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Agencies and Surveillance AuthoritySNFI 2015
Agencies and Surveillance Authority
1. Civics 101, Courts, and the Constitution
2. Executive Agencies
3. PATRIOT Act
Checks and Balances
Executive agencies
• CIA – Central Intelligence Agency• NSA – National Security Agency• FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation
Central Intelligence Agency
• Purpose: • foreign intelligence
through clandestine operations
• “active intelligence”
• Objectives: • Counter-intelligence• Counter terrorism• Nonproliferation• Cyber intelligence
Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Purpose: • domestic intelligence
and law enforcement • Active-surveillance
• Objectives:• Coordination law
enforcement • COINTELPRO
National Security Agency
• Purpose: • signal intelligence
(SIGNIT) • “passive-intelligence”
• Objectives:• Global monitoring• Data collection and
processing
Supreme Court Decisions and other Landmark Decisions
• Berger V. New York (1967)• Katz v. United States (1967)• Keith v DC of the Eastern District of Michigan and the
United States (1972)• Watergate (1972)• Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978)• Executive Order 12333
Patriot Act Cases
• Section 203• Section 206• Section 213• Section 215• Title III• Section 505
Section 203
• “Information Wall”• Sections 203(b) and 203(d)• Amended the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedures regarding grand jury
proceedings
• Privacy Implications• Sharing intercepted communications without a court order• Mission Creep/Potential for Abuse
• Counterterrorism• Lack of criteria• Mass, indiscriminate information sharing
Section 206
• Roving Surveillance• “FISA Wiretaps”• FISA Wiretaps vs. Criminal Wiretaps
• Privacy• Intel agencies do not have to specify the target or location of
surveillance• “John Doe” wiretaps• 2005 FBI incident
• Reforms• Narrow search requirements• “Ascertainment” provision
Section 213
• “Sneak and Peek” Searches• Delayed search warrant notifications• Extensive form of domestic surveillance
• Counterterrorism vs. Criminal Investigations• Privacy trade-off• 4th Amendment concerns
• Rate of Use• Substantial increase since 2002
Section 213
Section 215
• Metadata Collection• Metadata vs. Content• USA FREEDOM Act
Reforms
• Scope of the program• “Dragnet operation”
• Counterterrorism• Counter-productive
• Privacy• Metadata is very revealing• Misuse/Abuse
Title III
• Anti-Terrorism Financing Restrictions• Requires financial institutions to impose strict anti-money
laundering measures• Suspicious Activity Reports• Financial Privacy
• Counterterrorism Effectiveness• Hard to track• Difficult to prevent
• Organized Crime• Bulk cash smuggling• Mexican DTOs (drug trafficking organizations)
Section 505
• National Security Letters• Allows the FBI to subpoena business records• Gag order
• Privacy• Scope of NSLs• High use rate• Misuse/Abuse
• Reforms• Impact of the USA FREEDOM Act• President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications
Technologies
FISA, FISC and Section 702
• Section 702• FAA of 2008• Domestic surveillance couched as foreign surveillance
• Poor government oversight• Substantial NSA discretion• Millions of Americans swept up by Sec. 702 searches• Current Reforms/FISC Ineffective
• Fourth Amendment• “Special Needs” doctrine• “Incidental Collection”/Minimization Requirements
FISC and Section 702
• Article III• Lack of adversary process• Cases and Controversies
Implications of Sec. 702
• Privacy• “Incidental collection”• “Backdoor searches”• Content Collection/Storage
• PRISM• NSA program• Privacy• Internet/Cloud Computing
Leaked Information
NSA Reform
• “Rogue Agency”
• NSA Surveillance Programs• Metadata (Section 215)• PRISM/Electronic Content Collection (Section 702)• Project Bullrun