OCR B Case Studies 2014

•

• Population and Settlement

Ageing population - UK

Impacts of ageing population - UK

Ageing UK

Case Study – Youthful The Gambia

Case Study – Youthful The Gambia

Case Study – Youthful The Gambia

Case Study – Managed Thailand

Case Study – Managed Thailand

Case Study: Settlement MEDC - Kidbrooke

Case Study: Settlement MEDC -Docklands

Case Study: Settlement LEDC – Rochina, Brazil

The corridor is home to

companies such as Hewlett

Packard and Sony who are

involved in research and development (quaternary

industry) and have links with

universities who provide well-

qualified graduates.

The M4 corridor (Heathrow airport in the east to Bath and

Bristol in the west).

Few raw materials are

used and therefore

transport costs are low, making the industries

'footloose‘ (not tied to a particular location)

Grows the economy of the local towns, where employers live.

Professional workers selected from Uni’s nearby, eg. Oxford/Cambridge

Also known as the ‘Sunrise

Strip’

Generally attractive

environment, trees, lakes,

modern buildings.

Pleasant to work and live in!

Companies that are on the M4 corridor,

02 in Slough, Microsoft, INg direct and Ericsson are in

Reading. Vodafone in Newbury and Orange

in Bristol.

It creates billions of pounds to the UK

economy.

Why is Kenya perfect for the flower industry?

-Warm dry climate perfect for growing, can grow all year-Fertile soil-Water supply from the surrounding lakes-Cheap labour for the picking and packaging-Lack of laws linked to work and health/safety-Little tax from the government-Good transport links to ship the flowers to Europe The main flowers exported

from Kenyan

RosesCarnations Spray and

StandardStatice

AlstromeriaLilies

Hypericum

Majority are exported to Europe, largely Netherlands

FLOWER GROWING AREAS IN KENYA

The main production areas are around Lake Naivasha, Mt. Kenya, Nairobi, Thika, Kiambu, Athi River, Kitale, Nakuru, Kericho, Nyandarua, Transzoia, Uasin

Gichu and Eastern Kenya.

Positives to Kenya-Increase in wealth in the area

-Income to generate development (schools, healthcare)

-Fastest growing industry in Kenya, continual growth since the 1970s

-Increasing fair trade companies

Negatives to Kenya-poor wages mean little income

Poor working conditionsRemoval of water supply to local

people (Masi Merai), drought for most Kenyans

-Export prices are half that of Europe import prices, leading some to

suspect Kenya may be losing up to £310m a year

-Workers are using banned chemicals which are making them ill-Use of fertilizers is poisoning wildlife

and water supply

Kenya Flower Council (KFC) now monitoring industry, code of practice for workers giving them a better deal (h&s,training, pay)

The Pearl Delta is in the Republic of China in the low-lying area

surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the

South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of

China's economic growth.

The Pearl River Delta is notoriously polluted, with sewage and

industrial waste. (Treatment facilities are failing to keep up with

the growing population).

Much of the area is frequently covered with a brown smog. This has a strong effect on the

pollution levels in the delta.

In 2007, the World Bank approved a $96 million loan to the Chinese government to reduce water pollution in the

Pearl River Delta. 7.1 billion was spent on the river by mid 2010 to clean up the river's sewage problems. The city

will build about 30 water treatment plants, which will treat 2.25 million tonnes of water per day. The program hopes to cut down the amount of sewage in the area by 85%,

In October 2009, Greenpeace released a report, "Poisoning the Pearl River" that detailed the results of a study it conducted. All samples they took contained hazardous properties including heavy metals such as beryllium, copper and manganese. These substances are associated with a long list of health problems such as

cancer, endocrine disruption, renal failure and damage to the nervous system as well being known to harm the environment.

The Pearl River Delta has become the world's workshop and is a major manufacturing base for

products such as electronic products (such as watches and clocks), toys,

garments and textiles, plastic products, and a range of other

goods.

Nearly five percent of the world's goods were

produced in the Greater Pearl River Delta in 2001. Over 70,000 Hong Kong companies have plants

there.

Nike s the world's leading supplier of sports footwear and equipment. The company was founded in 1972. The

company name comes from the Greek word for 'victory'. Nike does not make any shoes or clothes itself but contracts out to

factories in LEDCs.

These subcontracted companies then act on their own and re-subcontract their

operations in other Asian countries that give low wages

and have no employment laws. E.g. Vietnam, The Philippines

and Indonesia

The numbers…Yearly revenue of $19.2 billion (2009).

Products in 140 countries.Contracts to 700 factories in 45

countries.Employing 800.000 people in the supply

chain.

Negatives of Nike - Sweatshops

- Child labour.- Hazardous working conditions- Below subsistence wages.

Measures taken by Nike,Code of conduct.

Decommissioning.Auditing tools and

task force.

The average pay at a Nike factory close in Vietnam is $54 a

month, 3x higher than other jobs.

In 1998 Nike changed the minimum age

requirements to 17 yrs

Nike have hired independent auditors to make sure that the company subcontractors are

living up to Nike’s code of conduct.

Children as young as 10 making

shoes, clothing and footballs in Pakistan

and Cambodia

WaterAid is an international NGO (non-governmental organisation /charity) that

focuses on the provision of safe domestic water, sanitation and

hygiene education to the world's poorest people.. WaterAid's vision is of a world where

everyone has access to safe domestic water and effective

sanitation.

In Mali, current national figures indicate that only 50% of the

people have access to clean drinking water and only 4% of the

population have access to adequate sanitation facilities

(toilets).

Women spend much of their time searching for water. Children also spend precious

school hours looking for water at the expense of their education

Poor sanitation means bad health. Bacteria, viruses and parasites found in human waste are responsible for the transmission of cholera, typhoid

and other infectious diseases that kill millions of people each year. The problem is huge in both urban and

rural areas

Mali’s environment is harsh and deteriorating. Rainfall levels are already low

and falling further.

In Mali, the water industry is privatised but often fails to the provide water to rural and

urban aeas.

Wateraid is first targeting Slums in

Mali’s capital, it wants to show the

government that projects in slums are easy to set up and

sustainable.

Wateraid employs local people, who

they are training up to maintain the

system and raise money to keep it

running.Then invest in the community – THIS IS SUSTAINABLE

Health has now improved

include reducing the deaths from diarrhoea –

65% improvement

Education is now improving, money is being invested into the infrastructure

Upper Course-Source high in the Pennines (893m

above sea level)-High run off as steep V shaped

valleys of impermeable rock -High rainfall – good water supply

-Many tributaries -Famous high fall waterfall – tallest in

England 21 metres high

-Gorges, rapids and potholes at Low force

Middle Course-Clear widening and

meandering -Meanders cut off in the 19th

century-Sides become less steep

-Lateral erosion

Lower Course-Very urbanised and large populations. Eg Yarn

-Important wildlife seals & migratory birds also SSSI

-Ox bow lakes -Large oil, gas and petrochemical industries (as flat

land)-Natural Levees formed due to silt build up

-Mouth is in the North sea -Wide Mudflat estuary (tidal)

-Huge water sports complex Tees Barrage

River Management-Long history of flash flooding

-Cow green reservoir, controls water supply for industries along the river

-Straighten the river for easier navigation during the industrial

revolution Flood protection schemes in Yarn

85 miles in length

It drains an area of

710 square

miles

Reasons for the flooding

PHYSICAL -A very wet August (2 times

average rain) SO the ground was already saturated

-Impermeable rocks & thin soils -Steep slopes – rapid runoff

-Confluence of Rivers Valency & Jordan is just above the village

-A very high tide – made it difficult for water to flow out to sea

HUMAN -Bridges were low so acted a a

dam - debris such as tree trunks caught on them water piled up until it burst through in a great

wave -Many buildings & roads were positioned close to the river so

more property damage

Primary Impacts - 50+ cars, and caravans

were swept out to sea- a wall of water swept

through the village destroying everything in its

path- 6 buildings were swept

away - Many other houses, shops etc were flooded, with mud +

sewage as well as water; possessions also ruined

- Roads under 2.75m of water

- No deaths, few serious injuries

Secondary Impacts - 90% of economy dependent on tourism > lost money >20 accommodation providers & tourist

attractions/shops forced to shut - Insurance companies pay out £20 million

New Management & defence -£4.6m scheme includes: raise car park to safer

level; move & raise bridge; widen & lower the river bed to increase the amount of water it can hold

-Removing of dead vegetation to stop blocking of the river

-‘At risk’ properties – encouraged to use more flood resistant material, raise height of electrical

wiring etc-Environment Agency – flood warning system +

information -Council runs special advice days, encouraging

people to have an emergency evacuation pack & to take out insurance. Council has an

emergency action plan.

Since 2004 – flooding again, still damage but not as damaging as this event

Characteristics of Bangladesh

-Lays mainly on floodplains, so flat landMost of the land lies 6metres below sea-3 main rivers- The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. -Monsoon season evey year – high concentrated rainfall in a few months (June to September).-1,800mm and 2,600mm rain a year. -Poverty is a huge issue in Bangladesh-low literacy rate-Flooding occurs naturally in Bangladesh -Snow from the Himalayas melts each year and increase river discharge -Sediment blocks up the river and causes flooding -Deforestation in the forest increases run off and reduces lag time-Cyclones occur in the Bay of Benegal and causes coastal flooding-Densely populated areas meaning increase in deaths

Social impacts -36 million people were

made homeless -People died as a result of disease because they had no access to clean water.-Impacted on rural farmers and urban slum dwellers

the most.-Over 800 died with many

more from disease

Economic impacts -serious damage to infrastructure – roads,

bridges, embankments, railway lines, irrigation systems

-All domestic and internal flights had to be suspended during July

-Value of damage was assessed as being in region of $2.2 billion of 4% of total GDP

for 2004

Environmental impacts During July and August

approximately 38% of the total land area was flooded

including 800,000 ha of agricultural land and DhakaFloods caused river bank

erosion especially on embankment areas close to

the main channels, soil erosion, water-logging, water

contamination

Response and management -Reliance on Ngo support – financial and

emergency supplies –UN disaster management support

-Self help schemes promoted -local community early warning system

implemented, plus shelters -Increasing use of levees to protect field

and villages -Increasing monitoring to reduce the

impact as happens every year. -encourage farmers to build homes on

stilts.

Nature conservation -Studland and

Brownsea island all have rare species and

plant life.See Studland case study for examples.

Brownsea, like Studland is owned by

the national trust. Particularly important for bird life and red

squirrels. -Green Island is a Site

of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and

Special Protection Area (SPA)

-Studland and Brownsea Island are all

protected by various organisations due to their environmental

significance.

Transport -Poole harbour is the

second largest natural harbour in the World. -There are commercial

trips within the harbour as well as an international

ferry terminal to Cherbourg, Brittany and

the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey)

-Run by Condor and Brittany ferries

Residential

-Sandbanks and Hamworthy (12,000) are the most built

up areas of Poole Bay.-With a small population in Studland and Brownsea

Island -Sandbanks is famous for

having the 4th most expensive land value in the

World.

Industry

-Sunseeker is the largest company in Poole Harbour, with the production of the

large luxury boats. There are 7 shipyards, employs over

2,500 locals. - Other boat repairs, dredging and cargo

industries operate in the area.

Energy

-Furzey Island is home to the well hidden oil well and

gathering station for Wytch Farm - Britain's largest

onshore oil development. Oil and gas are exported, was

previously BP now Perenco.-There is a proposal to build an off-shore wind farm just outside of Poole Bay, yet this has been

meet with much hostility.

Recreational

-A wide range of sporting activities due to the calm

bay within the Harbour and the actual coast.

-Windsurfing is the most popular watersport., alongside sailing.

-The RNLI offer lifeguarding service on the main

beaches.

Why is there need to protect?

- Blue flag awarded beach >attracts millions to the area

- It has flown the European Blue Flag more times than

any other British resort – 24 years

- Strong economical value for tourism for the local area

- 4th most expensive land value in the World, expensive property that contribute to he

local economy.

Human uses/ facilities-safe swimmers-bathing-

only zone -Wide selection of

watersports, include windsurfing

-Volleyball posts and nets

-RNLI lifeguards -Cafes, bars and ice

cream kiosks-Crazy golf & park

- Hotels Soft Engineering

-First hard engineering in 1876 with wooden groynes, worked well but fell into disrepair.

-Six new Purbeck stone rock groynes were built which successfully reversed the shrinking beach. Local material, more sustainable. Cost £3million

-Beach replenishment in 1970, 74, 88, 89, 2003 -  During the winter of 2005/06 the beaches were replenished with 1.65 million tonnes of beach material from Poole Harbour dredging operation. The harbour

needs dredging to allow commercial shipping so the sand is brought onto Sandbanks (recycling?) Cost £10 million

-Increased the beach width by 50 metres, so successful-Local council regularly move sand from the promenade (that has been blown)

back onto the sand- regular management

Sandbanks is a low lying spit in Poole Harbour, it is the second largest natural harbour in the World.

Erosion takes place due to longshore drift and the tidal currents in the harbour. Moves generally

west to east (moving to Bournemouth)Increasing sand dunes with marram grass and

sand lizards

Old Management (all 40 years old)

-Revetments – now damaged (from a storm) and not

effective-Groynes were placed to stop the rate of erosion, however they are not helping enough.

-Rock Armour – now little effectiveness

Increasing climate change and sea level rise are

impacting and increasing erosion

Conflict from managed retreat

-To repair revetment cost £5 million, not cost effective-Farmers lose land and livelihood

-Insurance companies won’t pay out -Increasing protest from locals to central government but g’ment has said no.

-Defences would cost more than the land and homes are worth. -Locals want compensation for the lack of management and for their homes

collapsing into the sea. -The historical lighthouse has had to be moved further back from the edge of the

cliff. -local campaign ‘buy a rock for Happisburgh’ to raise money for private defences.

-A small village with a pub , tea shop, lighthouse, church and homes -850 population -Mainly farmland-No main roads

-Historic records indicate that over 250 m of land were lost between 1600 and 1850. -The cliffs are soft clay, so erode very quickly. Weathering increases the erosion rate. The

location of Happisburgh causes increasing problems with powerful waves from the North sea, which creates landslides from eroding the base of the cliff.

By 2055, loss of 20 more properties

Loss of caravan park and farmland

Human Use

-wide, sandy beach attracts millions of tourists, can be

25,000 each day -Car parks, café, shops

-Sailing jetty-Beach huts

-Education centre-Horse riding and water

sports. -Naturist area

-Locals – small village with few amenities

-Ferry from Sandbanks

Issues -Litter

-Pollutions from cars, water and noise

-Fire hazards from BBQs and cigarette butts

-Major fire in 2009 that left utter devastation to the

ecosystem-Conflict between users

those that want to use for more activities and

environmentalists. In addition locals become inundated during the

Summer months.

-The nature reserve is an area of sand dunes. These are dynamic, but often unstable and vulnerable environments. home to rare species of plants and birds

- Identified as a National Nature Reserve (NNR) and Site of special scientific interest (SSSI)

-Owned by The National Trust -In 2001 Studland had a population of 480, the lowest in 50 years.

-Sheltered from wind so sand is deposited and trapped to create dunes , 5km of beach-Forested area, Studland heath, marsh and sand dunes.

-Little sea is the lake located within the heath and forested area.

Management -Litter

-Planting of marram grass to stabilise the dunes , plus fencing

-Boardwalks have been created to reduce trampling

-Limited car parks to reduce the damage to the beach

-Fire beaters placed throughout the area to reduce damage from fire -Litter and recycling bins

-Several info boards to educate -Also gabions and rock armour to protect from

wave erosion

Rare species Bee wolf

Purbeck Mason waspDragonflty

Smooth snakeAdders

Sand lizards Dartford Warblers

Seahorse