AHSGE Social Studies Practice Slide Show

The Crusades• A series of Holy Wars beginning

in 1095 and lasting until around 1270. The objective was for Christians to capture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. One main result was the expansion of trade.

The Renaissance• An era of European history

lasting from the 1300s to the 1500s, during which time there was a “rebirth” of learning. It started in Northern Italy and spread to the rest of Europe.

The Reformation• The movement to reform the

Catholic Church by ridding it of practices like selling indulgences, selling church jobs, and accumulating lands. It began around 1517. It led to the start of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther• One of the leaders of the

Reformation. He nailed the 95 Theses (grievances) to the door of the church at Wittenburg, Germany. He especially did not like selling indulgences.

The Enlightenment• A movement of “thinkers” that

lasted during the 1600s and 1700s. People associated with this time include Francis Bacon, Copernicus, Galileo, Isaac Newton, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau.

Christopher Columbus

• Spanish explorer who set out in 1492 to discover a western sea route to Asia. He is credited with “discovering America,” but died thinking he had found Asia.

Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World (Europe & Asia) and the New World (the Americas). It began with Columbus.

Conquistador

•A Spanish Conqueror.

Hernando Cortez

•Conquered the Aztec empire.

Francisco Pizarro

•Conquered the Inca empire.

Francisco Coronado

•He searched for the Seven Cities of Gold.

Hernando De Soto

• He explored present-day Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi while looking for gold.

“The 3 G’s”

•The conquistadors came for God, Gold, and Glory.

Vasco de Balboa

•Discovered the “South Sea,” which we call the Pacific Ocean.

The Lost Colony

•Roanoke colony, founded by Sir Walter Raleigh.

St. Augustine

•The first permanent European/Spanish settlement in North America.

Jamestown

•The first permanent English settlement in North America.

Virginia House of Burgesses

• The first representative form of government in North America, it became the pattern for our current government.

Mercantilism• A nation’s power is

measured by its gold and silver reserves. A country must sell more than it buys (positive balance of trade).

Mayflower Compact

• An agreement signed by the Pilgrims before they got off the ship. It said they would obey the laws of the land.

Juan Ponce de Leon

• Explored Florida while searching for the “fountain of youth.”

Triangular Trade

• A trade system involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It involved trading African slaves, sugar/molasses, rum, and other goods.

Middle Passage

• The part of triangular trade where slaves came from Africa across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Events Leading to the American

Revolution

French and Indian War• AKA “The Seven Years War”

• Britain & the Colonists fought against France & the Indians.

• Britain won, taking Canada, most of North America east of the Mississippi River, and Florida.

• It nearly bankrupted Britain.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

•Ended the French and Indian War.

•(Britain won)

Proclamation of 1763• After the British won the French

and Indian War, they issued this direction for the colonists not to go across the Appalachian Mountains and start conflict with the Indians.

“Taxation Without Representation”

• Negative reaction by the colonists to British taxes such as the Navigation Act, Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Townshend Acts, etc.

Quartering Act

•The colonists had to house British soldiers.

Stamp Act

•A tax put on all documents shipped or mailed.

Navigation Act

•The colonists must buy all items from British ships.

Sugar Act

•A tax on molasses.

Townshend Acts

•A tax on imported glass, paper, lead, and tea.

Sons of Liberty

•Led by Samuel Adams, they wanted to protect colonial liberties (tea party).

Stamp Act Congress•The first time representatives from the colonies organized resistance to the British.

Writs of Assistance

•Gave the British the right to search and seize colonial property.

Boston Massacre

• In 1770, 5 colonists were killed while insulting British soldiers.

Boston Tea Party• In 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians and threw tea into Boston Harbor to protest the tax.

Intolerable Acts• Closed the port in Boston

and enforced the Quartering Act. Led to the First Continental Congress.

First Continental Congress

•A response to the Intolerable Acts. The colonies decided to boycott British goods.

Patrick Henry•Gave his “Give me liberty or give me death” speech at the Virginia House of Burgesses.

Samuel Adams• Leader of the Sons of Liberty and present at the Boston Tea Party.

Minutemen• Colonial militia who were ready to fight at a moment’s notice.

Lexington and Concord

• The first shots of the American Revolution were fired here. (“The shot heard ‘round the world”)

Paul Revere

•Warned that “the British are coming” from Boston to Concord.

Second Continental Congress

• Sent Olive Branch Petition to King George III.

• Appointed George Washington commander of colonial army.

• Acted as government of the colonies.• Authorized Declaration of

Independence.

George Washington• Commander of Continental Army.

• First U.S. President.

Declaration of Independence

• Written by Thomas Jefferson

• A list of grievances the colonies had against the British government—why they wanted to be independent

Bunker Hill

•First major battle of the American Revolution.

Saratoga

•Turning point of the American Revolution where France decided to join the Colonists.

Yorktown

•Last battle of the American Revolution where British surrendered.

Treaty of Paris, 1783• Ended the American

Revolution• Britain recognized U. S.

independence• Mississippi River was the

western boundary.

The War

of 1812

Impressment

•Britain and France were taking U.S. sailors off U.S. ships and forcing them into naval service.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

•Alabama battle where Andrew Jackson’s forces defeated the Creek Indians.

Sides in War of 1812

•Britain vs. the United States

Battle of Fort McHenry

*Place where Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”—our national anthem

Battle of New Orleans

• Battle fought 2 weeks after the War of 1812 was over.

• Andrew Jackson became a national hero.

Treaty of Ghent

•Ended the War of 1812.

An Important Slide

I. Battle of Horseshoe Bend fought in Alabama.

II. Treaty of Ghent signed, ending the War of 1812.

III. Battle of New Orleans fought 2 weeks after the treaty was signed.

IV. Andrew Jackson elected President of the United States.

The Foundation and Formation of the United States of

America

Magna Carta• Signed in 1215

• Limited the power of the King.

John Locke• English philosopher who wrote about the “Natural Rights” of Life, Liberty, and Property.

• Wrote about the Social Contract.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Wrote a book called The Social Contract.

• Said government was an expression of the general will of the people.

Baron de Montesquieu

• Wrote “Spirit of the Laws”

• Separation of Powers

• Checks and Balances

Separation of Powers• Legislative (makes)

• Executive (carries out)

• Judicial (interprets)

Checks and Balances• Veto• Impeachment power• Presidential nomination• Senate approval• Judicial review

Great Awakening• Revival of evangelical Christianity IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD

• 1740s

Articles of Confederation• Weak national government• The first U.S. constitution.• No executive or judicial

branch• Congress could not tax.• Amendment only by

unanimous vote

Shays’ Rebellion

• Showed weakness of national government compared to states.

Constitutional Convention

• Original purpose was to amend (fix) the Articles of Confederation, but instead produced a new Constitution.

Virginia Plan

• Written by James Madison

• Stronger national government

• 2-house legislature with representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan• Stronger state government.

• 1-house legislature with representation based on equality (same number)

Great Compromise• From Virginia Plan, took 2

house legislature with one based on population.

• From NJ Plan, took one house with equal representation (Senate).

James Madison

•“Father of the Constitution” (wrote Virginia Plan)

Federal System• A/k/a “Federalism”

• Separated powers geographically among the national and state governments.

Exclusive Powers

•Exercised by the National government

Reserved Powers

•Exercised by State governments (based on the 10th Amendment)

Federalists

• Hamilton, Jay, Madison (wrote The Federalist Papers)

• Supported the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

• Opposed the Constitution• Led by Thomas Jefferson• Wanted a bill of rights to protect citizens.

• Wanted strong state gov’t.

Preamble• “We the People…”

• States purpose of the new government.

• Part of the Constitution

Elastic Clause

• Gives Congress the power to pass legislation that is “Necessary and Proper” for doing its job.

Bill of Rights

•First 10 Amendments

•Lists rights and liberties of individual citizens.

First Amendment

•Freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, and religion.

Growth of the New Nation

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Avoid permanent alliances

• Stay out of political parties

• Keep morality (God) in government

Marbury v. Madison

• Established the Supreme Court’s power of JUDICIAL REVIEW (declaring a law unconstitutional)

Growth of the New Nation

Land Ordinance of 1785

*Land from the Ohio River to the Mississippi River could be made into states when the territories had the required number of people.

Louisiana Purchase• 1803

• By Thomas Jefferson

• From Napoleon of France for $15 million

• Doubled size of U.S.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

•Explored Louisiana Territory with Sacajawea

1819

•The year Alabama became a state.

The American System

• Plan by Henry Clay

• Three parts were protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Internal Improvements

• The Erie Canal

• The National Road

“Era of Good Feelings”

• Presidency of James Monroe (states began to work together)

Monroe Doctrine• U. S. foreign policy stating that Europe would put no more colonies in the Americas and that the U.S. would stay out of European internal affairs.

Eli Whitney

• Invented Cotton gin

•Invented concept of interchangeable parts.

Robert Fulton

•Greatly improved the steamboat. His was named the “Clermont.”

Andrew Jackson• Hero of the War of 1812

• Nicknamed “Old Hickory”

• 1st president to rise from poverty (the common man’s president)

• Used Spoils System

• Ordered “Trail of Tears”

Spoils System

•Giving friends and supporters jobs in government

Indian Removal Act• Forced removal of Creeks,

Choctaws, Chickasaws, Cherokee, and Seminoles to reservations in Oklahoma

• Known as “Trail of Tears”

Oregon Trail

• Used by settlers in search of fertile well-watered land.

Mormon Trail

•Used by Mormons (led by Brigham Young) who settled in present-day Utah to escape religious persecution.

California Trail

•Used by people going to California during the gold rush (forty-niners).

Santa Fe Trail

•Beginning in Independence, Missouri, it was to increase trade with Mexico in Santa Fe.

War for Texas Independence

• Settlers in Texas won their independence from Mexico.

• The Mexican dictator was Santa Anna.

The Alamo• Famous battle in the War for

Texas Independence. Around 187 men held out against Mexican forces for 13 days.

• Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett were killed there.

Stephen F. Austin

•“The Father of Texas”

Manifest Destiny

•The idea that the US should expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast.

Noah Webster

•Wrote the first American dictionary.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

•Leader of Transcendentalist movement.

Henry David Thoreau

•Lived apart from society; wrote the book called Walden

Walt Whitman•Poet who emphasized the great worth of the individual. He was a major influence on American literature.

Nathanial Hawthorne

•Wrote The Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables.

Washington Irving

•Wrote Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Edgar Allen Poe

•Master of scary short stories, including “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Raven.”

James Fennimore Cooper

•Wrote Last of the Mohicans.

Emily Dickinson

•Poet who wrote about death, love, and immortality.

Herman Melville

•Wrote Moby Dick.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

•Wrote “Paul Revere’s Ride”

Horace Mann•Most influential American educator; promoted public education for men and women.

Dorothea Dix

•Promoted reform of mental institutions and prisons.

Temperance Movement

•Movement to end drinking alcohol/liquor.

Abolition Movement

•Movement to end slavery.

Harriet Tubman

•Led slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad.

Frederick Douglass

•Most well-known African American abolitionist.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

•Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which was a novel about abolitionism.

Sojourner Truth

•Famous female speaker for abolition and women’s rights.

William Lloyd Garrison

•Abolitionist who published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

•Organized the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls; wanted the right to vote for women

Susan B. Anthony

•Leader of women’s rights movement; promoted a woman’s right to vote.

The United States Begins to Divide

The South• Economy was based on agriculture (the plantation system)

• Opposed tariffs• Supported strong state government.

The North•Economy based on industry (factories)

•Supported tariffs.•Supported strong national government.

Missouri Compromise• Agreement to let Missouri enter the US as a slave state while Maine entered as a free state

• Set a dividing line at 36 deg., 30 min. north lat.

Compromise of 1850• California admitted as a free state

• Utah and New Mexico could decide for themselves to be slave or free (popular sovereignty)

Fugitive Slave Law

•Forced all Americans to return runaway slaves to their owners in the South.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

•Did away with the Missouri Compromise by allowing Kansas and Nebraska to vote on the issue of slavery.

Bleeding Kansas•A bloody, violent conflict in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Republican Party•The modern-day political party that was originally an antislavery party called “Free Soilers”

Dred Scott Decision• U.S. Supreme Court ruled

that taking a slave into a free state did not make him free; that a slave was not a citizen and could not sue; and as property, slaves could not be taken from their owners.

John Brown’s Raid• Abolitionist who led a raid on

the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He wanted to arm slaves and start a rebellion. He was captured and executed for treason.

Election of 1860• Abraham Lincoln was elected

U.S. President • The South believed Lincoln

was an abolitionist who would try to end slavery.

• This prompted some southern states to secede.

South Carolina

•FIRST STATE to secede (leave the Union).

Confederate States of America

• Seven southern states left the United States to form the Confederacy. Their first president was Jefferson Davis

Montgomery, Alabama

• Called “the Cradle of the Confederacy” because it was the first capital of the CSA.

Fort Sumter, SC

•The first shots of the Civil War were fired here on April 12, 1861.

Civil War

Bull Run• First major battle of the Civil War

• The South won

Shiloh

•Lasted 3 days with no winner

•Bloodiest battle of the Civil War

Antietam

•Bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history

•Led to Lincoln giving the Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

•Lincoln freed slaves in “all states in rebellion to the Union”—in the South (none freed in the North)

Vicksburg

•Battle that gave the North control of the Mississippi River

Gettysburg•When the South led by General Robert E. Lee lost, it was the turning point in the war

Gettysburg Address• Lincoln gave this speech to dedicate a part of the battlefield as a national military cemetery

• Government of, by, and for the people

Sherman’s March• William Tecumseh Sherman led a “march to the sea” destroying everything from Chattanooga, TN to Savannah, GA (including burning Atlanta)

Appomattox Court House

• Robert E. Lee (South) surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant (North) ending the Civil War

Reconstruction

• Period from the end of the Civil War to 1877 when the southern states were being added back to the Union (USA)

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

• An easy plan requiring only 10% of the voters of a southern state to take a loyalty oath to the USA

Lincoln’s Assassination

• Lincoln was shot in 1865 by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theater

Black Codes

•A set of laws enacted to restrict the rights of former black slaves.

Freedmen’s Bureau

•Served to meet the needs of black people in terms of education, food, clothing, medical care, etc.

Three-fifths Compromise

• For the purpose of representation in Congress, each slave would count 3/5 of a person (5 slaves=3 people)

Northern War Advantages

•They had more Railroads, more factories, and more population (soldiers)

Southern War Advantages

• They had only to fight a defensive war and had much better generals.

Homestead Act

•Settlers could receive 160 acres of land if they would live on it and work it for 5 years

Morrill Land Grant Act

•Land given by the government to each state to build at least one public university

13th Amendment

•Abolished slavery in the US

14th Amendment

•Gave citizenship to black people

15th Amendment

•Gave black citizens the right to vote

Andrew Johnson

•1st U.S. President to be impeached.

Carpetbaggers

•People who came from the North to the South during Reconstruction

Scalawags

•Southerners who supported Reconstruction (hated by other Southerners)

Ku Klux Klan•Group formed in 1896 by Nathan Bedford Forrest that used terror against blacks and other minorities

Compromise of 1877• Rutherford B. Hayes would become President in exchange for ending Reconstruction and removing federal troops from the South.

Jim Crow Laws

•Laws that 1)required segregation and 2) limited the rights of blacks in society.

Poll tax

•A tax on voting put on African-Americans (a JC law)

Literacy Test

•Required African-Americans to be able to read before they could vote (JC law)

Grandfather Clause

•Allowed poor illiterate Southern whites to vote if their grandfather had voted.

Expansion and Industrialization

Transcontinental RR•The Union Pacific RR joined with the Central Pacific RR at Promontory, Utah in 1869.

Indian Wars

•Mostly fought on the Great Plains (esp. around Montana)

Reservations

•Land set aside where the Indians were to live, especially in Oklahoma.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

•Battle where General Custer and the 7th Calvary were killed by the Sioux Indians.

Dawes Act•Law passed to try to make Native Americans conform to mainstream American society. (Assimilation)

Bessemer Process

•A faster and better way of making steel invented by Henry Bessemer.

Revolver

• Pistol invented by Samuel Colt that became the standard of personal protection in the West.

The Steel Plow

• Invented by John Deere, it was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod.

Windmill

•Provided power to pump water to the surface.

Barbed Wire

• Invented by Joseph Glidden, it was a cheap and efficient way to fence land.

King Cotton

•The main cash crop in Alabama

Boll Weevil Monument

• In Enterprise, AL, this statue honored the insect that destroyed the cotton crop—forcing farmers to look to grow other crops.

Railroad•The most important invention in helping to settle, farm, and industrialize regions west of the Mississippi

The Grange

•Farm co-operative where farmers pooled resources to purchase supplies and machinery.

Populist Party

•Organized to address the concerns of farmers and reformers

Alexander Graham Bell

• Invented the telephone

Guglielmo Marconi

• Invented the radio.

Monopoly

•Where there is only one supplier for a particular industry.

Robber Barons

•19th century capitalists that acquired their wealth by exploitation and ruthlessness.

John D. Rockefeller

•Owned the Standard Oil Company—an oil monopoly

Andrew Carnegie• Owned a steel monopoly

• Advocated the “Gospel of Wealth”—a philosophy that wealth should be used to help others.

• Gave generously to the arts

Cornelius Vanderbilt

•Owned a railroad monopoly.

Labor Unions

•Used collective bargaining to get higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

Strike

•Workers stop working until their demands are met.

Horatio Alger

•Wrote children’s stories showing how a person could gain wealth through hard work and diligence

Social Darwinism

•“Only the strong survive,” and “survival of the fittest” applied to business and society.

Progressive Movement

•Developed in response to corruption in politics and business. They fought for the oppressed in society.

Muckrakers

•Journalists who wrote to expose corruption, abuse, and unfair practices in business and society.

The Jungle• Written by Upton Sinclair (a

muckraker).• Exposed the Chicago

meatpacking industry.• A disgusted President Teddy

Roosevelt pushed for laws to correct the problem.

Ida Tarbell

•Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, exposing J.D. Rockefeller’s ruthless practices.

Progressive Era Amendments

•16th, 17th, 18th, & 19th

16th Amendment

•Created the Income Tax.

17th Amendment

•Provided for direct election of U. S. Senators

18th Amendment

•Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcoholic beverages.

19th Amendment

•Gave women the right to vote.

President Theodore Roosevelt

• Created the National Park System

• After “getting hit in the stomach” while reading The Jungle, he passed the Pure Food and Drug Act

Federal Trade Commission

•Given power to investigate unfair business practices

Clayton Antitrust Act

• Sponsored by an Alabama congressman, it ensured that businesses could not use antitrust laws to break up labor unions.

Booker T. Washington

•Founded the Tuskegee Institute

George Washington Carver

•Discovered many uses for peanuts and soybeans.

W. E. B. DuBois

•Helped form the Niagara Movement and later the NAACP

Plessy v. Ferguson

•Established the doctrine of “separate but equal”

Alabama Constitution of 1901

•Longest in US

•Written to keep power in the hands of white planters

World War Iand

the 1920s

Imperialism

•Where a nation is acquiring land—building an empire

•Buy, conquer, annex

American Imperialism• Americans wanted a new source of raw materials, new markets for finished goods, and territory to maintain a balance of power.

Spanish-American War• Fought mainly in Cuba• “Remember the Maine”• U.S. won• U.S. got Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

Yellow Journalism•Sensationalism and doing anything (lying) to sell papers

•Hearst and Pulitzer were the worst.

Open Door Policy• Dealt only with China (Asia)

• Said China would be open to trade with anyone, including the U.S.

Panama Canal• To many countries, evidence

of U.S. imperialism• Built across Panama in

Central America to cut down the time ships could get from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (and back)

William C. Gorgas• Alabama doctor who drained swamps in Panama, ridding the country of yellow fever and making building the Panama Canal possible

Roosevelt Corollary• Addition to the Monroe

Doctrine that said the U.S. would police the Caribbean island countries.

• For example, the U.S. would act if a country like Haiti was not paying its foreign debts.

Long-term Causes of World War I

• Militarism

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

• Alliance System

Immediate Cause of World War I

•Murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria and his wife

The Central Powers

•(The bad guys)

•Germany

•Austria-Hungary

•Ottoman Empire

The Allies• (The good guys)• “Best Friends Are US.”• B=Britain• F=France• Are=R=Russia• Us=United States

Trench Warfare

• Primarily the way the first 3 years of WWI were fought.

No Man’s Land

•Deadly ground between opposing trenches.

New Weapons in World War I

• Machine guns (deadliest)• Poison gas• Long-range Artillery• Submarines• Airplanes

U.S. Policy Prior to WW I

• Isolation (stay out of other countries’ business)

•Neutrality (don’t take sides)

Causes of the United States entering WWI

• Sinking of the Lusitania

• Zimmerman Telegram (requested Mexico attack US)

• Unrestricted submarine warfare (U-Boats)

• Russia overthrew the monarchy

Main U.S. Contribution in WWI

• Soldiers provided hope and energy for the Allies

• Factories provided much-needed supplies.

Armistice•World War I ended with an armistice (cease fire) on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918

Consequences of World War I

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were stripped of much land

• In the U.S. all men between 21 and 30 had to register for the draft

Consequences of World War I

• Germany was humiliated, something Adolf Hitler later used to win support from the German people

Treaty of Versailles

• Made Germany pay reparations (money)

• Germany had to admit its guilt for starting the war

• Disarmament

• Loss of all overseas colonies

League of Nations• One of Pres. Woodrow

Wilson’s 14 points, it was an effort to form a group of countries that would promote understanding and discourage aggression against other countries

F. Scott Fitzgerald

•Wrote The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway• One of the most influential writers of the 20th Century

Harlem Renaissance

•A movement which saw the works of black authors, painters, dancers, and musicians gain fame

Harlem Renaissance• Langston Hughes (poet)

• Zora Neale Hurston (Their Eyes Were Watching God)

Jazz• New form of musical expression born out of the black community

• New Orleans, Louis Armstrong (trumpet), and Bessie Smith (singer)

W. C. Handy

•Born in Florence, AL

•“Father of the Blues”

The Jazz Singer

•The 1st movie with sound

Automobile

•Helped create suburbs by allowing workers to live farther from their job

The Red Scare• Fear of COMMUNISM• The Palmer Raids (the

government jailed thousands of radicals and foreigners)

• Sacco & Vanzetti Trial—immigrant anarchists who were tried,convicted and executed for murder despite an unfair trial

21st Amendment

•Repealed the 18th Amendment (Prohibition)

Things associated with Prohibition

• Speakeasies (hidden bars)

• Bootleggers (sold alcohol illegally)

• Al Capone (most famous gangster)

The Great Depression and

World War II(Standard VII)

Causes of the Great Depression

• Wages of workers did not rise as fast as the prices of goods bought

• Speculators bought too much stock on credit

• Farmers overproduced and drove prices down

The Great Crash• October 29, 1929• When stock prices fell,

investors began to sell their stock for pennies on the dollar

• Speculators defaulted on their loans from banks

Collapse of Farm Economy

• Food was overproduced, creating surpluses

• Farm income could not cover operating costs

• Farmers went bankrupt and had to sell their farms

Dust Bowl• As farmers plowed sod on the Great Plains, a drought and wind erosion created a 3-year dust storm that destroyed farms

Hoovervilles

•Shanty towns made of tents and shacks built outside cities (meant as an insult to Pres. Hoover)

Franklin D. Roosevelt• Ran for president in 1932 promising “a new deal for America”

• Only President elected 4 times

The 3 R’s• RELIEF (money)

• RECOVERY (jobs)

• REFORM (regulation)

Alphabet soup• Nickname for the abbreviations of many New Deal programs (AAA, CCC, TVA, etc.)

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

• The government gave loans to farmers or paid them not to grow crops

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

• Building dams brought jobs and cheap electricity to “lower Appalachia”—the Tennessee Valley

Social Security Act (SSA)

• Gave retirement income to workers who reached age 65

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

• Provided jobs to young unmarried men (17-23) who worked in national parks

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

• Insured deposits in banks for up to $100,000 in case of failure (meant to restore confidence in banks)

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

• Provided government-paid jobs constructing government buildings, roads, bridges, etc.

Fireside Chats• Radio broadcasts where FDR spoke directly to Americans instead of using the press

Benito Mussolini

•Fascist dictator of Italy during World War II

Adolf Hitler• Nazi dictator of Germany during World War II

• Blamed all of Germany’s problems on the Treaty of Versailles and the Jews

Joseph Stalin

• Communist dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during World War II

Axis Powers• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

• Italy, Germany, and Japan were the bad guys in WWII

Allied Powers (Allies)• At first, Britain and France

• Later, Russia joined

• Finally, the USA joined

• Again: “Best Friends R US”