Slide 1

Africa & Asia in the Era of Independence Mr. T Slide 2 Decolonization of India & Africa Anti-colonial nationalism surged after WWII The process of decolonization followed 2 broad patterns: Negotiated independence Incomplete decolonization Often violent (Algeria & Kenya) Guerilla warfare (Mau Mau in Kenya) Slide 3 Decolonization in the 20 th Century Slide 4 De-Colonization Leadership Western-educated middle class Charismatic Support violence and non-violence Slide 5 Nationalism Egypt Existed before British occupation Wafd Party India Indian National Congress (INC) Hindered by religious diversity Africa Pan-Africanism Hindered by ethnic diversity Zionism Balfour Declaration Opposed by Pan-Arabism Slide 6 Problems After Independence Colonial legacy The Population Bomb Parasitic Cities & Endangered Ecosystems Womens Subordination Neo-colonialism Cold War Influences Political Instability Slide 7 Challenges facing African states Arbitrary borders caused ethnic divisions that made national unity difficult Poverty of African people increased tensions Nations could not acquire capital needed to build sound infrastructure Organization of African Unity (1963) Created to recognize & prevent conflicts that might lead to Western intervention More states end up one-party dictatorships Africa After Independence Slide 8 Military Governments Slide 9 Population Growth Slide 10 Slide 11 Urban Growth in the 20 th Century Each white dot indicates an urban area with a population of over a million. Each red square indicates an urban population of over five million. Slide 12 Democratic Governments: Slide 13 One Party States Slide 14 Slide 15 Ghana: Charismatic Populism Kwame Nkrumah Reforms hindered lack of education, industrialization, cocoa prices fall Authoritarian dictator Crush pol. Opposition; staged events; manipulated history Socialist-leaning won Soviet support; alienated the West Non-aligned Slide 16 Egypt: Military Dictatorship Gamal Abdel Nasser Coup detat by army (1952) Khedive removed Seized Suez Canal (1956) State-led reforms promised Aswan Dam Most reforms foiled Pan-Arabism Pledge to command Arab world Seek vengeance on Israel Egypt fails Slide 17 South Africa: Fighting Apartheid Afrikaner Party institutes Apartheid (1948) legalized racial segregation severe police state ANC (African National Congress) formed (1912) Supported nonviolent protests 1 st ; turns violent (1960) Nelson Mandela = ANC president arrested ANC banned International sanctions on S.Africa Protests grew 1980s F.W. DeKlerk frees Mandela (1990) Apartheid repealed (1990-1991) Slide 18 South Africa: Fighting Apartheid 1 st free election occurred (1994) Mandela & the ANC won a majority of votes New constitution passed (1996) Includes US-style Bill of Rights Slide 19 India: Democratic Stability Partition & Independence (1947) Largest democracy on earth Advantages: Military defends secular democracy Came to independence w/larger industrial & scientific center; better infrastructure; larger middle class Jawaharlal Nehru Dedicated to economic development Civil liberty preservation Social reforms for lower castes & women Slide 20 India: Democratic Stability Economic Development Mix of private & state initiatives Green Revolution Growing middle class Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, irrigation Credited for averting a global famine Worlds largest film industry