Agronomi practice on

PIGEONPEA

Prepared By- NAVEEN KUMAR JAKHAR

CONTENTS Introduction Area and production Ecological requirements Fertilizer management Seed and sowing Water management Weed management Harvesting and threshing Seed yield Varieties

Introduction Pigeon pea commonly known as red gram or arhar is very old

crop of this country. After chick pea, arhar is the second most important pulse crop in

the country. It is a rich source of protein and supplies a major share of the

protein requirement of the vegetarian population of the country. Seed of arhar are also rich in iron and iodine Area:- Gujarat,M.P, U.P, Karnataka, Andhra pradesh .

Productivity:- Bihar(1115 kg /ha) Haryana(1036 kg/ha) U.P (1029 kg/ha)

Nutrition valueAmount Per 100 gramsCalories 343 % Daily valueTotal Fat 1.5 g 2%

Saturated fat 0.3 g 1%

Polyunsaturated fat 0.8 gMonounsaturated fat 0 gCholesterol 0 mg 0%

Sodium 17 mg 0%

Potassium 1,392 mg 39%

Total Carbohydrate 63 g 21%

Dietary fiber 15 g 60%

Protein 22 g 44%

PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan var. bicolor)

Botanical name Cajanus cajan

Family Fabaceae

Chromosome no. 2n = 22

Origin Eastern part of peninsular India

Cultivar group members

Cajanus cajan var. bicolor.

Cajanus cajan var. flavus.

Climatic Requirement:-

Arhar needs moist and warm weather During germination(30-35°C). During active vegetative growth it prefers a fairly moist and

warm climate (20-25°C). During flowering and pod setting (15-18°C). At maturity it need higher temp (35-40°C). Cloudy weather and excessive rainfall at flowering time damage

the crop to a great extent.

.

Soil Requirement:- Sandy loam to clayey loam soil are supposed

to be best. Soil must be very deep ,well drained,alluvial

and loamy soil are good for its cultivation. It is successfully grown in black cotton soils of

madhya pradesh and maharashtra with proper drainage.

It required neutral PH.

SELECTION OF VARIETIES

VARIETY PEDIGREE AREA Special features

Prabhat T1 * T-190 Western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan

Compact plant type susceptible to pod-borer

Pant A-3 Selection from germplasm

Western U.P, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan

Multi disease resistance

UPAS-120 selection from germplasm (P4758)

Western U.P, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan

Torrent to pod borer

Co 1 Mutation Tamil NaduCo 2 Mutation Tamil Nadu

Early – maturing varieties of pigeonpea developed in India since Independence.

State recommended varieties for cultivation

State Recommended Varieties for Cultivation

Andhra Pradesh ICPL-87199,ICPL-87, LRG-30, ICPL-8863,

Assam Bahar, Pusa-9

Bihar Bahar, Pusa-9,DA-11, Virsha Arhar-1, Laxmi

Gujarat BDN-2, GT-100, ICPL-8863, ICPL-87119, ICPH-8

Haryana Manak, Paras, ICPL-151, UPAS-120, ICPL-88039, Pusa-885

Karnataka ICPL-87119, ICPL-8863, ICPL-87, ICPL-84301

Punjab Manak, Paras, ICPL-151,PPH-4 (Hybrid),UPAS-120, Al-201, AL-15

Rajasthan Manak, UPAS-120, Pusa-33, Pusa -855

Tamil Nadu ICPL -87119, ICPL-8863, ICPL-87, Co-6, Durga, COH-2, Vamban-1

Uttar Pradesh UPAS-120, Type-21, ICPL-151, ICPL-88039, Narendra, Amar-1, Amar, Azad, Type-7 Pusa -855

Madhya Pradesh JA-4, UPAS-120, ICPL-87119, BDN-2, KM-7, C-11, NPWR-15,BSMR-730

Maharashtra ICPL-87119, BSMR-736, BSMR-75, ICPL-87, ICPL-8863, AKPH-4101

Orissa ICPL-87119, ICPL-87 UPAS-120

West Bengal Bahar, Pusa-9, Sweta, B-517, S-20

North Eastern State Bahar, Pusa-9

Land preparation Pigeon pea responds well to properly tilled and well

drained seedbed. A deep ploughing with soil turning plough followed by

two to three cross horrowings and proper levelling should be given to ensure uniform irrigation and proper drainage.

Being a deep rooted crop, it requires a deep and well pulverised field which is free from weeds and clods.

Time of sowing Sowing of seed crop in first week of june is recommnded

for obtaining higher seed yields.

Source of seed Obtain nucleus /breeder’s/ foundation seed from source

approved by seed certification agaency.

Method of sowing:-

Sowing is done either with seed drill or by plough in furrows. The depth of seeding is 5 cm.

Seed Spacing Row to Row – 60 to 75 cm Plant to Plant - 25 to 30 cm

Seed Rate A seed rate of 12 -15 kg per hectare is sufficient. Seed Treatment Treat the seed with Carbendazim (Bavistin) or Thiram at

the rate of 3 g per kg of seed before sowing.

Fertilizer management

For good yields application of ten cart loads of farm yard manure followed by 25 kg of nitrogen and 50 kg of phosphorus is recommended.

The fertiliser should be drilled at the time of sowing so that it will be placed at 10 to 15 cm deep in the soil and also to the side of the seed.

Water Management The crop is mostly grown rainfed, after germination, need two light

irrigation which should be given at:-

(45-50 days) after sowing. (75 days) first at flowering . 2nd at pod filling stage of the crop.

Weed Management Two hand weedings must be done after sowing of the crop. Once about 25-30 days. Another about 45-50 days.

Where hand weeding is not possible use of:- Basaline at the rate of 1.0 litre/ha as pre-sown.

Diseases control1)Wilt Caused by:- Fusarium oxysporum Controlled by:- Best control is to plant disease resistant varieties like Amar, Azad,

Asha.2) Stem rot Caused by:- Phytophthora dreschsleri Controlled by:- This disease can be controlled by planting resistant varieties. There should be good drainage in the field and the plants should be

protected from stem injury

Pest control

1)Pod borer Controlled by:- Spray the crop with 1.5 litre Endosulfan 35 EC or

Monocrotophos 36 EC per hec, in 1000 lit of water.2)Tur pod fly Controlled by:- The pest can be controlled by spraying the crop with

1.5 lit of Endosulfan 35 EC or Monocrotophos 36 EC per hec, in 1000 lit of water.

ROUGHING:-

Rogue the off type plants and diseased plants affected by wilt, leaf spot and stem canker, yellow mosaic virus and sterility virus from seed field from time to time, as required.

Remove objectionable weed plants.

Prominent intercrops of different states of the country:-

Arhar can be very well intercropped or sown mixed with a number of other crops like rice, groundnut, til, mung, cowpea and soybean.

Central & southern states : pigeonpea + sorghum Karnataka & gujarat : pigeonpea

+pearlmillet M.P & karnataka : pigeonpea +minor

millet Rajasthan & eastern india : pigeonpea +maize Gujarat & A.P : pigeonpea +castor Central & northern M.P : pigeonpea + soybean

Prominent intercrops of different states of the country:-

pigeonpea +maize

pigeonpea + soybean

HARVESTING AND THRESHING:- Harvesting:- The crop is harvested soon after the seed is mature. Harvesting is normally done with sickle and the crop is left in

the field to dry for about 1 week.

Threshing:- Threshing is done by beating the plant with sticks. Necessary precaution should be taken to avoid mechanical

admixtures during these operations.

Moisture percent:- 8-10 % moisture before storage.

Seed yield:- The average seed yield varies from 20 to 25 qt/ha.

Hybrid seed productionClimatic Requirement

During germination(30-35°C). During flowering and pod setting (15-18°C). At maturity it need higher temp (35-40°C).

Soil Requirement Sandy loam to clayey loam soil are supposed to be best.

Variety Prabhat , co1, co2

Land preparation A deep ploughing with soil turning plough followed by two to three cross horrowings and proper levelling should be given to ensure uniform irrigation and proper drainage.

Time of sowing Sowing of seed crop in first week of june is recommnded for obtaining higher seed yields

Hybrid seed productionSource of seed Obtain nucleus /breeder’s/ foundation seed from source

approved by seed certification agaency.

Method of sowing Sowing is done either with seed drill or by plough in furrows. The depth of seeding is 5 cm.

Seed Spacing Row to Row – 60 to 75 cmPlant to Plant - 25 to 30 cm

Seed Rate A seed rate of 12 -15 kg per hectare is sufficient.

Seed Treatment Treat the seed with Carbendazim (Bavistin) or Thiram at the rate of 3 g per kg of seed before sowing.

Fertilizer management For good yields application of ten cart loads of farm yard manure followed by 25 kg of nitrogen and 50 kg of phosphorus is recommended.

Water Management The crop is mostly grown rainfed, after germination, need two light irrigation which should be given at:-

(45-50 days) after sowing.(75 days) first at flowering .2nd at pod filling stage of the crop.

Hybrid seed productionROUGING:- Rogue the off type pants and diseased

plants affected by wilt, leaf spot and stem canker, yellow mosaic virus and sterility virus from seed field from time to time, as required.

Harvesting:- The crop is harvested soon after the seed is mature.

Threshing:- Threshing is done by beating the plant with sticks. Necessary precaution should be taken to avoid mechanical admixtures during these operations.

Moisture percent:- 8-10 % moisture before storage.

Seed yield:- The average seed yield varies from 20 to 25 qt/ha.

RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS

IIPR :- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh.

NPRC:-National Pulses Research Center, Tamil Nadu.

References Agrawal R.L (2010) Seed technology 2nd edition.oxford & IBH

publishing co. pvt. ltd., New Delhi. Page no. 145-146.

Singh, S.S & Singh,R (2011) crop management. Kalyani publishers, New delhi.

Page no. 182- 192.

Martin, J.H and Leonard, W.H.(1967): Principles of field crop production, McMillan and co., New york.

Anonymous (1985): handbook of agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi.

Pugh, B.M. (1958): Production of field crops in India, Kitabistan, Allahabad.

Thank You…