Geom

atics

Geom

atics-- b

ased

based

agro

clim

atic

agro

clim

atic

chara

cte

rization o

f chara

cte

rization o

f

Meghala

ya

Meghala

ya

North Eastern Space Applications Centre

North Eastern Space Applications Centre

Dept. of Space, UMIAM

Dept. of Space, UMIAM--793103

793103

J.G

OSW

AM

I

(Em

ail: jo

nali.g

osw

am

i@nesac.g

ov.in)

INSAFS-20thFebruary2008

Literally

it is the Abode of the Clouds, the name Meghalaya

describes

the

clim

atic phenomenon that brings torrents of rain to its m

ountainous terrain. No

wonder the two m

ost w

ettest place

s on earth 'Mawsy

nram' and 'Cherrapunjee'

are found here.

Geographical Land to M

an R

atio (Hectares/Person) as on 1991 is 1.26 w

hereas

National average is 0.39 H

ectares/Person.

Total geographical area in H

ectares

is 2

2,42,900. Only 12%

of geographical

area ie. 265874 hectares is total cropped area as on 2003-2004. Net area sown

and area so

wn more than once

is 219224 hectares

and 46650 hectares

resp

ectively.

The region o

ffers sco

pe for cu

ltivation o

f a w

ide v

ariety o

f agricu

ltural crops

beca

use

of its diversities in topography, altitude and clim

atic co

nditions.

It is im

portant to evaluate and characterize

agroclim

ate

prevalent in this region

for agricu

ltural developmental planning b

y careful assessment ofagro-clim

atic

reso

urces

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Meghalaya

Meghalaya

NARP* m

ap shows regional level

classification

There is no clear lin

e o

f demarcation

betw

een two zones.

Clim

atic parameter are often taken as

non spatial data in G

IS environment.

Inform

ation on sp

atial distribution of

temperature,

rainfall

etc at

varying

scale are not

availa

ble lik

e other

spatial layers su

ch as

land use

land

cover,

geology,

geomorphology,

drainage etc.

Detaile

d inform

ation on agroclim

atic

zone at

large scale (D

istrict/block

level)

is

a

limitation

for

proper

decision m

aking.

click h

ere

click h

ere

Sourc

e:*

National A

gricultura

l R

esearc

h P

roje

ct (N

AR

P), IC

AR

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Agroclimatic

Agroclimaticzones of NE Hill Region

zones of NE Hill Region

Stu

dy a

rea

Spatial In

form

ation:

•Adm

inistrative B

oundary

•Dig

ital elevation m

ap.

•Land Use and Land Cover

(LULC)

map.

(Natural

Reso

urces

Database

, NRDB;

Biodiversity project).

•Soil m

ap a

t 1:2

,50,0

00 scale.

(National

Bureau

of

Soil

Survey

and

Land

Use

Planning,

NBSS&LUP).

Megha

laya

Sta

te

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Study area and Data Used

Study area and Data Used

Non S

patial Info

rmation

•Weath

er data

: rain

fall, m

axim

um

and

min

imum

te

mpera

ture

fo

r aleast10 years

. •I

nfo

rmation o

n A

gro

clim

atic

zone

of Meghalaya.

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Spatial information generated……….

Spatial information generated……….

�MAXIMUM/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

�RAINFALL

�POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION(P

ET)

�AGROCLIMATIC INDICES: MOISTURE INDEX

�AGROCLIMATIC INDICES: THERMAL INDEX

�AVAILABLE W

ATER C

APACITY(A

WC)

�AGROCLIMATIC Z

ONE M

AP

Long term

monthly and annual averages of mean temperature of

all the stations when regressed a

gainst corresp

onding e

levation

data, a good co

rrelation was

obse

rved betw

een annual mean

temperature and elevation.

Annual mean temperature=27.346-0.0066 ×

elevation, R2=0.93).

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE

The sp

atial variation of annual rainfall

was

generated in GIS

environment

using kriging

interpolation tech

nique where su

rface

was

created base

d on

the form

ula given in Eq.1

Kriging

assumes

that

the distance

or

direction betw

een sa

mple points

reflects

a sp

atial co

rrelation that ca

n be use

d to explain variation in the

surface

.

Z(s

o)

= ∑

λiZ

(Si)…

……

……

….e

q.1

N

i=1

where:

Z(s

o) = the value at the prediction loca

tion s

o.

Z(s

i) = the m

easu

red value at the ithloca

tion.

λi= an unknown w

eight for the m

easu

red value at the ithloca

tion.

N =

the number of measu

red values.

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL

Monthly potential evapotransp

iration (mm) is calculated for all the stations

by Thornthwaite m

ethod(1

948).

PET =

16×C ×

(10 ×

T/I)a

for T≤26.50C ……………eq.2

PET =

C×(-0.43253×T2+32.244-415.85×T) for T >

26.50C ......eq.3

Where

PET =

Potential evapotransp

iration(m

m/m

onth)

T =

Mean m

onthly temperature (0C)

I = annual heat index for 12 m

onths in a year (I =

∑i)

i = M

onthly heat index {i = (T/5

)1.514}

a =

6.75×10-7×I3

-7.71×10-5×I2

×1.792×10-2×I×

0.49239

C =

Correction factor for each

month

C =

(m/3

0) × (d/1

2)

m =

No of days in a m

onth, d =

Monthly m

ean daily

duration inhour

Annual PET=7.5942 ×

annual mean temperature-66.384, R2= 0.97

Average annual PET w

ere regressed against temperature data and the

relation developed w

ere use

d to get sp

atial distribution of PET.

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION(PET)

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION(PET)

AWC of so

il for different co

mbinations of so

il texture and vegetation cover

was generated base

d on the Thornthwaiteand M

ather(1957) method. AWC

is calculated using LULC and soil layers.

Table 1

: Available w

ate

r capacity o

f soil in d

iffe

rent com

bin

ations o

f soil textu

re and vegeta

tion type.

200

Clay

250

Clay loam

250

Silt lo

am

150

Fin

e sandy

loam

100

Fin

e sand

Deep roote

d

Cro

p

150

Clay

200

Clay loam

200

Silt lo

am

150

Fin

e sandy

loam

75

Fin

e sand

Modera

tely

deep roote

d

Cro

p

75

Clay

100

Clay loam

125

Silt lo

am

75

Fin

e sandy

loam

50

Fin

e sand

Shallow

roote

d C

rop

AW

C (m

m)

Soil textu

reVegeta

tion

350

Clay

400

Clay loam

400

Silt lo

am

300

Fin

e sandy

loam

250

Fin

e sand

Matu

re

Fore

st

200

Clay

250

Clay loam

300

Silt lo

am

250

Fin

e sandy

loam

150

Fin

e sand

Orc

hard

s

AW

C (m

m)

Soil textu

reVegeta

tion

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVAILABLE W

ATER CAPACITY(AWC)

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVAILABLE W

ATER CAPACITY(AWC)

Two agroclim

aticindices, m

oisture index (MI)

and therm

al index(T

I)by Krish

nan

and M

ukhtarSingh(1

972) were w

orked out using follo

wing equation

MI=

P-P

ET

PET

*100

Where

, MI= M

oistu

re Index,

P =

Pre

cip

itation,

PET= P

ote

ntial Evapotranspiration

Extrem

ely W

et

>100

8

Wet

50 to 1

00

7

Moistu

re0 to 5

06

Slightly M

oistu

re-2

0 to 0

5

Slightly D

ry-4

0 to -20

4

Dry

-60 to -40

3

Sem

i Dry

-80 to -60

2

Extrem

ely D

ry<80

1

Clim

atic g

roup

Moistu

re

Index V

alu

eSl.

No.

TI=

Tm

ax+ T

min

2

Very

Cold

<10ºC

5

Cold

10ºC to 2

0ºC

4

Mild

20ºC to 2

5ºC

3

Hot

25ºC to 2

8ºC

2

Very

Hot

>28ºC

1

Clim

atic g

roup

Therm

al In

dex

Valu

eSl. N

o.

Where, TI= Therm

al Index

Tm

ax= M

axim

um

tem

pera

ture

Tm

in= M

inim

um

Tem

pera

ture

0120

240

360

60M

eters

AGROCLIMATIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STUDY AREA

USING ANNUAL W

EATHER VARIABLES:

Mois

ture

Index M

ap c

lick h

ere

click h

ere

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

AgroclimaticIndices: Moisture Index

Therm

al In

dex M

ap click h

ere

click h

ere

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Agroclimatic

AgroclimaticIndices: Thermal Index

Indices: Thermal Index

Clim

atic classification of Meghalayabased on M

Iand TI

Click h

ere

Click h

ere

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Agroclimatic

AgroclimaticZonation

Zonation

G I S E N V I R O N M E N T

LU

LC

SO

IL T

EXTU

RE

DEM

AW

C

CLIM

ATIC

CLA

SSIF

ICA

TIO

N

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ter

sAgroclimatic

AgroclimaticCharacterization

Characterization

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

25.1

75640

Agriculture

, Bam

boo,

current and abandoned

jhum

, fo

rest

Loam

, Clay

VH,H

<200

HM

2.2

2498

Agriculture

, Sub tro

pical

gra

ssland

Loam

, Sand

VH,H

<200

HW

0.7

7177

Agriculture

, Sub tro

pical

gra

ssland

Loam

, Sand

VH,H

<200

HEw

35.4

77959

Agriculture

, current and

abandoned jhum

, sem

ieverg

reen

and

everg

reen fore

st.

Loam

, Clay

VH,H

200-1

100

MdM

5.4

91233

Gra

ss land, pin

e,

subtropical fo

rest,

Loam

, Sand

VH,H

200-1

300

MdW

5.8

51314

Gra

ss land, pin

e,

subtropical fo

rest,

Loam

, Sand

VH,H

200-1

300

MdEW

6.6

31487

Agro

-horticulture

, degra

ded fore

st, g

rassland,

subtropical fo

rest

Loam

VH,H

1000-1

500

CM

12.8

2874

Agro

-Horticulre, pin

e, gra

ss

land subtropical fo

rest

Loam

VH,H

1000-1

800

CW

5.6

1250

Planta

tion cro

p, Gra

ss land,

pin

e, subtropical fo

rest,

Loam

, Sand

Very

Hig

h

(VH),

Hig

h(H

)

1000-1

900

CEw

%

Are

aAre

a(S

q.K

m)

Pre

sent LULC

Soil

textu

re

AW

CElevation

(mm

)Clim

atic

Gro

up *

Agro

Agro--climatic characterization

climatic characterization

* The abbre

viations u

sed in the table are

explain

ed in p

revio

us slide. Click h

ere

Click h

ere

Comparisonof the agro-climatic zone map

prepared by Indian Council of Agricultural

Research under National Agricultural Research

Project (NARP)with the m

ap prepared in the

present studyshows the following points:

�The N

ARP classification w

as for the entire H

ill R

egion of NER asa unit and has

only six distinct zones. W

hereas the prese

nt study w

as donefor Meghalaya

state alone and it has been classified into nine clim

atic groups.

�It is difficu

lt from N

ARP m

ap to draw a clear lin

e of demarcation betw

een two

zones.

�NARP m

ap do not provide spatial distribution of zo

nes in each

district /state. It

has mentioned only about few parts of the district or state covered by each

zo

nes. There w

as no clarity about other parts of the district/state.

�Each

district has more agro-clim

atic zo

nes than defined by N

ARP m

ethods.

Click h

ere

Click h

ere

West and S

outh

Garo

Hills w

as o

ne d

istrict at th

e tim

e

of stu

dy.

MdM(3

0),HM(7

0)

Sub tropical

Hill

and M

ild T

ropical

Plain

South

Garo

Hills

Mentioned only about Upper Shillo

ng, Mawphla

ng.

MdEw(1

8),MdM(1

),MdW

(8.4

), HEw(6

),HW

(6),CEw(2

7),CM(

7.9

)CW

(26)

Tem

pera

te

Sub

Alp

ine

East Khasi

Hills

Mawkhang

are

a falls u

nder Sub T

ropical Hill. U

mkhiang

are

a is S

ub T

ropical Plain

and south

ern

part u

nder Mild

Tro

pical Hill zone.

MdEw(1

7),MdM(1

4),MdW

(20

), C

Ew(7

), C

W(3

5)

Sub T

ropical Hill,

Sub

Tro

pical

Plain

and

Mild

Tro

pical Hill

Jain

tiaHills

Part o

f nongsto

insubdivisio

n com

es u

nder Sub T

ropical

Hill and p

art u

nder Mild T

ropical Hill zone.

MdM(4

8.8

),MdEw(2

.5),

MdW

(1.7

),HM(5

.5),HW

(1),

CEw(3

.8)C

M(2

3.5

),CW

(13.2

)

Sub Tro

pical Hill

and M

ild T

ropical

Hill

West Khasi

Hills

Nokre

kand K

ailash

are

a com

es u

nder Sub T

ropical and

lower part o

f th

e d

istrict in

Mild Tro

pical Plain

zone.

MdM(2

0),HM(7

8),CW

(2)

Sub tropical

Hill

and M

ild T

ropical

Plain

West Garo

Hills

Weste

rn part com

es under

Sub Tro

pical

Hill

and

easte

rn p

art u

nder Mild T

ropical Hill zone.

MdM(5

9),MdM(0

.5),HM(3

9),

CW

(1.5

)Sub tropical

Hill

and M

ild T

ropical

Hill

East Garo

Hills

Mentioned only about

south

ern

part of

Nongpoh. Ri-

Bhoiwas n

ot separa

ted fro

m E

ast KhasiHills D

istrict at

the tim

e of stu

dy.

MdM(7

9),MdW

(5),HM(1

2),

CM(2

),CW

(2)

Mild Tro

pical Hill

Ri-Bhoi

Rem

ark

s on existing zone

Pre

sent stu

dy

classification*

(%are

a covere

d)

Existing

Clim

atic

Zone

District

Nam

e

The n

um

ber in

the p

are

nth

esis indicate

per cent are

a u

nder each agro

clim

aticzone

* The abbre

viations u

sed in the table are

explain

ed in p

revio

us slide. click h

ere

click h

ere

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

District wise

District wise agroclimatic

agroclimaticregimes

regimes--a comparison with the existing

a comparison with the existing

climatic zone.

climatic zone.

�Specific clim

atic group define the favourable

clim

ate for growth of

specific crops

�Use

ful in Evaluation of the soil su

itability by comparing characteristics

or qualities with the requirements of the crops. click h

ere

click h

ere

�These

are use

ful for planning a uniform

agricu

ltural developmentof

the state and for designing the m

ost profitable cropping pattern.

�In

determ

ining proper agronomic and cultural practices one should

consider strategies appropriate for each

clim

atic zo

ne.

�The w

ork can be extended to other states of North Eastern region.

01

20

24

03

60

60

Me

ters

Conclusion

Conclusion

Evalu

ation o

f site s

uitability for R

ubber based o

n lim

itin

g c

ond

Evalu

ation o

f site s

uitability for R

ubber based o

n lim

itin

g c

onditio

n

itio

n

model(Sehgal1

996):

model(Sehgal1

996):

Para

mete

r consid

ere

d•T

ota

l R

ain

fall

•Mean a

nnua

l te

mpera

ture

•Mean a

nnua

l m

axim

um

tem

pera

ture

•Ele

vatio

n

•AW

C

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