Age of Imperialism: Age of Imperialism: 1870-19141870-1914

An advertisement for Pears’ Soap: “The first step towards lightening is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness” the advertisement asserts. “Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place—it is the ideal toilet soap.”

OLD IMPERIALISM vs NEW IMPERIALSIM

The difference?

OLD IMPERIALISM:OLD IMPERIALISM:1616thth-19-19thth century century

AKA->Age of ExplorationAKA->Age of ExplorationEuropean powers did not usually acquire territory for European powers did not usually acquire territory for

conquest (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal conquest (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations. but rather built a series of trading stations.

• Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.coastal trading centers.

““Gold Glory, God!”Gold Glory, God!”

Under the old imperialism, the African claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal.

Portuguese Territory

Spanish Territory

New Imperialism; 1870-1914New Imperialism; 1870-19141.1. tended to favor direct conquest & formal empiretended to favor direct conquest & formal empire

• Africa and Asia had seen limited Euro. intrusion and most Africa and Asia had seen limited Euro. intrusion and most contacts had been coastal in nature…entire continents now came contacts had been coastal in nature…entire continents now came under Euro. Influenceunder Euro. Influence

2. pursued by 2. pursued by economic needs created by the Ind. Rev.; exclusive economic needs created by the Ind. Rev.; exclusive control over resources!control over resources!

3. motivated by political needs3. motivated by political needs empire building, empire building, and social and and social and religious reasons, as well.religious reasons, as well.

““CHRISTIANITY, COMMERCE, CHRISTIANITY, COMMERCE, CIVILIZATION”CIVILIZATION”

IndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolution

IndustrialIndustrialRevolutionRevolution

Source forSource forRawRawMaterialsMaterials

Source forSource forRawRawMaterialsMaterials

Markets forMarkets forFinishedFinishedGoodsGoods

Markets forMarkets forFinishedFinishedGoodsGoods

EuropeanEuropeanNationalismNationalism

EuropeanEuropeanNationalismNationalism

MissionaryMissionaryActivityActivity

MissionaryMissionaryActivityActivity

MilitaryMilitary& Naval& NavalBasesBases

MilitaryMilitary& Naval& NavalBasesBases

European Motives European Motives

For ColonizationFor Colonization

European Motives European Motives

For ColonizationFor Colonization

Places toPlaces toDumpDumpUnwanted/Unwanted/Excess Popul.Excess Popul.

Places toPlaces toDumpDumpUnwanted/Unwanted/Excess Popul.Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Soc. & Eco.OpportunitiesOpportunities

Soc. & Eco.Soc. & Eco.OpportunitiesOpportunities

HumanitarianHumanitarianReasonsReasons

HumanitarianHumanitarianReasonsReasons

EuropeanEuropeanRacismRacism

EuropeanEuropeanRacismRacism

““WhiteWhiteMan’sMan’sBurden”Burden”

““WhiteWhiteMan’sMan’sBurden”Burden”

SocialSocialDarwinismDarwinism

SocialSocialDarwinismDarwinism

Causes/Motives of New ImperialismCauses/Motives of New Imperialism

1. 1. Economic ReasonsEconomic Reasons

2. Military & Political Reasons2. Military & Political Reasons

3. Humanitarian, or Superiority Complex of the 3. Humanitarian, or Superiority Complex of the Europeans!Europeans!

Racism, EthnocentrismRacism, Ethnocentrism

4. Technology4. Technology

5. Social Propaganda5. Social Propaganda

Technological SuperiorityTechnological Superiority Maxim Automatic Machine Maxim Automatic Machine

Gun (1884)-first automatic Gun (1884)-first automatic machine gunmachine gun

Steam Engine allows Europeans Steam Engine allows Europeans to sail deep into Africa and set-to sail deep into Africa and set-up trading post along rivers.up trading post along rivers.

Railroads, Canals, and steam Railroads, Canals, and steam make travel easier and faster.make travel easier and faster.

Medicine cures Malaria/Medicine cures Malaria/ Medical advances-development Medical advances-development

of of quininequinine an anti-malaria drug, an anti-malaria drug, in 1829.in 1829.

Motives, con’tMotives, con’t

Civilize the World:Civilize the World:

ChristianityChristianitychristianize “heathens”christianize “heathens”

““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”

The “The “White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”A phrase used to justify European imperialism in the A phrase used to justify European imperialism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it is the title of a nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it is the title of a poem by Rudyard Kipling. The phrase implies that poem by Rudyard Kipling. The phrase implies that imperialism was motivated by a high-minded desire of whites imperialism was motivated by a high-minded desire of whites to uplift people of color. to uplift people of color.

Rudyard Kipling-Rudyard Kipling-

Interpretation-White Mans BurdenInterpretation-White Mans Burden Take up the White Man’s Take up the White Man’s

burden–burden–Send forth the best ye Send forth the best ye breed–breed–Go bind your sons to exileGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ To serve your captives’ need;need;To wait in heavy harness,To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild–On fluttered folk and wild–Your new-caught, sullen Your new-caught, sullen peoples,peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Half-devil and half-child.

Interpretation?Interpretation? Racist?Racist? Ethnocentric?Ethnocentric?

How do you interpret Kipling’s How do you interpret Kipling’s poem?poem?

Is he being Is he being EurocentricEurocentric and asserting that and asserting that European culture has a duty to bring European culture has a duty to bring civilization to the rest of the world?civilization to the rest of the world?

Is he using Is he using satiresatire against notions of against notions of imperialism and making fun of these ideas imperialism and making fun of these ideas of the superiority of the white race?of the superiority of the white race?

Here are some ways political cartoons and Here are some ways political cartoons and even advertisements depicted the so called even advertisements depicted the so called “white man’s burden.”“white man’s burden.”

““I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…it is our duty the better it is for the human race…it is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honourable race the world the most human, most honourable race the world possesses.” possesses.”

Cecil Rhodes, Cecil Rhodes, Confessions of Faith Confessions of Faith 18771877

1. The Congo

2. British, Boers, Zulus..whose in charge?

3. ..and the winner is?

Lesson Focus

““Scramble for Africa”..1850’s on..Scramble for Africa”..1850’s on.. Africa is a land divided by many different African Africa is a land divided by many different African

cultures and fighting among tribes.cultures and fighting among tribes. Known as the “Dark Continent”Known as the “Dark Continent” African weapons are no match for the European African weapons are no match for the European

weapons.weapons. 1880 – “The Scramble for Africa”-1880 – “The Scramble for Africa”-single most single most

remarkable development in the new imperialismremarkable development in the new imperialism Discovery of Gold and Diamonds speed up the Discovery of Gold and Diamonds speed up the

“Scramble for Africa”“Scramble for Africa”

1870s: Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.

History of South Africa-the Congo sparks interest!

Exploration of the Congo…the Exploration of the Congo…the “Players”“Players”

Leopold II

Henry Stanley

David Livingstone

AfricaAfrica 1880, Europeans controlled 10% 1880, Europeans controlled 10%

of Africa; by 1914 controlled all of Africa; by 1914 controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia except Liberia & Ethiopia

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo• At behest of At behest of Leopold IILeopold II, ,

H. M. Stanley H. M. Stanley established trading established trading stations, signed “treaties” with stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefsAfrican chiefs, and claimed land , and claimed land for Belgium – rubber tree for Belgium – rubber tree plantations were created plantations were created

• Leopold’s incursion into Congo Leopold’s incursion into Congo basin also raised the question of basin also raised the question of the political fate of black Africathe political fate of black Africa

• Notorious for brutNotorious for brutalityality

LivingstoneLivingstone

David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone Scottish Scottish

missionary/doctormissionary/doctor 1860s traveled deep 1860s traveled deep

into Africa into Africa disappeared.disappeared.

Many people thought Many people thought Livingstone was dead.Livingstone was dead.

Stanley and Stanley and LivingstoneLivingstone

The The New York HeraldNew York Herald hired hired Henry Henry StanleyStanley to travel to Africa to find to travel to Africa to find Livingstone. Stanley was given an Livingstone. Stanley was given an unlimited amount of money for this unlimited amount of money for this expedition.expedition.

When Stanley found Dr. Livingstone When Stanley found Dr. Livingstone (Nov. 1871) he is reported to have said (Nov. 1871) he is reported to have said this famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I this famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”, which made headlines presume?”, which made headlines around the world. Fabrication??around the world. Fabrication??

On his return, he wrote a book about his On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: experiences: How I Found Livingstone; How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central AfricaCentral Africa..

The Congo Sparks InterestThe Congo Sparks Interest New York Herald,New York Herald, in partnership with in partnership with

Britain's Britain's Daily Telegraph financed Daily Telegraph financed to to explore Africa and trace the Congo.explore Africa and trace the Congo.

King Leopold IIKing Leopold II of Belgium of Belgium commissioned Stanley(1874) to serve commissioned Stanley(1874) to serve as an envoy to organize the Congo as an envoy to organize the Congo Free State.Free State.

Stanley signed treaties with local Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs who gave Leopold II control chiefs who gave Leopold II control over these lands.over these lands.

StanleyStanley

Wrote, Through the Wrote, Through the Dark ContinentDark Continent, that , that "the savage only "the savage only respects force, power, respects force, power, boldness, and decision”boldness, and decision”..

inspiration for Joseph inspiration for Joseph Conrad's Conrad's Heart of Heart of DarknessDarkness

Some 10 Million Victims killed or Some 10 Million Victims killed or maimed! maimed! (50% of Population)(50% of Population)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to would still be left a fearful balance to their credit.their credit. -- Belgian Official -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the CongoBelgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

European Imperialism at its worst!European Imperialism at its worst!

1908 English cartoon, 1908 English cartoon,

““Leopold, King of the Congo, inLeopold, King of the Congo, in

his national dress.”his national dress.”

Focuses on the barbaric practice of Focuses on the barbaric practice of

cutting off hands & feet of Africanscutting off hands & feet of Africans

who refused to gather rubber aswho refused to gather rubber as

demanded!demanded!

Page 797./Page 797./

Was it all bad??Was it all bad?? Schools, hospitals, railroad, Schools, hospitals, railroad,

steamboats=industrializationsteamboats=industrialization QuinineQuinine Improved living Improved living

conditions...if one was alive!conditions...if one was alive!

To Discuss: Is there any To Discuss: Is there any time that death/genocide time that death/genocide can be outweighed by can be outweighed by “benefits?”“benefits?”

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)Berlin Conference (1884-1885) Otto von Bismarck & Jules Otto von Bismarck & Jules

FerryFerry Established rules for Established rules for

colonizing Africa.colonizing Africa. Any European country can Any European country can

control land as long as they control land as long as they can control the territory can control the territory and notify the other and notify the other European nations first.European nations first.

““effective occupation!” effective occupation!” was the rule for takeover was the rule for takeover set by this conferenceset by this conference

No Africans were invited!/

Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources.

British Territory

Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location.

Dutch Landing in 1652—Dutch came Dutch Landing in 1652—Dutch came with the Dutch East India company & with the Dutch East India company & settled here./settled here./

Diamond MinesDiamond Mines

Raw DiamondsRaw Diamonds

Cape Colony

In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers known as Boers (also called Afrikaners). settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station.

In the 1700s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800s.

The Boers

CapeTown

Cape Colony

Boers

AFRICA

South Africa

The Great Trek, 1836-38The Great Trek, 1836-38

1830’s – 1830’s – Great TrekGreat Trek – Boers move – Boers move north to escape British and clash with north to escape British and clash with Zulu.Zulu.

AfrikaneAfrikanersrs

The Zulus

Early 1800sShaka conquered & united tribes to form the Zulu nation.

ZuluNation

CapeTown

Cape Colony

ShakaZulu

South Africa

Shaka Zulu Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)(1785 – 1828)

The Zulus

Zulus: skilled and organized fighters Shaka used his power and fought against European slave traders and ivory hunters.

South Africa

South AfricaSouth Africa ZulusZulus The Zulus also fought the The Zulus also fought the

Boers as they migrated Boers as they migrated north from north from Cape Colony.Cape Colony.

Boers

Cape Colony

1859:The Zulus vs. BritishBritish eventually destroy the Zulu empire.

South Africa

Cecil Rhodes Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)(1853-1902)

““The Colossus of Rhodes”The Colossus of Rhodes”

CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)

• British businessman and politician in southern British businessman and politician in southern AfricaAfrica

• Made a fortune from African diamond minesMade a fortune from African diamond mines• Established South African CompanyEstablished South African Company

– Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)• Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)

– Wanted British control over South AfricaWanted British control over South Africa– Wanted Cape-to-Cairo RailroadWanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad

• Architect of British imperialism in southern Architect of British imperialism in southern AfricaAfrica– Great Britain became leading colonial power in Great Britain became leading colonial power in

southern Africa/southern Africa/

Cecil Rhodes Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)—pg. 798-Individuals in Society(1853-1902)—pg. 798-Individuals in Society

““The Colossus of Rhodes”The Colossus of Rhodes”

Capetown to Cairo

Annex the Boer Republic

late 1800s:the discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off the Anglo-Boer war

1899-1902: War guerrilla fighting. British win

The Boer War

British Boers

South Africa

Boers

British

Boers

A Future British Prime MinisterA Future British Prime Minister

British Boer War Correspondent, British Boer War Correspondent, Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

The Boer War: The Boer War: 1899 – 19021899 – 1902

“ “total war!”total war!”

The BoersThe Boers

The BritishThe British

The Struggle for South AfricaThe Struggle for South Africa

1899 –1902 Boer War – Dutch vs. British1899 –1902 Boer War – Dutch vs. British The Dutch use commando/ gorilla tactics.The Dutch use commando/ gorilla tactics. British burn farms and establish the 1British burn farms and establish the 1st st disease-riddendisease-ridden

concentration camps by imprisoning Dutch women concentration camps by imprisoning Dutch women and children.and children.

1902 – Britain wins the war defeating the Boers. 1902 – Britain wins the war defeating the Boers. The British combine Dutch states to create British The British combine Dutch states to create British controlled controlled union of South Africa.union of South Africa.

1910-British creates, 1910-British creates, Union of South AfricaUnion of South Africa. . ApartheidApartheid begins and will last until the 1990’s!!/ begins and will last until the 1990’s!!/

In 1910British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid.

Apartheid: government policy calling for separation of the racesNelson Mandela; F.W. DeKlerkElections 1994: first in South Africa with universal suffrage

South Africa

The new multicolored flag of South Africa adopted in 1994 to mark the end of Apartheid/

After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.

Independent Africans

1822:American Colonization Society to settle freed American slaves in West AfricaAfrica’s oldest republicThe former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor.

PresidentMonroe

Liberia

Liberia

Independent Africans

Ethiopia developed under Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. Routed an Italian invasion in 1896 to est. independenceNo others tried to take EthiopiaLast emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974

Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Menelik

Pg. 796

ConclusionConclusion

Imperialism in AsiaImperialism in Asia—Europeans conquer, —Europeans conquer, colonize, but when it came to Asian migration to colonize, but when it came to Asian migration to

EuropeEurope”great white walls” ”great white walls” What were the What were the great great white walls?white walls?

India—pg. 804India—pg. 804

China—pg. 807China—pg. 807

Japan—pg. 806Japan—pg. 806

British in IndiaBritish in India British East India company controlled much British East India company controlled much

of India using sepoys.of India using sepoys. Crops: Crops: opium poppies opium poppies for sale in China and for sale in China and

cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empireempire

Cotton textile making outlawed in IndiaCotton textile making outlawed in India ““Jewel in the Crown.”Jewel in the Crown.”

England & IndiaEngland & India Br. intro’d policies that Br. intro’d policies that

challenged local traditions challenged local traditions assoc. w/ caste, such as the assoc. w/ caste, such as the satisati

the Br. forced the Br. forced sepoyssepoys to to accept overseas service, accept overseas service, which also violated castewhich also violated caste

The Br. also ran into The Br. also ran into trouble w/ the trouble w/ the LeeLee--EnfieldEnfield rifle : rifle : soldiers had to bite soldiers had to bite the tip off the cartridge, the tip off the cartridge, which were supposedly which were supposedly dipped in animal fat dipped in animal fat (another violation of caste)(another violation of caste)

Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion)Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion) 1857-581857-58 soldiers who wouldn’t load their rifles were soldiers who wouldn’t load their rifles were

imprisoned…once freed, they killed Br. officers and imprisoned…once freed, they killed Br. officers and marched on Delhi, restoring a Moghul emperor to the thronemarched on Delhi, restoring a Moghul emperor to the throne

GB took control over the next year, taking control from the GB took control over the next year, taking control from the E. India Co. thru the Gov’t of India Act (Victoria as E. India Co. thru the Gov’t of India Act (Victoria as “empress”)—>”RAJ”“empress”)—>”RAJ”

British reforms in India continued: modern system of British reforms in India continued: modern system of education (to train Indian civil servants), economic reforms education (to train Indian civil servants), economic reforms (post/telegraphs, irrigation, railroads, tea plantations), (post/telegraphs, irrigation, railroads, tea plantations), creation of unified state.creation of unified state.

Areas of the Sepoy MutinyAreas of the Sepoy Mutiny

Queen Victoria in IndiaQueen Victoria in India

Queen Victoria:Queen Victoria:Receiving the Crown of India—direct rule until Receiving the Crown of India—direct rule until

1947 when India gained independence1947 when India gained independence

Lord Kitchener quote: pg. 805Lord Kitchener quote: pg. 805

““Kitch” (Horatio Kitch” (Horatio Herbert) was one of the Herbert) was one of the most distinguished top most distinguished top military commanders in military commanders in IndiaIndia

To which of the causes To which of the causes of New Imperialism of New Imperialism does his statement, does his statement, apply?apply?

Review the Review the picture pg. 805-picture pg. 805-Imperial Imperial Complexities in Complexities in IndiaIndia

The Sun Never Sets on the The Sun Never Sets on the British EmpireBritish Empire

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China

A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back, with Queen Victoria (UK), William II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and a samurai (Japan) cutting up a pie with Chine ("China" in French) written on it.

Imperialism in China Imperialism in China

Because of repeated attempts Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to foreigners and tried to remain isolationist.remain isolationist.

Britain gained Britain gained spheres of spheres of influenceinfluence in China through in China through smuggling opium. Resulted smuggling opium. Resulted in in Opium War and Boxer Opium War and Boxer Uprising. Uprising.

Other remnants of the “Old Imperialism”Other remnants of the “Old Imperialism”

First Opium War First Opium War (1839-(1839-1841) Chinese gov’t tried to 1841) Chinese gov’t tried to halt Br. From importing halt Br. From importing opium. War resulted!opium. War resulted!• Treaty of Nanking Treaty of Nanking (1842) : (1842) :

Forced China to cede Forced China to cede Hong KongHong Kong to Britain to Britain forever, pay large forever, pay large indemnity and open up 5 indemnity and open up 5 ports to foreign trade with ports to foreign trade with low tariffs.low tariffs.

Listening to the past- pg. 808Listening to the past- pg. 808

Lin Zexu(zex-Lin Zexu(zex-shoe)shoe)

Lin Zexu’s"Letter of Advice Lin Zexu’s"Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria" was to Queen Victoria" was written before the outbreak written before the outbreak of the Opium Wars. It was of the Opium Wars. It was a remarkably frank a remarkably frank document, especially given document, especially given the usual highly stylized the usual highly stylized language of Chinese language of Chinese diplomacy. There remains diplomacy. There remains some question whether some question whether Queen Victoria ever read Queen Victoria ever read the letter.the letter.

ChinaChina: carved into : carved into spheres of spheres of influence influence in late 19th century; in late 19th century; this meant outside powers this meant outside powers claimed exclusive trading claimed exclusive trading rightsrights

U.S. did not take part in this, U.S. did not take part in this, instead supporting the:instead supporting the:

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy 1899, sought to open commerce 1899, sought to open commerce

to imperial latecomers like to imperial latecomers like itself, urged the Europeans to itself, urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial while respecting its territorial integrity.integrity.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Sec.-StateSec.-State, , John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign powerover by any one foreign power..

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion, 1900: Patriotic , 1900: Patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment, against Western encroachment, was put down by imperial powers was put down by imperial powers in 1900in 1900; Manchu/Qing dynasty, ; Manchu/Qing dynasty, LAST imperial dynasty of China, LAST imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912ruling from 1644 to 1912, , would soon would soon fallfall

Captured Boxer---Captured Boxer--- Prisoners Prisoners guarded by soldiers of the Sixth guarded by soldiers of the Sixth United States Cavalry, 1901United States Cavalry, 1901

Empress Tsu Hsi

China’s Response: Boxer Rebellion China’s Response: Boxer Rebellion In 1900 they besieged the In 1900 they besieged the

foreign embassies in foreign embassies in BeijingBeijing

A heavily armed force of A heavily armed force of British, French, Russian, British, French, Russian, US, German, and Japanese US, German, and Japanese troops crushed the rebelliontroops crushed the rebellion

Calvin P. Titus won the Medal of Honor leading the American

attack over the Chinese City Wall

1. What are the Chinese Boxer rebels doing in this image?

2. Symbolically, what do you think the railroad represents to Europeans, and why might Europeans find the symbolism of destroying a railroad disturbing?

3. Why would a newspaper run regular special issues on the Boxer rebellion?

Dr. Sun Yat-senDr. Sun Yat-sen

Dr. Sun Yat-senDr. Sun Yat-sen a a revolutionary, sought revolutionary, sought to overthrow the to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and Manchu dynasty and established a established a republic(1911); republic(1911); sparked the beginning sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist of a Chinese nationalist movementmovement“Father of Modern “Father of Modern China.”China.”

Imperialism in JAPANImperialism in JAPAN

JapanJapan Only major Asian country that DID Only major Asian country that DID

NOT become a victim of imperialism!NOT become a victim of imperialism! Gunboat Diplomacy Gunboat Diplomacy

The American commodore, Matthew Perry, The American commodore, Matthew Perry, threatened to attack unless Japan permitted threatened to attack unless Japan permitted trade and opened ports to the United trade and opened ports to the United States. States.

Commodore Matthew PerryCommodore Matthew Perry (U.S.): who (U.S.): who compelled the opening of Japan to trade compelled the opening of Japan to trade in 1853in 1853

Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New York City, of liver cirrhosis due to York City, of liver cirrhosis due to alcoholismalcoholism

JapanJapan Unlike China, Japan Unlike China, Japan

quickly modernized and quickly modernized and became an imperial power became an imperial power by late 19th centuryby late 19th century

Meji RestorationMeji Restoration, 1867: , 1867: resulted in series of reforms resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West. to compete with the West. Restoration of the Restoration of the “emperor.” Lasted for 45 “emperor.” Lasted for 45 years.years.

Russo-Japanese War (1904)Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russia and Japan both had Russia and Japan both had

designs on Manchuria and designs on Manchuria and KoreaKorea

Japanese concerned about Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria Railway across Manchuria

Japan destroyed Russian fleet Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on Russians turned the tide on landland

11stst time an Asian country time an Asian country defeated a European power in defeated a European power in over 200 years!!over 200 years!!

Russo-Japanese War (1904)Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth

(mediated by U.S. president (mediated by U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island – Korea, half of Sakhalin Island – Japan also went on to annex Japan also went on to annex KoreaKorea

Long-term impact of war: Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, Russia turned to the Balkans, and and Russia’s political situation Russia’s political situation deteriorated further, leading to deteriorated further, leading to the Russian Rev.the Russian Rev.

Japan’s victory stimulated Japan’s victory stimulated Asian nationalism – Asian nationalism – various various Asian peoples hoped to emulate Asian peoples hoped to emulate Japanese power and win their Japanese power and win their independenceindependence

Imperialism in America??Imperialism in America?? Early imperialism called Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny – to expand from – to expand from

“sea to shining sea.” Indian wars, the Mexican War and the “sea to shining sea.” Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism.Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism.

Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800s)century (1800s). Took control of Hawaii.. Took control of Hawaii.

Japan – in 1853 Commodore Matthew PerryJapan – in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself

was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII.to American involvement in WWII. opened up trade with opened up trade with Japan by threatening military actionJapan by threatening military action

Fought a war with Spain in 1898. Fought a war with Spain in 1898. Acquired the Philippines, Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War)/Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War)/

Imperialism in Latin America: USImperialism in Latin America: US In 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe In 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe

Doctrine that warned European states against Doctrine that warned European states against imperialist designs in the western hemisphereimperialist designs in the western hemisphere• Any European attempt to reassert control over former colonies Any European attempt to reassert control over former colonies

or to establish new ones would be considered as a threat or to establish new ones would be considered as a threat against the US and an act of provocationagainst the US and an act of provocation

The Monroe Doctrine served as a justification for US The Monroe Doctrine served as a justification for US intervention in hemispheric affairs/intervention in hemispheric affairs/

US: Imperialism in PanamaUS: Imperialism in Panama

In 1903 the US supported a rebellion against Colombia and helped In 1903 the US supported a rebellion against Colombia and helped rebels establish a breakaway state of Panamarebels establish a breakaway state of Panama

In exchange for the support, the US won the right to build a canal In exchange for the support, the US won the right to build a canal across Panama and control the adjacent territory known as the across Panama and control the adjacent territory known as the Panama Canal Zone/Panama Canal Zone/

US: Imperialism in PanamaUS: Imperialism in Panama Between 1904 and Between 1904 and

1914, the US built the 1914, the US built the Panama Canal which Panama Canal which links the Atlantic and links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without Pacific Oceans without having to transit Cape having to transit Cape Horn/Horn/

Gatun locks under construction in 1910

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

In 1904 the government of the In 1904 the government of the Dominican Republic went Dominican Republic went bankrupt bankrupt

President Theodore Roosevelt President Theodore Roosevelt feared that Germany and other feared that Germany and other nations might intervene forcibly nations might intervene forcibly to collect their debts to collect their debts 

Roosevelt asserted that “in the Roosevelt asserted that “in the Western Hemisphere the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international the exercise of an international police power....”/police power....”/

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade.

NationalismNationalism

Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they

colonized.

Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.

Missionary SpiritMissionary Spirit

Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies.

Economic CompetitionEconomic Competition

CausesCauses

The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

ColonizationColonization

Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.

ChristianizationChristianization

Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies.

Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics

Effects

Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they

colonized.

Consequences of ImperialismConsequences of Imperialism 1. 1. beginning of a global economybeginning of a global economy 2. native culture & industry was destroyed.2. native culture & industry was destroyed. 3. brought confrontation between cultures3. brought confrontation between cultures 4. created political problems4. created political problems

British Commonwealth of British Commonwealth of NationsNations

replaces her empire: intergovernmental organization of 54 replaces her empire: intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states, all but two of which were independent member states, all but two of which were formerly part of the British Empireformerly part of the British Empire

The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization through which countries intergovernmental organization through which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in statusregarded as equal in status

Con’t-Con’t-British CommonwealthBritish Commonwealth Established: November 18, 1926 Established: November 18, 1926 The symbol of this free association is the Head of The symbol of this free association is the Head of

the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II.currently held by Queen Elizabeth II.

Official language is EnglishOfficial language is English 54 nations54 nations Headquarters: Headquarters:

Marlborough House, London, UKMarlborough House, London, UK