Study Guide for AHSGE Biology Edition

By: Desaree Jackson

By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 1

Select appropriate laboratory glassware, balances, time measuring equipment, and optical instruments to conduct an experiment.

By: Desaree Jackson

Laboratory Equipment

Identify and State the Uses of Common Lab Tools

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Lab Tool: BALANCEBALANCE

TYPES:1.) Triple Beam Balance2.) Equal Arm Balance

USE:To measure mass in SI.

Unit of Measurement:Kilograms (kg) or grams (g)

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Lab Tool: BeakerBeaker

USE:

As a container, like a cup.

Unit of Measurement:

Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)

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Lab Tool: BUNSEN BURNERBUNSEN BURNER

USE:

To heat chemicals and

solutions in beakers or

test tubes.

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Lab Tool: CorkCork

USE:

To close test tubes.

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Lab Tool: Lab Tool: Cover SlipCover Slip

USE:

Covers specimen on

microscope slide.

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Lab Tool: DISSECTING PROBEDISSECTING PROBE

USE:

As a pointer or to hold

objects.

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Lab Tool: DROPPERDROPPER

USE:

To transfer small

amounts of liquid.

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Lab Tool: ERLENMEYER FLASKERLENMEYER FLASK

USES:

As a cup, like

a cup with a

narrow neck.

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Lab Tool: FORCEPSFORCEPS

USE:

Used to pick

up and hold

objects in lab

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USE:To hold filter

paperor guiding small amounts of liquid

in pouring.

Lab Tool: FUNNELFUNNEL

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Lab Tool: GRADUATED CYLINDERGRADUATED CYLINDER

USE:

To measure volume.

Unit of Measurement:

Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)

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USE:

To warm or heat objects

Lab Tool: HOT PLATEHOT PLATE

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USES:

To spread and place

bacterial specimen on

agar.

Lab Tool: INNOCULATING LOOPINNOCULATING LOOP

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USE:

To fasten to the ring stand as a support for items.

Lab Tools:

IRON RINGIRON RING&& RING STAND RING STAND

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Lab Tool: METER STICKMETER STICK

USE:

To measure distance in SI.

Unit of Measurement:

Meter (m)

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Lab Tool: MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

USE:

To observe small specimens

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Lab Tool:

MORTAR & PESTLEMORTAR & PESTLE

USE:

To grind chemicals into a powder.

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USE:

Used to grow and hold

bacterial specimen.

Lab Tool: PETRI DISHPETRI DISH

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USE:

To transfer small

amounts of

in a titration.

Lab Tool: PIPETTEPIPETTE

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Lab Tool: SCALPELSCALPEL

USE:To cut items.

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Lab Tool: SLIDESLIDE

USE:To hold specimen being studied under a microscope.

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Lab Tool: SPATULASPATULA

USE:

To transfer solid

chemicals in weighing

like a spoon.

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Lab Tool: STIRRING RODSTIRRING ROD

USES:

To stir combinations

of fluids and to use

in pouring liquids.

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Lab Tool: STOPPERSTOPPER

USE:

To close and contain

items in a test tube.

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Lab Tool: STRIKERSTRIKER

USE:

To ignite the Bunsen burner and start a flame.

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USES:

Many uses

such as a

container.

Lab Tool: TEST TUBETEST TUBE

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USES:

To hold apparatus, may be fastened to the ring stand.

Lab Tool: TEST TUBE CLAMPTEST TUBE CLAMP

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USES:

Cleans glass items

Lab Tool: TEST TUBE BRUSHTEST TUBE BRUSH

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USES:

Holds test tubes

Lab Tool: TEST TUBE HOLDERTEST TUBE HOLDER

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USES:

Holds test tubes.

Lab Tool:

TEST TEST TUBE TUBE RACKRACK

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Lab Tool: THERMOMETERTHERMOMETER

USES:

To measure temperature.

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Lab Tool: TONGSTONGS

USE:

to pick up and

hold hot items.

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USES:

To spread the heat of a flame and hold items.

Lab Tool: WIRE GAUZEWIRE GAUZE

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USES:

As a beaker cover or in

evaporating small amounts

of liquids.

Lab Tool: WATCH GLASSWATCH GLASS

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Standard 2

Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis and endocytosis.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal environment.

Sweating is one way the body tries to achieve homeostasis.

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Cellular Transport Passive transport: requires no energy

Diffusion: compounds move from high to low concentration

Osmosis: diffusion of water Hypotonic solutions cause water to move into the cell so

the cell swells up Hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of the cell so

the cell shrivels up Isotonic solutions cause no net movement of water into or

out of the cell

Active transport: requires energy Endocytosis: large compound are brought into the cell Exocytosis: large compounds are exported out of the

cell

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Passive Transport vs. Active Transport

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Diffusion

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By: Desaree Jackson

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By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 3

Identify reactants and products associated with photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and the purposes of these two processes.

By: Desaree Jackson

Photosynthesis

Process by which organisms use energy from sunlight to make their own food (glucose)

Glucose is a simple sugar Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and some

bacteria Chloroplasts have a green pigment called chlorophyll Steps of photosynthesis

1. Light reaction: chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight 2. Dark reaction: The energy from the sunlight is used to make

glucose Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy

(glucose) Chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + O2

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Cellular Respiration

Process that breaks down glucose in order to make energy for an organism

ATP: compound that stores energy in an organism

Occurs in the mitochondria of the cellTwo types of cellular respiration

Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen to occur

Mostly happens in animals and plants

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Graphic Organizer

PhotosynthesisPlants

* use sunlight to make glucose* take in carbon dioxide

* give off oxygen*carbon dioxide + water + sunlight

glucose + oxygen*6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2

RespirationAnimals and plants

* eat plants to get glucose* take in oxygen

* give off carbon dioxide*glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water +

ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +

chemical energy

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Standard 4

Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables.

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Cells General Info

A cell is the smallest unit that is alive and can carry on all the processes of life

Cells make up organisms (living things) Unicellular organisms are made up of 1 cell Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells

Cells contain organelles, which are specialized compartments that carry out a specific function

Types of cells Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, such as animal and plant

cells Prokaryotic cells contain no nucleus, such as bacteria

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Prokaryotic Cells

Bacterial cells Smaller and simpler than plant

or animal cells Bacteria are unicellular No nucleus Have a single closed loop of

DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes

Some have a capsule (shell for protection), pili (short hair like structures to hold onto host cells), and flagella (whip like structure for movement)

By: Desaree Jackson

By: Desaree Jackson

Cell Organelles Organelle= “little

organ” Found only inside

eukaryotic cells All the stuff in

between the organelles is cytosol

Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm

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Cell Membrane Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer

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Nucleus Control center of the

cell Contains DNA Surrounded by a

double membrane Usually the easiest

organelle to see under a microscope

Usually one per cell

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Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton

and muscle Provides shape and

structure Helps move

organelles around the cell

Made of three types of filaments

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

A.k.a. “ER” Connected to

nuclear membrane Highway of the cell Rough ER: studded

with ribosomes; it makes proteins

Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids

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Ribosome Site of protein

synthesis Found attached to

rough ER or floating free in cytosol

Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus

That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide?

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Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of

plates Stores, modifies and

packages proteins Molecules

transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles

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Lysosomes Garbage disposal

of the cell Contain digestive

enzymes that break down wastes

Which organelles do lysosomes work with?

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Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the

cell” Cellular respiration

occurs here to release energy for the cell to use

Bound by a double membrane

Has its own strand of DNA

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Chloroplast Found only in plant

cells Contains the green

pigment chlorophyll Site of food (glucose)

production Bound by a double

membrane Site of

PhotosynthesisBy: Desaree Jackson

Cell Wall Found in plant and

bacterial cells Rigid, protective

barrier Located outside of

the cell membrane Made of cellulose

(fiber)

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Vacuoles Large central

vacuole usually in plant cells

Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells

Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.

What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture?

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Centriole Aids in cell division Usually found only in

animal cells Made of microtubules

Where else have we talked about microtubules?

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Quick Review Which organelle is the control center of the cell?

Nucleus Which organelle holds the cell together?

Cell membrane Which organelles are not found in animal cells?

Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts Which organelle helps plant cells make food?

Chloroplasts What does E.R. stand for?

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Standard 9

Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom classification systems.

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Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things Organisms are organized into 7 different levels of taxonomy (King

Philip came over for good spaghetti)

1. Kingdom – most broad 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species – most specific

Closely related organisms have more levels of taxonomy in common than unrelated organisms

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Kingdoms

There are six kingdoms of living things (Archie eats pretty fantastic apple pies)1. Archaebacteria: bacteria that live in

extreme environments2. Eubacteria: common bacteria3. Protista: Single-celled organisms4. Fungi: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds5. Animalia: animals6. Plantae: plants

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Kingdoms

Every organism has a unique two-word scientific name that is written in Latin The first word is the genus, the second word is the

species (Humans are Homo sapiens) Some scientists prefer to organize organisms

into domains rather than kingdoms There are three domains (Archie eats eels) 1. Archaea: Bacteria that live in extreme

environments 2. Eubacteria: Common bacteria 3. Eukarya: Organisms whose DNA is in a nucleus

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Archaebacteria- extreme

Animals

Plants

Eubacteria- food

Fungi

Protists

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Standard 6

Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations,communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere.

By: Desaree Jackson

By: Desaree Jackson

Levels of biologic organization

Starting at the simplest level, atoms are organized into molecules, which are organized into cells. Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into body systems, and body systems into individual Multicellular organisms. A group of individuals of the same species is a population. Populations of different species interact to form communities. A community and it abiotic environment are an ecosystem, while all communities of organisms on Earth comprise the biosphere. Ecologists study the highest levels of biological organization: individual organisms, populations, communities/ecosystems, and the biosphere.

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Standard 6

Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction,

growth, and repair of cells.

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Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the phases in the life of a cell 1. M phase: Mitosis (cell division) occurs 2. G1 phase: Cell grows 3. S phase: DNA synthesis (chromosomes are

copied) 4. G2 phase: Cell grows 5. M phase begins again

Chromosomes must be copied before mitosis so that new cells receive the same chromosomes found in the old cells

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Mitosis

Division of a cell into 2 identical cells Before mitosis: Chromosomes have copied

themselves Sister chromatids: original chromosome and its exact

copy are attached to each other Phases of mitosis

1. Prophase: Nuclear membrane falls apart and spindle fibers start to form

2. Metaphase: Sister chromatids line up along the middle of the spindle fibers

3. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

4. Telophase: Spindle fibers break down and new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

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By: Desaree Jackson

Meiosis Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells), such as

sperm and egg cells Fertilization: Process of an egg and a sperm cell

combining to produce a zygote Zygote: Baby that is only 1 cell big Egg cell (23 chromosomes) + sperm cell (23 chromosomes) =

baby (46 chromosomes) Steps in meiosis

1. Before meiosis: 2 chromosomes of the same type come together to make a

chromosome pair Each chromosome doubles This gives 4 chromosomes stuck together

2. Meiosis I: Chromosome pairs separate into two new cells 3. Meiosis II: Each chromosome separates from its copy into 4

new cells In meiosis, one cell becomes four cells but in mitosis,

one cell becomes two cells

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Standard 7

Apply Mendel’s Laws to determine phenotype and genotypic probabilities of offspring produced

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Mendelian Genetics

Gregor Mendel is an Austrian monk credited with beginning the study of genetics

Genetics is the study of heredity Humans have 2 genes for every trait

Alleles: Different forms of a single trait, like blue and brown are two eye color alleles

Dominant gene: “Stronger” of 2 genes and shows up in the organism Represented by a capital letter B is the dominant gene for brown eyes

Recessive gene: “Weaker” of 2 genes and only shows up when there is no dominant gene present

Represented by a lowercase letter b is the recessive gene for blue eyes

Homozygous (purebred): When 2 genes are alike for a trait BB is homozygous for brown eyes, bb is homozygous for blue eyes

Heterozygous (hybrid): When 2 genes are different for a trait Bb is heterozygous

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Mendel’s Laws

Mendel’s law of segregation states that the 2 genes we have for each trait get separated from one another when we make egg and sperm cells

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that the gene for one trait is inherited independently of the genes for other traits Only true when the genes are on different

chromosomes

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Punnett Squares

Punnett squares are charts that are used to show the possible gene combinations in a cross between 2 organisms

* Let’s say that B is the dominant gene for brown eyes and b is the recessive gene for blue eyes*

Genotype: The genes of an organism (Bb)

Phenotype: The physical appearance of an organism (Brown eyes)

Bb bb

Bb bb

B b

b

b

Offspring genotype50% Bb50% bb

Offspring phenotype50% Brown eyes50% blue eyes

Parents Bbxbb

BB Bb

Bb bb

B b

B

b

Offspring genotype25% BB50% Bb25% bb

Offspring phenotype75% Brown eyes25% blue eyes

Parents BbxBb

By: Desaree Jackson

Human Genetics Multiple alleles are three or more alleles that exist for a single gene

For example, A, B, and O are the multiple alleles for blood type The possible blood types are A, B, AB, and O

You can be A+ or A-, B+ or B-, AB+ or AB-, O+ or O- depending on whether your blood cells have a special Rh protein

Codominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and both genes are seen in the organism AB blood is codominant, a cat with black and white spots is codominant

Incomplete dominance occurs when 2 dominant genes are expressed and blended together in the organism If the red flower color gene (R) is mixed with the white flower color gene

(W) then the offspring will be pink (RW) A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than one pair of

genes, like skin color A sex-linked trait is a trait that is found on the X chromosome, such

as colorblindness Females are XX so have 2 copies of sex-linked traits Males are XY so have 1 copy of sex-linked traits

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Standard 8

Identify the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, and proteins

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid Makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and never leaves the

nucleus A chromosome is a chain of different genes DNA has a double helix shape Has four types of bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T),

cytosine (C) A binds T and G binds C DNA is complementary, which means that the bases on one strand

match up to the bases on the other strand For example: Strand 1: ATG CCT GAC

Strand 2: TAC GGA CTG Semi conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies

itself and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand

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DNA RNA

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the

cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive

RNA is single stranded and has uracil (U) rather than thymine (T) U binds A and G binds C If the DNA is ATG CCA AAG

Then the RNA will be UAC GGU UUC

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Using DNA to make protein

1. Transcription: DNA in the nucleus is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA) DNA has all the directions the cell needs to live

2. RNA moves out into the cytoplasm RNA carries the directions to other parts of the cell

3. Translation: The RNA attaches to a ribosome and directs the production of a protein Proteins do all the work in the cell Every 3 bases in RNA is called a codon and codes

for 1 amino acid

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Transcription

By: Desaree Jackson

Mutations

A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome If the mutation happens in a body cell, it only affects the organism that

carries it If the mutation happens in a sex cell, it can be passed on to offspring Mutations can be

harmful if they reduce an organism’s chances for reproduction or survival helpful if they improve an organism’s chances for survival neutral if they do not produce an obvious changes in an organism lethal if they result in the immediate death of an organism

Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by a mutagen, which is a factor in the environment like UV and chemicals

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Mutations

“Bully whippets,” as the heavyset dogs are known, turn out to have a genetic mutation that enhances muscle development … The scientists found that the same mutation that pumps up some whippets makes others among the fastest dogs on the track.

Scientists also discovered that with these mutations, whippets are able to nip your ankle 4 times faster and twice as hard.

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Standard 10

Distinguish between monocots, dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants.

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NonVascular Plants

Does not have vascular tissue or true roots, leaves, or stems

reproduction and survival depend on water. They MUST live in moist environments.examples:

mosses liverwartsHornwarts

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Vascular Plants

Have roots, stems, leaves & vascular tissue.

Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water

Vascular refers to veins Xylem: transports water and minerals Phloem: transports food/nutrients

Not all plants have vascular tissue Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla

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Vascular Plants

have vascular system, but don’t produce seeds ex: fern

Leaves= fronds Produce spores

3 divisions Lycophyta – Club mosses Arthrophyta- horsetails Pterophyta- ferns

2 types of Vascular plants Gymnosperms (4 phyla) Angiosperms (1 large phylum)

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Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)

Seeds are not protected by a fruit

Examples: Ginko biloba Conifers—plants

with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves

Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods

By: Desaree Jackson

Angiosperms

Flowering plants Seeds are protected by

fruit Produce fruits with 1 or

more seeds Fruit—ripened ovary of

flower Fruit aid in seed

dispersal Examples: maple trees,

apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees

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Two types of angiosperms

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Flower Structure

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Plant adaptations to living on land: cuticles—waxy coating

on the outside of plant that prevents water loss

Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light energy for photosynthesis

Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil

By: Desaree Jackson

Plant adaptations

Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage.

spores and seeds—structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out

Xylem- transports water & dissolved substances

Phloem—transports dissolved sugar

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Plant Tissues

Stomata Controls the

exchange of gases

Helps control water loss.

Guard Cells Control the

opening & closing of the stomata

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Flower Structure

Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms

Produce fruit and seeds

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Plant Organs

PetalStructure: leaf like, usually colorful structures at top of stem

Function: attract pollinators

SepalS: leaf like, usually green structure that encircle flower stem below petalF: to protect developing flower

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Plant Organs

PistilS: located at center of flower, top of stemF: female reproductive part

Style—the “stalk” that supports stigmaStigma—top of style; sticky or hairy structure that traps pollen grains

Ovary—enlarged base of pistil; contains one egg

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Petal

Sepal

Receptacle

Peduncle

By: Desaree Jackson

Plant Organs

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Petal

Sepal

Receptacle

Peduncle

Stamen

S: located inside of petalsF: male reproductive part

Anther—top part of stamen, produces pollenFilament—“stalk” that supports anther

Anther

Filament

Stamen

By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 11

Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization (internal/ external) and reproduction (sexual or asexual), body symmetry (asymmetrical, radial, bilateral), body coverings, and locomotion.

By: Desaree Jackson

Distinguish between vertebrates and invertebrates = skeletal structure

Porifera Sponges

Cnidarians Stingers

Platyhelminthes Flatworms

Annelida Segmented Worms

Mollusca Shelled animals

Echinodermata Starfish

By: Desaree Jackson

Vertebrates

Agnatha Sea-lamprey

Chondrichthyes Sharks & rays

Osteoicthyes Bony fish

Amphibia Frogs & toads

Reptilia Turtles, snakes, lizards

Aves Birds

Chordates MammalsBy: Desaree Jackson

Internal vs. External Fertilization

Characteristics of external fertilization include large numbers of eggs/ sperm produced little parental care chance of offspring survival is low,

Internal fertilization few offspring producedmore parental caregreater chance of survival

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Compare asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

Asexual--: only one individual involved in producing offspring

fission, Budding, Regeneration fewer variations produced among offspring animal examples--sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms, worm phyla

Sexual—separate male and female individuals that produce sex cells

sex cells unit to form zygote produce greater variations among offspring Animal examples include most higher invertebrates and vertebrates

By: Desaree Jackson

Compare radial and bilateral symmetry

Radial body parts arranged like spokes of a wheel from a central axis oral and aboral sides; not head or tail ends Animal examples are starfish, jellyfish,

sea anemone Bilateral—body parts arranged in left and right

mirror image halves definite head end and tail end top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) sides Animal examples include flatworms,

roundworms,segmented worms, arthropods, vertebrates

By: Desaree Jackson

Classify animals according to body covering

scales (fish and chrondrichthyes, reptiles)

moist skin (amphibians) feathers (birds)hair (mammals)

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Classify animals according to type of locomotion

fins for swimminglegs for land dwellings animalswings for flight

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Be able to classify animals according to body temperature

Endothermic or warm-blooded/ constant body temperature (birds & mammals) or

Exothermic or cold-blooded/ body temperature near the temperature of their surroundings (all other animals)

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Classify animals according to means of respiration

covered gills = bony fishes;open gills = sharks and rays; gills (young), moist skin, & lungs =

amphibians; lungs =reptiles, birds & mammals

By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 12

Describe protective adaptations of animals, including mimicry, camouflage, beak type, migration, and hibernation.

By: Desaree Jackson

Mimicry

Mimicry is the ability of one species to resemble or copy from another species (mimicking them). Why: It provides protection.

Camouflage is blending in with the surroundings.

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Adaptations

1. These are direct evidence of evolution because they show firsthand the way populations of species have evolved in order to better adapt to their environmentStructural adaptations—claws, beaks, wingsPhysiological adaptations—resistance to

substances after constant exposure

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2. Migration

Immigration: movement of individuals INTO a population

Emigration: movement of individuals OUT of a population

Brings in new genes/alleles through gene flow

Gene flow: process of genes moving from one population to another

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Migration vs. Hibernation

Migration is the instinctive, seasonal movement

Hibernation is when the body processes slow down tremendously (b/c of winter); estivation is the same except animals do this in response to heat (desert temperatures)

By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 13

Trace the flow of energy as it decreases through the trophic levels from producers to the quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.

By: Desaree Jackson

There are different feeding groups of organisms

Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food, like plants and some bacteria

Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food, like

Herbivores: Eat plantsCarnivores: Eat meatOmnivores: Eat plants and meat

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There are different factors is an ecosystem

Abiotic factors are nonliving thingsBiotic factors are living things, such as

Producers: Organisms that take in energy from their surroundings to make their own food

Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms for energy

Decomposers: Special type of consumer that eats waste products and dead organisms for energy

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Food Chains

There are different trophic levels in a food chain A trophic level is a feeding level in an ecosystem A food chain is a lineup of organisms that shows who eats who 1st trophic level is usually a producer 2nd trophic level is a primary consumer 3rd trophic level is a secondary consumer 4th trophic level is a tertiary consumer and so on Last trophic level is a decomposer

Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food So energy is transferred from the 1st to the 2nd to the 3rd trophic

level and so on (but some of this energy does get lost along the way) Energy pyramid: Picture showing how much energy is transferred to

the different trophic levels in a food chain A food web is a network of connected food chains

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Standard 14

Trace biochemical cycles through the environment, including water,

carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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The nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in the atmosphere is taken in by bacteria that live in plant roots

The nitrogen is passed onto the plants and any animals that eat the plants

Once the plant or animal has died, decomposers (bacteria) again take up the nitrogen in the dead material and send it back to the atmosphere

By: Desaree Jackson

The Water Cycle

Precipitation, such as rain and snow, fall to the earth The water either

seeps into the ground for plants to use and the plants give off excess water back to the atmosphere

or runs off the land to lower-lying bodies of water where it evaporates back into the atmosphere

By: Desaree Jackson

The oxygen-carbon cycle

Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is taken in by plants who use it during photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere

Oxygen in the atmosphere is taken in by animals and plants who use it during respiration and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere

By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 15

Identify biomes based on environmental factors and native organisms.

By: Desaree Jackson

Biome Water Temperature Soil Plants Animals

Desert Almost none hot or cold poorsparse - succulents

(like cactus), sage brush

sparse - insects, arachnids,

reptiles and birds (often nocturnal)

Chaparral/Scrub

dry summer, rainy winter

hot summer, cool winter

poor

shrubs, some woodland (like scrub

oak)

drought and fire-adapted animals

Tundra dry coldpermafrost (frozen

soil)lichens and mosses migrating animals

Taiga/Coniferous Forest

adequate cool year-round poor, rocky soil conifers

many mammals, birds, insects,

arachnids, etc.

Temperate Deciduous

Forestadequate

cool season and warm season

fertile soil deciduous trees

many mammals, birds,

reptiles, insects,

arachnids, etc.

Savanna/ Grassland/

Prairie, Steppe, Pampas

wet season, dry season

warm to hot (often with a cold

season)fertile soil

grasses (few or no trees)

many mammals, birds, insects,

arachnids, etc.

Tropical Rain Forest

very wet always warm poor, thin soil many plants many animals

By: Desaree Jackson

Know two aquatic biomes

Marine—oceans and seasFreshwater --creeks, streams, rivers and

lakesKnow rainfall amounts and temperature

rangesKnow native organisms—plants &

animals

By: Desaree Jackson

Standard 16

Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem.

By: Desaree Jackson

Ecosystem

Ecosystem defined as natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical factors (abiotic factors)of the environment.

Abiotic factors include soil, atmosphere, heat and light from the sun, water

Biotic factors include living organisms A population = group of organisms of the same

species that live in a particular area. The number of organisms in a population changes over time

because of the following: births, deaths, immigration,and emigration

By: Desaree Jackson

Limiting Factors

Limiting factors are things that can help populations grow, or others that can slow down and even prevent populations from growing.

Density-dependent factors that limit population growth are food water, light, space, predators, More prey, more predators, as prey decreases, so does the number of predators; Disease (since disease is contagious, greater the population, greater

impact of disease); Parasitism (like diseases, since parasites spread easier in a high-

density host, impact depends on the density Abiotic factors that are density-independent factors

include such things as natural disasters like weather storms, fires, earthquakes, or floods.

Any abiotic factor can have a severe impact on population sizes regardless of density

By: Desaree Jackson