Course: Agripreneurship

By Group 5:Anurag Patra (NA14013)

Mahrukh Mallich (NA14032)Nishant Adesara (NA14037)

Sitaram Banda (NA14051)Varsha Agiwal (Na14061)

FIELD LEVEL IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES

IntroductionDefinition of IrrigationHistory of Irrigation

Importance of Irrigation in Indian ContextMethods of Field Water Application

Surface IrrigationSub Surface IrrigationLocalized Irrigation

Irrigation Scenario in IndiaCentral Government Thrust on IrrigationField Reality

Contents

Definition of IrrigationIrrigation is artificial application of water to the

land or soil at the right moment in right volume for the proper growth of the crops in order to –Get the maximum yields of cultivationEnable cultivation during periods of inadequate

rainfallRe-vegetate disturbed soils in dry areasPrevent soil erosion and maintain landscapesProtect crops against weed growth and frost

Introduction

History of IrrigationIrrigation has been an established practice in

Agriculture for over 5000 years from Asia to America

Has been a basis of economic development to many countries for many centuries

Anthropology evidence points to sophisticated irrigation techniques reason for flourishing of many civilizations

Introduction

More than 600 million people still dependent on Agriculture

Uncertainty of Monsoon rainfall both in time and place.Irregularity in distribution of rainfall throughout the

year.Excessive rainfall causing flood.Draught is an annual event in some areas.India is a land of Rabi Crops. But there is not rainfall in

winter months.Some soils need more water.Introduction of H.Y.V seeds and multiple cropping need

water throughout the year.

Importance of Irrigation in India

In this system of field water application, the water is applied directly to the soil from a channel located at the upper reach of the field. One of the common surface irrigation methods is flooding method.

Within the flooding method, there are three ways one can apply water to the field. They are:

Border Irrigation Basin Irrigation Furrow Irrigation

Surface Irrigation

Borders are usually long uniformly graded strips of land separated by earth bunds (low ridges).The essential feature of it is to provide an even surface over which the water can flow down the slope with a nearly uniform depth

Border Irrigation

Basins are flat areas of land surrounded by low bunds. The bunds prevent the water from flowing to the adjacent fields. The basins are filled to desired depth and the water is retained until it infiltrates into the soil.

Basin Irrigation

Furrows are small channels, which carry water down the land slope between the crop rows. Water infiltrates into the soil as it moves along the slope. The crop is usually grown on ridges between the furrows.

Furrow Irrigation

Localized IrrigationA system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it.

This technique of irrigation is sub categorized into the following:

Drip irrigation Sprinkler system Centre pivot

Drip (or micro) irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots. This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff are minimized.

Drip Irrigation

In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns . It is suitable for undulating lands, with poor water availability, sandy or shallow soils, or where uniform application of water is desired.

Sprinkler System

A form of overhead sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipe joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The machine moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the centre of the circle.

Centre Pivot Method

As suggested by the name, the application of water to fields in this type of irrigation system is below the ground surface so that it is supplied directly to the root zone of the plants.

There may be two ways by which irrigation water may be applied below ground and these are termed as: Natural Subsurface Irrigation Method Artificial Subsurface Irrigation Method

Sub Surface Irrigation

Under favorable conditions of topography and soil conditions, the water table may be close enough to the root zone of the field of crops which gets its moisture due to the upward capillary movement of water from the water table.

Natural Sub Surface Irrigation Method

The concept of maintaining a suitable water table just below the root zone is obtained by providing perforated pipes laid in a network pattern below the soil surface at a desired depth.

Artificial Sub Surface Irrigation Method

Ultimate Irrigation Potential – 140 Million HectaresMajor and Medium Irrigation - 58.5 million hectare is from

major and medium Minor Irrigation - 81.5 million hectare (about 64.1 million

hectare from groundwater irrigation and 17.4 million hectare from surface water).

The widening gap (about 15 %) between irrigation potential created and that being utilized is a matter of concern.

Inefficient water use in irrigation also leads to environmental degradation via water logging and induced salinity.

Use of Micro-Irrigation Systems like Drip and Sprinkler Systems need of the hour.

Irrigation Scenario in India

NMMI is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in which 40% of the cost of the MI system will be borne by the Central Government, 10% by the State Government

Additional assistance of 10% of the cost of the MI system will be borne by the Central Government in respect of small and marginal farmers.

All categories of farmers are eligible to avail assistance under this scheme.

Assistance to farmers will be limited to a maximum area of five ha per beneficiary.

75% of the cost of drip and sprinkler demonstration for a maximum area of 0.5 ha per demonstration will be borne by the Central Government.

Assistance will be available for both drip and sprinkler irrigation for wide spaced as well as close spaced crops.

Central Govt. Schemes for MI Systems

Field Reality Irrigation is done manually Cultivates Rice, Egg Plant,

Maize, Cucumber and Chilies Income on Rice: INR 10000 per

annum Cost of Cultivation of Rice: INR

Rs. 5000 per cycle Farmer goes to city / urban

areas during periods of no cultivation.

Advanced Irrigation Techniques not viable to the farmer

Needs support of government, Cooperatives or NGOs to adopt better practices.

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