎÔÈÓfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÓ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙÂ-Ú˜ ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο fï˜ Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ Ù˘ÂÈϤÔÓ ·Ô‰È‰fiÌÂÓ˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡-ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÌÈÎÚ¿ (ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi2,5%). ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ (‰ËÏ. Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÈ-Ô˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙË-Ù·˜) Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙ› ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈο ËÛ˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ Ϥ͢ («·Ô‰ÂÈ-ÎÓ‡ˆ»), Ë ÔÔ›· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› «ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿»

ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÌˢÔÏÔÁ›ÛÈÌ˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›Á-Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Ù¿ÍÂȘ μ’ – ¢’).

¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜

√ ÛÎÔfi˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ‹Ù·Ó (·) Ó··ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ οı ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ϥ-͢ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·, Î·È (‚) Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfi-ÙÂÚË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ‚·ı-Ìfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ¶·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ, ·Ú¯Èο ·ÚÔ˘-ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Rasch Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·-Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË.

ΔÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch (1980) ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ̠ÙÔÛÎÂÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó·Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘›‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÂÛÙ (‚Ϥ Smith & Smith,2004). ΔÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch ·ÍÈÔÏÔ-Á› ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈÛ ÌÈ· Îϛ̷η (‹ ÌÈ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ÙÂÛÙ) ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ‰‡Ô ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ: (·) Ù˘ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ (μ) fiˆ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈ¤Ù·È ·fiÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ÙÂÛÙ, Î·È (‚)Ù˘ ÂȉÈ΋˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ (D) Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘Îϛ̷η˜ (‹ ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘). ∏ Â͛ۈÛË Ô˘ ÂÚÈ-ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÁÈ· ‰È¯ÔÙÔÌÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤-Ó· (ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ÛˆÛÙfi/Ï¿ıÔ˜) Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË(Bond & Fox, 2001. Rasch, 1980. Wright & Stone,1979):

Pni (xni = 1/Bn, Di) = (1)

∏ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ Pni (xni = 1/Bn, Di) ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ n Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË i, ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘(B) Î·È Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ (D), ÌÂÙÚË-̤Ó˜ Û ÏÔÁ·ÚÈıÌÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ (logit). ∏ ·Ú¿-ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ e Â›Ó·È Ë ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÏÔÁ·Ú›ı̈Ó(2,71828...). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË (1) Ë Èı·-ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ¤Ó·¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ Èη-

e(Bn – D i)

1+e(Bn – D i)

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 299

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·299

ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ (Bn) Î·È Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Ù˘ÂÚÒÙËÛ˘ (Di). §fiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË, ·Ó ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ›-Ó·È Ôχ ÈηÓfi (.¯., ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô 2 logit ·fi ÙÔ Ì¤-ÛÔ fiÚÔ) ÎÏËı› Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÚÒÙËÛË Ì¤-

ÙÚÈ·˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ (0 logit), ÙfiÙÂ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÙÔ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ı· Â›Ó·È 0,88. ∞Ó Ë ÂÚÒÙËÛË Â›-Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏË (.¯., ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô –1 logit), ÙfiÙÂ Ë È-ı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ

300 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

EÈÎfiÓ· 2 B·ıÌfi˜ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ (SP1–SP60) fiˆ˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Îϛ̷η logit (οıÂÙÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜). H ηٷÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¤ÁÚ·„·Ó ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î¿ı ϤÍË ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚfi ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ (οı ۇ̂ÔÏÔ # ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û 14 ¿ÙÔÌ·)

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·300

·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Û 0,93 (Wright, 1988). ∞fi ÙËÓ Â͛ۈ-ÛË (1) ÚԤ΢„·Ó ÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-Ï›·˜ οı Ϥ͢ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ Ô˘·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÎfiÓ· 2. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Èη-ÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ϥ͈Ó(SP1-SP60) ۯ‰fiÓ Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ logit (ÌÂٷ͇ –8 Î·È +8).√È ÚÒÙ˜ ϤÍÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈÎÚfi ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜(ηٷϷ̂¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Î¿Ùˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·-ÙÔ˜), ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË Ù˘ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘ÓÌÂÛ·›· ›‰· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ù¤-ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜‹Ù·Ó ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ∂Í·›ÚÂÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂-Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ fiˆ˜ Ë Ï¤ÍË «Ô‡Ù», Ë ÔÔ›·, ·Ó Î·È ÂÓ-‰¤Î·ÙË ÛÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÛÙË Ï›ÛÙ· ηٷٿ-¯ıËΠÙÚ›ÙË Û ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ ηȷ˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔ-Ô›ËÛË ÛÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ. ªÂ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙÔÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch, Ë ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰Ô-ÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ·Ú·-Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· ∞.

™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËÎ·Ó Û¤ӷ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ÂϤÁ¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ËÌ·-ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Guttman (fiÔ˘ Ë ÌÔÓ¿‰· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Ûˆ-ÛÙ¤˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Ìˉ¤Ó Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˜).™ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ 1 1 1 1 0 1 01 0 0 0 0, ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÚԂϤÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ··ÓÙ‹-ÛÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ÙÂÛÙ. ∏ ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ (‰ËÏ. Û ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÂÛ·›·˜‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜) Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Î¿ÔȘ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· ÙȘ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛˆÛÙ¿, ÂÓÒ Û οÔȘ ¿ÏϘ ı· ο-ÓÂÈ Ï¿ıÔ˜. Δ¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÂÛÙ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô «Ì¤ÛÔ˜» ÂÍÂÙ·-˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ. ªÂ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ·, ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙfiÛÔ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ(·ÓȯÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ó οÔÈ· ¿ÙÔÌ· ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘-ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ·fi ÙȘ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘,.¯. fiÙ·Ó «ÎϤ‚Ô˘Ó» Û ¤Ó· ÙÂÛÙ), fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÂÛÙ (.¯., ·ÓȯÓ‡ÂÈ·Ó ÌÈ· ÂÚÒÙËÛË Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô-χ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜).

Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÎfiÓ· 3. Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ¿Óˆ ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ϤÍÂȘ›¯·Ó «ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋» Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Î·È¯·ÌËÏ¿ ›‰· ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∂Í·›ÚÂ-ÛË ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ 17 Î·È 23, 24, 28, 31, 32,36, 39, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56 (‚Ï. ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· μÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ), Ô˘ ·-ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Guttman, fiˆ˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„Ë-Ϥ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÎÙË infit. ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙȘ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ οı Ϥ͢ ¯ˆÚÈ-ÛÙ¿ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ «ÌÂÛ·›Ô» ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ, ·˘-Ùfi ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÏÈÁfi-ÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÚÔ‚ÏÂ-fiÙ·Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘Guttman Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Ï›ÛÙ·.

√ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ (outfit), Ô˘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·ÈÛÙÔ Î¿Ùˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÎfiÓ·˜ 3, ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ϤÍÂȘ ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ«ÊÈÏ›» (∞Ú. 17) Î·È «·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·» (∞Ú. 32). ªÂ·Ï¿ ÏfiÁÈ·, ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ϤÍÂȘ ‚Ú›-ÛÎÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÌÂÛ·›Ô ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ Ï›ÛÙ·˜, ˘‹Ú¯·Ó·ÚÎÂÙÔ› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈ·Ì ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ˜ (ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙË Ï›ÛÙ·) ‹ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ϤÍÂȘ (ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙË Ï›ÛÙ·). ™ËÌÂÈ-ÒÓÔ˘Ì ¿ÓÙˆ˜ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ··ÏÔÈÊ‹ ‹ ÙÚÔÔÔ›-ËÛË Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ··ÈÙ›ٷÈÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û·˜ Û˘ÌÂ-ÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.

¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch, ‰‡Ô ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ

√ fiÚÔ˜ ÌÂÚÔÏË„›· (bias) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓÈı·ÓfiÙËÙ· οÔÈ· ϤÍË Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛË-Ì·ÓÙÈο ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÛÂÛ¯¤ÛË Ì οÔÈÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Rasch ÂÊ·Ú-ÌfiÛÙËΠÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ (ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË) ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËıÂ›Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ‰Ô-ÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÁψÛÛÈ-ÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· Ì·-

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 301

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·301

302 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

EÈÎfiÓ· 3 ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· «Ê˘Û·Ï›‰ˆÓ» Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ηıÂÌÈ¿˜ ·fi ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ

Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Guttman, ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· (ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË). Δ· ‚¤ÏË ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Ï¤ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ˘Ô„›Â˜ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËϤ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ

‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ infit (ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜-¿Óˆ ÂÈÎfiÓ·) Î·È outfit (ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜-οو ÂÈÎfiÓ·)

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Infit ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ – ™˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ¢Â›ÁÌ·

M¤ÙÚËÛË

–6 – 4 –2 0 2 4 6 813

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Outfit ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ – ™˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ¢Â›ÁÌ·

M¤ÙÚËÛË

– 4 –2 0 2 4 6 813

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·302

ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÂÏÏËÓfiʈÓÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ì ÂΛÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂ-Ù·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ. ∂Ê·ÚÌfiÛÙËÎÂ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó›¯Ó¢-Û˘ ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ DIF (Differential Item Fun-ctioning), Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ıËΠ·Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-̤Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÈÔ ‰‡-ÛÎÔϘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ÌÂÙ·-Ó·ÛÙÒÓ Û ۇÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ›¯·Óˆ˜ ÌËÙÚÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋. ªÂ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Ù˘ οı Ϥ͢ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿, Ì·ڿÏÏËÏÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÛÙˉÔÎÈÌ·Û›·. ø˜ ÌÂÚÔÏË„›· ıˆڋıËΠÌÈ· ÛÙ·ÙÈ-ÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ÌÈ·˜ Ϥ͢ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Û ̤ÏË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· fï˜ ÂÌÊ·-Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙË ‰ÔÎÈ-Ì·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜. °È· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Èı·-Ó‹˜ ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Ô˘

ÚÔÙ¿ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Wang Î·È Chen (2004) ÂÂÈ-‰‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË (Î·È ¿Ú· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ-΋) ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ-ÓÙ·È. √ Ù‡Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜:

(2)

fiÔ˘ d1 Î·È d2 Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ οı ÔÌ¿‰·˜ Ó· ÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÙË Ï¤-ÍË i, Î·È s2 Ë ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰·˜. √ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘·˘Ùfi˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË Ì¤ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. ªÂÁ¤ıË Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ ÙÔ˘ 1,0ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ (Wang &Chen, 2004). ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹-ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Winsteps 3,58 (Linacre,1999).

∏ ∂ÈÎfiÓ· 4 ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓϤÍÂˆÓ ÁÈ· οı ÔÌ¿‰· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿, fiÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂ-

t i1di1 – di2

si12 +si2

2

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 303

EÈÎfiÓ· 4 μ·ıÌfi˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ οı Ϥ͢ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹˜ Ù˘

ÛÙËÓ Îϛ̷η (SP1–SP60) ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ (ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË). ¢È·ÎÂÎÔÌ̤ÓË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹: Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÌËÙÚÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋, Û˘Ó¯‹˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹: Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÁÔÓ›˜

ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· οı ٿÍË ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· °

SP1

SP3

SP5

SP7

SP9

SP11

SP13

SP15

SP17

SP19

SP21

SP23

SP25

SP27

SP29

SP31

SP33

SP35

SP37

SP39

SP41

SP43

SP45

SP47

SP49

SP51

SP53

SP55

SP57

SP59

9

7

5

3

1

–1

–3

–5

–7

–9

§¤ÍÂȘ OÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜

12

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290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·303

Ù·È ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡ÔÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜, ‡ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ·Ô˘Û›·ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ÔÎÈ-Ì·Û›·. ∂Í·›ÚÂÛË ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ «Í¤Úˆ»(·Ú. 8) Î·È «ÔÙ›˙ˆ» (·Ú. 15) Ô˘ Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ›-Ó·È ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔϘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÌËÙÚÈ΋ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋, Î·È ÔÈ Ï¤ÍÂȘ «ÂÙ¿Ó» (·Ú.5), «‰ˆÚ¿ӻ (·Ú. 26) Î·È «ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜» (·Ú.42) ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË Ù¿ÛË.°È· ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ϤÍÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÌÂ-ÚÔÏË„›· Ô˘ Ó· ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ-΋˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (p>0,05).

4. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË

™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÏË-Ú¤ÛÙÂÚË „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ οÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË Û‡Á-¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈ-ÛÌfi Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈ΋˜/‰ÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜,Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ϥ͈ÓÔ˘ ÙËÓ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó, Î·È Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ Èı·Ó‹˜ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜.

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË΢ڛˆÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙˆÛÒÓ, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ÙÚÂȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÙË ÌÔÓÔ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ‡ÚËÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› Î·È ·fi Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÔχÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÌÂϤÙË ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ë ÔÔ›· οÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÔÈ No-tenboom Î·È Reitsma (2003) ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ·Ó ÙË ‰Ô-ÌÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜(PI-dictee, Geelhoed & Reitsma, 1999), Ë ÔÔ›·ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ 135 ϤÍÂȘ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-ÊÈ΋˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ Î·È ¯ÔÚËÁ‹ıËΠ۠3657 Ì·ıË-Ù¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. √ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·Ú·Áfi-ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ IRT (item response theory) Ù·ÔÔ›· η٤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·Ô˘ ÂÚÌ‹Ó¢ 40% – 50% Ù˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ Ù˘

ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ μ’ – ¢’, ‡-ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û Èı·Ó‹ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ (ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜/ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ-΋˜) ·fi Ôχ ÓˆÚ›˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿, Ë Â‡-ÚÂÛË ‡·Ú͢ ‰‡Ô ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ʈ-ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ÛÙ· ÚÒÙ· ÛÙ¿‰È· ·Ó¿-Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›·fï˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÁηٷÏ›ÂÙ·È ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙË μ’Ù¿ÍË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÔÚıÔ-ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ (Notenboom & Reitsma, 2003).

ŒÓ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‡ÚËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡-Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓϤÍÂˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û ÙȘ ÚÔ‚ÏÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ıˆ-ÚËÙÈΤ˜ ηٷ‚ÔϤ˜ Ì ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜˘¤‰ÂÈÍÂ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Rasch. √ÈÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÚÔÛ¤ıÂÛÂÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Ú¢ӷ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ·ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë Îϛ̷η¯ÔÚËÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ηÓfiÓ· ‰È·ÎÔ‹˜). ∂›Û˘, Ë Ûˆ-ÛÙ‹ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘÛÙËÓ ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Û˘-Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ «·‚ÔËıËÛ›·˜», ·Ó ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ··˘ÙÔ› Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ï¤ÍÂȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ (Sabatino, 1982. Sideridis,2003).

ŒÓ· ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‡ÚËÌ· ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û‡Ó-ıÂÛË Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó·Â˘ÓÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜·ÏÏÔ‰·Ô‡˜. √È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÚÔηٿÏ˄˘ ÚÔ-Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Îϛ̷η Â›Ó·È ¤Á΢ÚË Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂ-ϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·ÈÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜, ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘.

ΔÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÚfiÙÈ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÂÈ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÙȘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›-ÛÙÔȯ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· Ï‹-ÚË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·-ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÈ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Ù Û ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÔÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ ›-Ù Û ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ï‹ÚˆÛ˘ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ (criterionreferenced). ∫·Ù¿ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ-

304 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

290-315 (26) 5-12-08 12:41 ™ÂÏ›‰·304

΋ ›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Âȉ¤¯ÂÙ·È Û‡ÁÎÚÈ-ÛË, Ì οÔÈÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, Ë ÔÔ›·Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂ-Ú·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛËÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÂı› Û Ϸ›ÛÈÔ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ‰È·-Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Î·‰Ë-Ì·˚΋ ›‰ÔÛË ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔ-Ófi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Á¤Ê˘Ú˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜(implicit, ¿ÚÚËÙ˘) Î·È ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ (explicit, ÚË-Ù‹˜) ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ‚ÔËıÒÓÙ·˜ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÔÌÈ-ÏÔ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ (Cataldo & Ellis, 1988). ™‡Ì-ʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Cataldo Î·È Ellis Ù· ›‰Ë ·˘Ù¿ Ù˘ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÓËÌÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ›-‰· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·. ™Â ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÌÂϤ-Ù˜ Ë Gregg Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ Ù˘ ‚Ú‹Î·Ó fiÙÈ Ù·ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ §‡-ÎÂÈÔ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ô-Έ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· (Gregg et al.,2005. Gregg et al., 2002). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ Ë ·fiÎÙË-ÛË ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛË-Ì·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ-ο ¤Á΢ڷ ÂÚÁ·Ï›·. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ¤ÁÎ˘ÚˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈfi-ÈÛÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È·fi ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›· Î·È ÂÈ-‚‚ÏË̤ÓË ÛÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Û·Ó ÙÌ‹Ì·ÌÈ·˜ ·ÌÂÚfiÏËÙ˘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ËÔÔ›· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ·Ó·Áη›· ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌfi ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ˘fi ÌÂϤÙË Îϛ̷η ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ·ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·ıfiÙÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÏË-ÚÔ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο(ªÔ˘˙¿ÎË Î.¿., 2007) Ù· ÔÔ›·, fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ·-Ó·ÊÂÚı›, ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó (i) ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤-ÂÈ·, (ii) ˘„ËÏ‹ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ·ÓÂͤٷÛ˘, (iii) ÌÔ-ÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË, (iv) ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ‰È¿Ù·ÍËÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ηÈ(v) ¯·ÌËÏ¿ ›‰· ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÁψÛ-ÛÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ.

¶¤Ú·Ó fï˜ Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ô-ÛÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ‚·ıÌfi ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜,Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Îϛ̷η ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È Î·È ÁÈ·ÔÈÔÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰È-‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·(Moats, 1995. Treiman, 1993). √È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ϷÓı·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘-¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï·ıÒÓ Û˘Ì-‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈ-ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÒÓ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹-ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÚ·ÙÔ‡ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘Ùfi (Bear et al.,1996). ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ Û˘¯ÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ï¤ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÍ·›ÚÂ-ÛË Û ÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ÈÛfiÚ-ÚÔË ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢ÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÎÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ-ÏËÓÈ΋ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·. ∏ ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ˘fi ÂͤٷÛËϤÍÂˆÓ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (ÌÔ-ÓÔÛ‡ÏÏ·‚˜ ÚÔ˜ ÔÏ˘Û‡ÏÏ·‚˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ηÈÛ‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ Û˘Ó-‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ· ‰È·ÎÔ‹˜ (ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒ-ÛÂȘ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ Ï·ıÒÓ) ÔÚÈÔıÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛËηٿ ÙÚfiÔ Â˘ÓÔ˚Îfi ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ Ù·˘-Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛ˘.

∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ οÔÈÔ˘˜ Â-ÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∞Ó Î·È ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· Ô˘ ÚԤ΢-„ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÙÂÛÙ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜Â›Ó·È ¤Á΢ÚÔ, ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› ·ÊÂ-Ófi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› Ë ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· Î·È ÚÔ-‚ÏÂÙÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ, ÁÂ-ÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÓ›Û¯˘Â ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ÙÔ˘, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘-ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÙÂÛÙ ·ÏÏ¿ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ¢ËÏ·‰‹,ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ‰ÂÓ ÛË-Ì·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â› ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Î·È Ì ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·. ∞Ó Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ù·

æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 305

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ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù˘¯·›· ‰Â›Á-Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, Ù· „˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈο ¯·-Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÂÛÙ ı· ›ӷȷÚfiÌÔÈ·, ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ÂÈʇϷÍË ÛÙËÓÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

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æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 309

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· A¶ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ϤÍÂˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÌÂÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Rasch ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·.

™ÂÈÚ¿ Ϥ͢ ™ÂÈÚ¿ Ϥ͢ A/A AÚ¯È΋ TÂÏÈ΋ ™˘ÓÙÏÂÛÙ‹˜ A/A AÚ¯È΋ TÂÏÈ΋ ™˘ÓÙÏÂÛÙ‹˜

¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜* ¢˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜*1 ·fi ·fi –7,24 31 ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ ¿‰ÂÈ· 0,042 ¤Ï· Î·È –6,79 32 ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÊÈÏ› 0,243 Î·È Ô‡Ù –5,67 33 ʈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· 0,264 Â›Ó·È Â›Ó·È –5,41 34 ¿‰ÂÈ· ·È¯ÙÒÓ 0,485 ÂÙ¿Ó ¿ÏÔÁÔ –4,84 35 ˙ÂÛÙ·›ÓÂÈ ‰·Ó›˙ˆ 0,896 ¿ÏÔÁÔ ·˘Ùfi˜ –4,17 36 ÔÓÂÈÚ‡ÔÌ·È ˙ÂÛÙ·›ÓÂÈ 1,007 Ê›ÏÔ˜ ¤ÙÛÈ –3,75 37 ·ÏÏÈÒÙÈÎÔ˜ ·ÏÏÈÒÙÈÎÔ˜ 1,038 ͤڈ ÙÚ·¤˙È –3,71 38 ‰·Ó›˙ˆ ‰›¯Ù˘ 1,569 ¤ÙÛÈ Ï¤ˆ –3,71 39 ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÂÙڤϷÈÔ 1,76

10 fï˜ ¤Ï· –3,47 40 Ú·ÎÙÔÚÂ›Ô Ú·ÎÙÔÚÂ›Ô 1,9211 Ô‡Ù ÔÙ›˙ˆ –3,38 41 ÂÙڤϷÈÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ 1,9612 Ϥˆ ͤڈ –3,01 42 ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ËıÔÔÈfi˜ 2,0613 ·˘Ùfi˜ ÂÙ¿Ó –3,01 43 ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË 2,2714 ÙÚ·¤˙È ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓˆ –2,73 44 ·Ó·¯ÒÚËÛË ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ 2,7915 ÔÙ›˙ˆ Ê›ÏÔ˜ –2,52 45 ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ 2,8516 ËÁ‹ ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ –2,46 46 ÍÂÊ˘ÏÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ΢ÓËÁËÙfi 2,8817 ÊÈÏ› Ê˘Ùfi –2,34 47 ΢ÓËÁËÙfi ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ 3,0618 Ê˘Ùfi ¤ÙÚÈÓÔ –2,33 48 ËıÔÔÈfi˜ ÍÂÊ˘ÏÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ 3,1619 ‰›¯Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ –1,70 49 ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi 3,2820 ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· ËÁ·›Óˆ –1,55 50 ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·¯ÒÚËÛË 3,2821 ¤ÙÚÈÓÔ fï˜ –1,55 51 Âȯ›ÚËÛË ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ 3,4222 ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÈ‚¿Ù˘ –1,41 52 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË 3,7923 ËÁ·›Óˆ ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· –0,82 53 ÂȉÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ 3,7924 ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓˆ ¯ÒÚÈÛ· –0,28 54 ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ Âȯ›ÚËÛË 3,8525 ÛÔÊÔ› ʈÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ –0,27 55 ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ·Ô¯·ÈÚ¤ÙËÛ· 3,9026 ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ËÁ‹ –0,25 56 ·Ô¯·ÈÚ¤ÙËÛ· ÂȉÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ4,1527 ·È¯ÙÒÓ ÛÔÊÔ› –0,20 57 ¯Â›Ì·ÚÚÔ˜ Ì·Ù·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È 4,5428 Ù·ÌÂ›Ô ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó –0,02 58 ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› 6,8829 ¯ÒÚÈÛ· Ù·ÌÂ›Ô 0,01 59 Ì·Ù·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È ¯Â›Ì·ÚÚÔ˜ 7,4430 ÂÈ‚¿Ù˘ ÔÓÂÈÚ‡ÔÌ·È 0,02 60 ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ˆ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ˆ 9,78

* Kϛ̷η logit.

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310 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· B¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· «Ê˘Û·Ï›‰ˆÓ» Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Guttman ·Ó¿ Ù¿ÍË(ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË). Δ· ‚¤ÏË ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó Ï¤ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ˘Ô„›Â˜ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËϤ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÈ-ÎÙÒÓ infit (ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜-¿Óˆ ÂÈÎfiÓ· οı ˙‡ÁÔ˘˜) Î·È outfit (ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜-οو ÂÈÎfiÓ·).

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Infit ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ – B’ T¿ÍË

M¤ÙÚËÛË

–6 – 4 –2 0 2 4 6 10

9

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2

1

0

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™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Outfit – B’ T¿ÍË

M¤ÙÚËÛË

–6 – 4 –2 0 2 4 6 810

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

–1

–2

–3

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æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 311

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Infit ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ – °’ T¿ÍË

M¤ÙÚËÛË

– 4 –2 0 2 4 6 11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

–1

–2

–3

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–6

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–8

–9

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Outfit – °’ T¿ÍË

M¤ÙÚËÛË

– 4 –2 0 2 4 6 811

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

–1

–2

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¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· B(Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·)

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312 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Infit ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ – ¢’ T¿ÍË

M¤ÙÚËÛË

– 6 – 4 –2 0 2 4 6 12

11

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2

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0

–1

–2

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–10

™Ù·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Outfit – ¢’ T¿ÍË

M¤ÙÚËÛË

– 4 –2 0 2 4

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9

–10

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· B(Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·)

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æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 313

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· °μ·ıÌfi˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ οı Ϥ͢ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹˜ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ Îϛ̷η (SP1–SP60) Áȷοı ٿÍË (ÚÒÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË). (1): Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÌËÙÚÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋, (2): Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÁÔÓ›˜ ÌÂ-Ù·Ó¿ÛÙ˜.

SP1

SP3

SP5

SP7

SP9

SP11

SP13

SP15

SP17

SP19

SP21

SP23

SP25

SP27

SP29

SP31

SP33

SP35

SP37

SP39

SP41

SP43

SP45

SP47

SP49

SP51

8

6

5

2

0

–2

–4

–6

–8

EÈÎfiÓ· DIF – B’ T¿ÍË

§¤ÍÂȘ OÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜

12

E›

‰Ô

¢˘Û

ÎÔÏ›

·˜

EÈÎfiÓ· DIF – °’ T¿ÍË

§¤ÍÂȘ OÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜

SP1

SP3

SP5

SP7

SP9

SP11

SP13

SP15

SP17

SP19

SP21

SP23

SP25

SP27

SP29

SP31

SP33

SP35

SP37

SP39

SP41

SP43

SP45

SP47

SP49

SP51

SP53

SP55

SP58

8

6

5

2

0

–2

–4

–6

–8

12

E›

‰Ô

¢˘Û

ÎÔÏ›

·˜

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314 ◆ °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ¢. ™È‰ÂÚ›‰Ë˜, AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ MÔ˘˙¿ÎË, Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ™›ÌÔ˜

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· °(Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·)

EÈÎfiÓ· DIF – ¢’ T¿ÍË

§¤ÍÂȘ OÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜

SP2

SP5

SP7

SP9

SP11

SP13

SP15

SP17

SP19

SP21

SP23

SP25

SP27

SP29

SP31

SP33

SP35

SP37

SP39

SP41

SP43

SP45

SP47

SP49

SP51

SP53

SP55

SP57

SP59

8

6

5

2

0

–2

–4

–6

–8

12

E›

‰Ô

¢˘Û

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·˜

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æ˘¯ÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ◆ 315

Psychometric evaluation of a spelling testfor elementary school students

GEORGIOS D. SIDERIDIS1, ANGELIKI MOUZAKI,

ATHANASSIOS PROTOPAPAS & PANAGIOTIS SIMOS

The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties ofa new measure of spelling achievement. Using a large sample of schoolchildrenfrom Grades 2–4 (N=580), results pointed to the existence of one latent spelling

dimension, which was verified across grade and using multiple measurement points. Furthermore, indicesof reliability and internal consistency were adequate suggesting the stability of the instrument. A secondarypurpose of the present study was to examine the presence of language biases across cultural backgrounds.A series of Differential Item Functioning tests were conducted to examine whether specific words weresignificantly more difficult for children of immigrants compared to Greeks. By applying the Rasch model,results indicated that most words were not significantly more challenging for immigrant students than forGreeks. Finally, a new ordering of the scale was proposed on the basis of calculated item difficulties.

Key words: Spelling, Uormative data, Rasch model, Bias

1. Address for correspondence: Giorgos Sideridis, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno,Greece 74100. e-mail: sideridis@psy.soc.uoc.gr

ABSTRACT

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