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rofuturism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrofuturism[27/07/2015 11:47:24 a.m.]

AfrofuturismFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Black science fiction

Af rofuturism is a literary and cultural aestheticthat combines elements of science fiction,

historical fiction, fantasy,Afrocentricity, and magic realismwith non-Western cosmologiesin

order to critique not only the present-day dilemmas of people of color, but also to revise,

interrogate, and re-examine the historical events of the past. First coined by Mark Deryin

1993, and explored in the late 1990s through conversations led by scholarAlondra

Nelson,[1]Afrofuturism addresses themes and concerns of theAfrican Diasporathrough a

technocultureand science fictionlens, encompassing a range of media and artists with a

shared interest in envisioning black futures that stem from Afrodiasporic experiences.[2]

Seminal Afrofuturistic works include the novels of Samuel R. Delanyand Octavia Butler; the

canvases of Jean-Michel Basquiatand the photography of Rene Cox;and the explicitly

extraterrestrial mythoiof Parliament-Funkadelic, the Jonzun Crew, Warp 9and Sun Ra.[3]

Contents [hide]

1 History

1.1 Mid-late 20th century development

1.2 Cultural criticism in the 1990s1.3 21st century

2 Themes

2.1 Women

2.2 The Grotesque

2.3 Alienation

3 Bibliography

4 References

5 External links

History [edit]

Afrofuturism can be identified in artistic, scientific, and spiritual practices throughout the

African diaspora. Contemporary practice retroactively identifies and documents historical

instances of Afrofuturist practice and integrates them into the canon. Examples are the Dark

Matter anthologies, which feature contemporary Black sci-fi, but also include older works by

W. E. B. Du Bois, Charles W. Chesnutt, and George S. Schuyler.Since the term was

introduced in 1994, self-identified Afrofuturist practice has become increasingly ubiquitous.

Mid-late 20th century development [edit]

The afrofuturist approach to music was first propounded by the late Sun Ra. Born in

Alabama, Sun Ra's music coalesced in Chicago in the mid-1950s, when he and his

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Arkestra began recording music that drew from hard bopand modal sources, but created a

new synthesis which also used afrocentricand space-themed titles to reflect Ra's linkage of

ancient African culture, specifically Egypt, and the cutting edge of the Space Age. Ra's film

Space Is the Placeshows the Arkestra in Oakland in the mid-1970s in full space regalia,

with a lot of science fiction imagery as well as other comedic and musical material.

Afrofuturist ideas were taken up in 1975 by George Clintonand his bands Parliamentand

Funkadelicwith his magnum opus Mothership Connectionand the subsequent The Clones

of Dr. Funkenstein,P Funk Earth Tour, Funkentelechy Vs. the Placebo Syndrome, and

Motor Booty Affair. In the thematic underpinnings to P-Funk mythology("pure cloned funk"),

Clinton in his alter ego Starchildspoke of "certified Afronauts, capable of funkitizing

galaxies."

William Gibson's Neuromancerdescribes Zion, a Rastafarianspace station populated by

exiles of Earth, and dwelling of Maelcum, a Dubaficionado and one of the novel's main

characters.

Other musicians typically regarded as working in or greatly influenced by the Afrofuturist

tradition include reggae producers Lee "Scratch" Perryand Scientist, hip-hop artistsAfrikaBambaataaand Tricky, electronic musicians Larry Heard,A Guy Called Gerald, Juan

Atkins,Jeff Mills[4]and Lotti Golden& Richard Scher, electro hip hop producer/writers of

Warp 9's "Light Years Away," a sci-fi tale of ancient alien visitation, described as a

"cornerstone of early 80's beatbox afrofuturism." [5]

Cultural crit icism in the 1990s [edit]

In the early 1990s, a number of cultural critics, notably Mark Deryin his 1994 essay Black to

the Future,began to write about the features they saw as common in African-American

science fiction, music and art. Dery dubbed this phenomenon afrofuturism. According to

cultural critic Kodwo Eshun, British journalist Mark Sinkerwas theorizing a form of

Afrofuturism in the pages of The Wire, a British music magazine, as early as

1992.[citation needed]

Afrofuturist ideas have further been expanded by scholars likeAlondra Nelson, Greg Tate,

Tricia Rose, Kodwo Eshun, and others.[2]In an interview, Alondra Nelson explained

Afrofuturism as a way of looking at the subject position of black people which covers

themes of alienation and aspirations for a utopic future. The idea of 'alien' or 'other' is a

theme often explored.[6]Additionally, Nelson notes that discussions around race, access,

and technology often bolster uncritical claims about a so-called digital divide.[7]The digital

divide overemphasizes the association of racial and economic inequality with limited access

to technology. This association then begins to construct blackness "as always oppositional

to technologically driven chronicles of progress".[7]As a critique of the neo-critical argument

that the futures history-less identities will end burdensome stigma, Afrofuturism holds that

history should remain apart of identity, particularly in terms of race.[7]

21st century [edit]

Janelle Monehas made a conscious effort to restore Afrofuturist cosmology to the forefrontof urban contemporary music. Her notable works include the music videos "Prime Time"[8]

and Many Moons",[9]which explore the realms of slavery and freedom through the world of

cyborgs and the fashion industry.[10][11]Her influences include Metropolis, Blade Runner,[12]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrism#Egypt_and_the_argument_of_African_cultural_unityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Is_the_Placehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_%28band%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkadelichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothership_Connectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clones_of_Dr._Funkensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clones_of_Dr._Funkensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clones_of_Dr._Funkensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Funk_Earth_Tourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkentelechy_Vs._the_Placebo_Syndromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Booty_Affairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Funk_mythologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_%28music%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist_%28musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Heardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guy_Called_Geraldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Millshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotti_Goldenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Years_Away_%28Warp_9_song%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_critichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Deryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodwo_Eshunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sinker&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alondra_Nelsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_%281927_film%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_%281927_film%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alondra_Nelsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sinker&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodwo_Eshunhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Deryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_critichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Years_Away_%28Warp_9_song%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotti_Goldenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Millshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guy_Called_Geraldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Heardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist_%28musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_%28music%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Funk_mythologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Booty_Affairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkentelechy_Vs._the_Placebo_Syndromehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_Funk_Earth_Tourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clones_of_Dr._Funkensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clones_of_Dr._Funkensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothership_Connectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkadelichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_%28band%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_%28funk_musician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Is_the_Placehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrism#Egypt_and_the_argument_of_African_cultural_unityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrocentrichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bop


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and Star Wars. Other musical artists to emerge since the turn of the millennium regarded

as Afrofuturist include dBridge, SBTRKT, Shabazz Palaces, Heavyweight Dub Champion,[4]

and "techno pioneers" Drexciya(with Gerald Donald).[13]

Chicago is home to a vibrant community of artists exploring Afrofuturism. Nick Cave, known

for his Soundsuits project, has helped develop younger talent as the director of the

graduate fashion program at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Other artists include

visual artists Hebru Brantley as well as contemporary artist Rashid Johnson, a Chicago

native currently based in New York. In 2013, Chicago resident Ytasha L. Womack wrote the

studyAfrofuturism: The World of Black Science Fiction and Fantasy, and William Hayashi

has published two volumes of his Darkside Trilogy[14]which tells the story of what happens

in America when the country discovers African Americans secretly living on the backside of

the moon since before the arrival of Neil Armstrong, an extreme vision of segregation

imposed by technologically advanced Blacks.[15][16]Krista Franklin, a member of University

of Chicago's Arts Incubator, is currently exploring the relation between Afrofuturism and the

grotesque through her visual and written work with weaves and collected hair. Recently,

she also created an audio narrative in collaboration with another Afrofuturist, Perpetual

Rebel, called The Two Thousand and Thirteen Narrative(s) of Naima Brown, which explores

the ideas of identity and transformation within the context of hair and African American

culture.[17]

Themes [edit]

Women [edit]

Jared Richardson'sAttack of the Boogeywoman: Visualizing Black Women's Grotesquerie in

Afrofuturism[18]assesses how the aesthetic functions as a space for black women to

engage with the intersection of topics such as race, gender, and sexuality. The

representation and treatment of black female bodies is deconstructed by Afrofuturist

contemporaries and amplified to alien and gruesome dimensions by artists such as

Wangechi Mutuand Shoshanna Weinberger.

The Grotesque [edit]

In the Afro-Surreal Manifesto, Afro-surrealism is juxtaposed with European surrealism, with

European surrealism being empirical. It is consistent with the New Black Aesthetic in that

the art seeks to disturb. It samples from old art pieces updating them with current images.This technique calls to the forefront those past images and the sentiments, memories, or

ideas around them and combines them with new images in a way that those of the current

generation can still identify. Both seek to disturb, but there is more of a "mutant" psychology

that is going on. Afro-Futuristic artists seek to propose a deviant beauty, a beauty in which

disembodiment is both inhumane, yet distinct; Afro-Futuristic artists speculate on the future,

where Afro-Surrealism is about the present.[19]

Al ienation [edit]

Afrofuturism takes representations of the lived realities of black bodies in the past and

present and reexamines the narratives to attempt building new truths outside of the

dominant cultural narrative. By analyzing the ways in which alienation has occurred

afrofuturism work to connect the African diaspora with its histories and knowledge of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBTRKThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabazz_Palaceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_Dub_Championhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Donaldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave_%28performance_artist%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Johnsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangechi_Mutuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangechi_Mutuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Johnsonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave_%28performance_artist%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Donaldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight_Dub_Championhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabazz_Palaceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBTRKThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars


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racialized bodies. Space and Aliens function as key products of the science fiction

elements: black bodies are envisioned to have been the first aliens by way of the Middle

Passage. Their alien status connotes being in a foreign land with no history, but also being

disconnected from the past via the traditions of slavery where slaves were made to

renounce their ties to Africa in service of their slave master. Kodwo Eshun locates the first

alienation within the context of the Middle Passage. He writes that afrofuturist texts work to

reimagine slavery and alienation by using extraterrestriality as a hyperbolic trope to explore

the historical terms, the everyday implications of forcibly imposed dislocation, and theconstitution of Black Atlantic subjectivities". This location of dystopian futures and present

realities places science fiction and novels built around dystopian societies directly in the

tradition of black realities.[20]

Bibliography [edit]

Barr, Marleen S (2008).Afro-future females: Black writers chart science fiction's newest

new-wave trajectory. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN9780814210789.

Bould, Mark and Rone Shavers, eds. (July 2007). "Special Issue on Afrofuturism" .

Science Fiction Studies34(2).

Dauphin, Gary. 2006. 'They Came Before the Matrix' (Afrofuturist Film) [dead link]

Dery, Mark(reposted 2002). "Black to the Future: Afro-Futurism 1.0" . rumori(Mailing

list). Retrieved 13 February 2014. Check date values in: | dat e=(help)

Dery, Mark(1994). "Black to the future: interviews with Samuel R. Delany, Greg Tate,

and Tricia Rose". In Dery, Mark. Flame wars: the discourse of cyberculture. Duke

University Press. ISBN9780822315407.

David, Mario (2007). "Afrofuturism and Post-Soul Possibility in Black Popular Music".

African American Review41(4): 695707. doi:10.2307/25426985 .

DeFrantz, Thomas F. (2003). "Believe the Hype: Hype Williams and Afrofuturist

Filmmaking" . Refractory: a Journal of Entertainment Media4. Retrieved 2014-04-01.

Eshun, Kodwo(1998). More brilliant than the sun: adventures in sonic fiction. Quartet

Books. ISBN9780704380257.

Eshun, Kodwo(2003). "Further Considerations of Afrofuturism" . CR: The New

Centennial Review3(2): 287302. doi:10.1353/ncr.2003.0021 . ISSN1539-6630 .

Francis, Reese. "What is Afrofuturism? (series)" .Aker: Futuristically Ancient. Retrieved

2014-03-26.

Hicks, Cinqu (April 2004). "What is Afrofuturist Art?" (PDF). Retrieved 15 January2014.

Lewis, George E. (2008). "Special issue on Technology and Black Music in the

Americas" . Journal of the Society for American Music2(2).

Nelson, Alondra. "Afrofuturism: Past-Future Visions." Color Lines (Spring 2000): 34-37.

Nelson, Alondra, ed. (June 3, 2002).Afrofuturism: A Special Issue of Social Text. Duke

University Press. ISBN978-0822365457.

Rockeymoore, Mark A. (February 27, 2002). "What is Afrofuturism?" .AuthorsDen.

Retrieved January 16, 2014.

Weiner, Jonah (June 20, 2008). "Lil Wayne, Tha Carter III, and the Afronaut invasion." .

Slate. Retrieved 16 January 2014.

Williams, Ben (2001). "Black Secret Technology: Detroit Techno and the Information

Age". In Nelson et al. Technicolor: Race, Technology, and Everyday Life . NYU Press.
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pp. 154176. ISBN9780814736043.

Womack, Ytasha (2013-10-01).Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy

Culture . Chicago Review Press. ISBN9781613747964.

Yaszek, Lisa (2005). "An Afrofuturist Reading of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man" .

Rethinking History9(2-3): 297313. doi:10.1080/13642520500149202 . ISSN1364-

2529 .

References [edit]

1. ^ Rambsy II, Howard (2012-04-14). "A Notebook on Afrofuturism" . Cultural Front.

Retrieved 2014-03-26.

2. ^ abYaszek, Lisa (November 2006). "Afrofuturism, science fiction, and the history of the

future". Socialism and Democracy20(3): 4160. doi:10.1080/08854300600950236 . NB:

Open Access version also available

3. ^ "Calls for Papers: Afro-Futurism" . Callaloo26(3): 932934. 2003.

doi:10.1353/cal.2003.0081 . ISSN1080-6512 . Retrieved 2014-03-26.

4. ^ abReddell, Trace (2013). "Ethnoforgery and Outsider Afrofuturism" . Dancecult(Griffith

UniversityePress) 5(2): 8990. doi:10.12801/1947-5403.2013.05.02.05 . Retrieved22 March 2014.

5. ^ Fitzpatrick, Rob, "The 101 strangest records on Spotify: Warp 9 - It's A Beat Wave," May

14, 2014 [1]

6. ^ Alondra Nelson (Interviewee) (2010).Afrofuturism (Youtube).

7. ^ abcNelson, Alondra (2002). "Introduction: Future Texts" . Social Text: Special Issue on

Afrofuturism20(2): 115. doi:10.1215/01642472-20-2_71-1 . ISSN1527-1951 .

Retrieved 2014-03-16.

8. ^ Prime Time

9. ^ Many Moons

10. ^ Gonzales, Michael A. (1 October 2013). "[BLACK ALT] What Is Afrofuturism?" . Ebony.

Retrieved 14 February 2014.

11. ^ Calveri, John (2010-09-02). "Janelle Mone: A New Pioneer Of Afrofuturism" . The

Quietus. Retrieved 2014-03-16.

12. ^ Barrow, Jerry L. (2009-04-14). "Janelle Monaes Top 5 Sci-Fi Movies Of All Time" . The

Urban Daily: Beats, Buzz, & Lifestyle. Retrieved 2014-03-19.

13. ^ Womack, Ytasha (2013).Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture .

Chicago Review Press. p. 70. ISBN9781613747995.

14. ^ Darkside Trilogy

15. ^ Hayashi, William (2009-12-04). Discovery: Volume 1 of the Darkside Trilogy. Xlibris.

ISBN1441586946.

16. ^ Hayashi, William (2013-10-21). Conception: Volume 2 of the Darkside Trilogy. XLIBRIS.

ISBN149310005X.

17. ^ Hazel, Tempestt (2012-05-28). "Black To The Future Series: An Interview with Krista

Franklin" . The Chicago Arts Archive: A Sixty Inches from Center Project. Retrieved

2014-03-19.

18. ^ Richardson, Jared. (2012) "Attack of the Boogeywoman: Visualizing Black Women's

Grotesquerie in Afrofuturism." Art Papers Magazine 36. 6

19. ^ Miller, D. Scott. "AfroSurreal Generation: AFROSURREAL MANIFESTO" .

20. ^ Eshun, Kodwo(2003). "Further Considerations of Afrofuturism" . CR: The NewCentennial Review3(2): 287302. Retrieved 19 December 2014.

External links [edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814736043http://books.google.com/books?id=HTvVAAAAQBAJhttp://books.google.com/books?id=HTvVAAAAQBAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613747964http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rrhi/2005/00000009/F0020002/art00010;jsessionid=4rl1qj41edcle.alicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rethinking_History&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520500149202https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-2529https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-2529https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=10http://www.culturalfront.org/2012/04/notebook-on-afrofuturism.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08854300600950236http://sdonline.org/42/afrofuturism-science-fiction-and-the-history-of-the-future/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/callaloo/v026/26.3call_for_papers.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fcal.2003.0081https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6512https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult/article/view/376/392https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.12801%2F1947-5403.2013.05.02.05http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/may/14/the-101-strangest-records-on-spotify-warp-9-its-a-beat-wavehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFhEjaal5jshttp://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_text/v020/20.2nelson01.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1215%2F01642472-20-2_71-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1951http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxls2xX0Clghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHgbzNHVg0chttp://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/black-alt-enter-afrofuturism-999#axzz2nJVuzcgO/http://thequietus.com/articles/04889-janelle-mon-e-the-archandroid-afrofuturismhttp://theurbandaily.com/2009/04/14/janelle-monaes-top-5-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time/http://books.google.com/books?id=pTXVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613747995http://www.thedarksidetrilogy.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1441586946https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/149310005Xhttp://sixtyinchesfromcenter.org/archive/?p=15558http://sixtyinchesfromcenter.org/archive/?p=15558https://www.filepicker.io/api/file/Fp4HdcXrTxW2ZhNKDWPKhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodwo_Eshunhttps://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_centennial_review/v003/3.2eshun.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrofuturism&action=edit&section=11https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_centennial_review/v003/3.2eshun.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodwo_Eshunhttps://www.filepicker.io/api/file/Fp4HdcXrTxW2ZhNKDWPKhttp://sixtyinchesfromcenter.org/archive/?p=15558http://sixtyinchesfromcenter.org/archive/?p=15558https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/149310005Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1441586946https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.thedarksidetrilogy.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613747995https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=pTXVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70http://theurbandaily.com/2009/04/14/janelle-monaes-top-5-sci-fi-movies-of-all-time/http://thequietus.com/articles/04889-janelle-mon-e-the-archandroid-afrofuturismhttp://www.ebony.com/entertainment-culture/black-alt-enter-afrofuturism-999#axzz2nJVuzcgO/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHgbzNHVg0chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxls2xX0Clghttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1951https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1215%2F01642472-20-2_71-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_text/v020/20.2nelson01.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFhEjaal5jshttp://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/may/14/the-101-strangest-records-on-spotify-warp-9-its-a-beat-wavehttps://dx.doi.org/10.12801%2F1947-5403.2013.05.02.05https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Universityhttps://en.w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