aice: international world history 1945 - 1991 kevin sacerdote mandarin high school jacksonville, fl...
TRANSCRIPT
AICE: International World History 1945 - 1991
Kevin SacerdoteMandarin High School
Jacksonville, FL 32258
Soviet Comintern
Soviet Intentions in the Third World
Source: The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, by Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-70314-7)
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Communist International“Comintern” est. 1919
World-wide Organization Headquartered in Moscow All Worker’s Parties invited to join Lenin: “Bolshevize” all Socialist
Parties The Vehicle through which the
Communists would set off rebellions in the Third World
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Comintern & the Third World The Russian Revolution was a signal It succeeded, and the Bolsheviks promised to help
others By the 1920’s Communist parties were in major Third
World states: China, India, Indonesia, Turkey, and Iran (Foreign “Aid” anyone?)
Imperialism was “an inevitable outgrowth of industrial capitalism in its advanced stages of development” (Keylor, A World of Nations, p. 73)
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Trotsky’s Permanent Revolution Capitalist stage could be very brief before the
proletariat uprising Stalin disagreed, the capitalist stage had to be
“fully-fledged” Stalin backs the Chinese KMT Right Did Stalin really want the Chinese to go through
a real capitalist state before the revolution, or did he fear a unified China of any kind?
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Soviet Communism’s Myth 1917: a worker’s revolution was carried out by
an advanced group that represented the entire proletariat. Advanced is the key, not numbers
But how long had there been a bourgeois state in Russia? Gradual growth since 1905? (full-fledged historical progression?)
Permanent revolution or organizational skills of Lenin’s Bolsheviks?
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Stalin (Vozhd/Boss) and World Revolution
He never completely gave up on Lenin’s faith in “backward countries” being able to make a quick transition, but…
He used the “non-skipping” of historical stages to explain Communist setbacks in the Third World, especially between 1929-1936
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Bolshevization Idea
Backfires in many countries Parties in other countries are
marginalized Often excluded from mainstream
organizations Told to form their own party
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
19th Century Marxism
Concentrates its analysis and predictions on Europe and America
Little energy spent on non-capitalist states Marx saw the world as organized in a
hierarchy of development
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Marx and the Third World Asiatic mode of production: “Semi-
barbarian Societies” Isolated, Peasant-based Connected to a Despotic & Inefficient State Social System led to an “Undignified,
Stagnatory, and Vegetative Life” Imperialism, in this case, was an agent of
progress according to Karl Marx
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Lenin’s Imperialism: The Highest State of Capitalism Circa 1917 The scramble for Africa (1870-1914)
accelerated capitalist decay By 1955, the political situation in Europe
stabilized, and emancipation from European colonial domination was starting to come to an end for many non-white lands in Asia/Africa
Calls for world workers to unite, regardless of what stage they were in
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Mongolia First opportunity the Bolsheviks got to
implement their credo outside its borders The testing ground for much of
communist policy in the Third World Methods of education, cultural work,
collectivization, and antireligious propaganda
Stalin’s Third World Adventures
Turkey, Iran, China, and Korea
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Soviet Foreign Policy
German Attack 1941 Soviet foreign policy is redirected Stalin does not want to anger the USA USSR is afraid of the Allies forming a
separate peace with Germany Separate Peace Treaties would leave the
USSR to fight Germany alone
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Stalin’s Orders to Communist Parties Throughout the World
Do Not antagonize Feels the UK and USA would feud over
the spoils, he is wrong Fears a unified, unipolar capitalist world
under the watch of the USA Wants Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Romania, and Bulgaria as a security belt
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Turkey
Sees no hope for revolution Dominance of Turkish Bourgeois
Nationalism & the USA is watching Would like it for: security, control of the
Black Sea entrance, air and naval bases Not worth the risk
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Iran Soviet’s biggest southern neighbor 1941 Allied agreement, USSR would
occupy Northern Iran, Britain Southern Iran
British help oust the Shah Pahlavi (leaning towards Hitler)
The Shah’s son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaces him
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Iran
Foreign occupation had thrown the door open for new political groups
Tudeh: Led by Communists, it was the largest and best organized
Others such as ethnic minorities: Azeris, Kurds, and Arabs (Iran is Persian) are organizing
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Iran
Additionally, in Qum- Iran’s leading religious center- Ruhollah Khomeini and others call for independence
1943 Majlis Election shows strong support for the liberal and leftists leaders
Examples include: Ahmed Qavam (73 years old) and Mohammad Mossadeq
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Iran Tudeh sends messages to Stalin They want an immediate revolution Stalin strongly disagrees By following Stalin’s “orders” does the
party miss out on the correct timing for revolt?
Stalin wants a piece of the Oil, bases, and does not want to jeopardize his chances
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Iran
Stalin turns to using northern ethnic separatists rather than Iranian Communists to reach his aims
He plans with Soviet Azerbaijan leader Mir Bagirov to organize a movement
Stalin could either work with him for oil, or tell Tehran he’d help put it down for oil concessions
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Iran Elites realize that there was danger with the
USSR, turn to Ahmad Qavam (76 yr. old land owner) to become the Prime Minister
Qavam and the USSR go back and forth and eventually Qavam asks for American assistance
May 1946, the Soviets leave Iran.. no oil deal. By the end of 1946 the shah’s army retook the north
Terrible revenge on the Azeri and Kurdish separatists, Qavam dismissed as PM (Dec. 1947)
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
China Mao, unlike Tudeh, does NOT follow the
detailed instructions of Stalin Mao ignores Stalin’s wish for him to make
peace with the KMT By 1948, KMT armies were now weak, and
were losing the American money and interest 1948-49 Mao prepares to push to Southern
China
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Korea Stalin’s last Third World adventure He reluctantly backs Kim Il Sung Soviet involvement was revenge for the US’
behavior in Germany, Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East and especially the decision to form N.A.T.O.
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Prime Reason for Soviet Involvement in the 3rd World
Under Stalin, Third World Communism had to serve Soviet purposes in the global Cold War
It seems as if Stalin - having started the climb toward “Socialism in One Country” - was deliberately kicking away the ladder for others to follow
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
China 1949-50, Stalin is uncertain about the future of
Mao’s Communism Stalin signs a treaty conducive to Soviet
security, NOT a true alliance between two Communist-run states
Even after the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance (Feb. 14, 1950) Stalin is still not sure about Mao
Stalin’s previous backingof the KMT and this are seeds for the upcoming Sino/Soviet split
Soviet Rediscovery of the Third World
1955 - 1960
Khrushchev and the Politburo’s New Policies
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Khrushchev and the Politburo’s “New” Policies Travel to India, Burma, Beijing, and
Afghanistan No armed intervention Cooperate with the “national
development” of non-socialist countries of the Third World (economic and military)
Enemy was colonialism and imperialism
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
Khrushchev Attacks Stalin
20th Party Congress - 1956 He neglected the Third World Assistance to Worker’s Parties was
necessary The Soviets had
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
1951 - Last known in-depth Stalin statement on 3rd World problems
Indonesia: He criticized the Communist party there, “Indonesia represents a group of islands encircled by seas, and the Indonesian comrades could not lean anywhere” (China had the USSR at their back)
What was his motive for such a statement?
Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)
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