air pollution and health impacts
DESCRIPTION
AACIMP 2009 Summer School lecture by Yoshio Matsuki. "Environmental Externalities of Energy Options - Basics and Applications" course. 4th hour.TRANSCRIPT
Atmospheric Dispersion andDamage Cost
Y. MatsukiAugust 8, 2009 at 14:00
At NTUU “KPI”
How can you calculate the externalities?
How to calculate the monetaryvalue of the health impacts
D= (x)·f(x,C(x,Q))·Uv(x) dximpact of Area
D: damage cost (Euro, US dollars, UAH)(x): population density (person/m2)
f(x,C(x,Q)): Exposure-Response Functioncases/(year.person. g/m3)
Uv(x): unit cost (Euro/cases)C(x,Q): Concentration of the pollution ( g/m3)Q: Emission of the pollution ( g/year)x: Distance from the emission source (m)
Plant
Trypilska Power Station
Trypilska Power Station, Emissionsin 2006
Name of the pollutant Emissions, tons/year
Total 74 605.000
Metals and their compounds 22.087
Total suspended particles(TSP): PM10
21 951.11610 975.560
Nitrogen compounds 11 108.921
Sulfur oxide and other sulfurcompound
40 909.568
Carbon oxide 564.363
Technical characteristics of theTrypilska Power Station
Parameters Value of the parameters
Stack height, m 180
Effective release height,m
700(because of hot air and gas
flow)Diameter of the stack, m 9.6
Flow rate from the stack,m/s 14
Released gastemperature, K 413
Cities around the Typilska powerplant
Name of thecity
Population, persons Down wind distance,km
Prevailed downwind direction
Uzyn 26,434 42,500 SSW, SWObukhiv 32,776 9,500 WSWVasylkiv 39,722 30,750 WBoyarka 35,968 37,500 WNWVyshneve 34,465 37,500 NWKyiv 2,611,327 36,250 NNWBrovary 86,839 29,500 NBoryspil 107,950 28,250 NE,ENERzhyschiv 8,447 29,250 SEKagarlyk 13,757 32,250 SE
Note: The down wind distances were measured from the Power Station to the centers of the cities
Concentration of the pollution( g/m3)C(x,Q): Gaussian Plume Model
Q - h2
C = ---------------- exp [--------]21/2 3/2 ux z 2 z
2
Some hints for Excel
• =SQRT(3.14, 3)• =EXP(-h**2/2*Sigmaz**2)• =POWER(A1;2)• Q in micro gram/sec
Q - h2
C = ---------------- exp [--------]21/2 3/2 ux z 2 z
2
z
Atmospheric Stability
Surface WindSpeed(meter/second)
Day NightIncoming Solar Radiation Thinly
Overcastor clearsky
HeavyCloudStrong Moderate Slight
< 2 A A-B B
2-3 A-B B C E F3-5 B B-C C D E5-6 C C-D D D D> 6 C D D D D
Weather observationDay Wind Speed
(meter/second)Wind DirectionE, ESE, SSE, S…..
Atmospheric Stability(A,B… .F)
Aug 7 1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
Aug 8 0600
0700
0800
0900
2100
0900
Unit cost Uv forLong-term Mortality
Value of 1 YOLL = v = constantv v v
Uv = v + ---- + ----- + ……+ -----1+r (1+r)2 (1+r)N
r = discount rate of one yearN = years of human life
Exposure-Response
• PM10 long-term mortality• 2,60 × 10 -4 g/m3
• (Leksell & Rabl, 2001)
Examples of externality studies
Summary of Cost Estimates in mECU/kWh
Canada France GermanyPub. Occ. Env
.Gw.
Pub.
Occ.
Env. Gw. Pub.
Occ.
Env. Gw.
Coal 2.3 nq 53 nq 0.5 29 8.4Lignite 10.5Oil 69 nq 0.7 16 16.5
NaturalGas
12 nq 0.1 8 3.0
Nuclear
0.01-0.05
2.5 0.07 0 0 3.8
Wind 0.2Hydro
PhotoVoltaic
2.7
Pub. public impactsOcc. occupational impactsEnv. Environmental (buildings, crops, ecosystems,…), excluding global warmingGw. Global warmingnr not reportednq not quantified
Summaryof Cost Estimates in mECU/kWh (continued)Greece US Russia
Pub. Occ. Env. Gw. Pub.
Occ.
Env.
Gw.
Pub.
Occ.
Env.
Gw.
Coal 0.521.1
nr
Lignite 20 0.30 0.66 38Oil 10 0.17 0.95 21 0.15
0.21nr
NaturalGas
2.4 0.17 0.66 5.8 0.011
nr
Nuclear
0.170.26
0.4- 4
Wind 0.84 0.09 1.2 0.2Hydro 1.2 3.8 0 0.14PhotoVoltaic
Pub. public impactsOcc. occupational impactsEnv. Environmental (buildings, crops, ecosystems,…), excluding global warmingGw. Global warmingnr not reportednq not quantified
Germany 1997Damages of fossil fuel cycles
Damages of nuclear fuel cycle
External costs of PV cycle
External costs of wind fuel cycle
Damages of biomass fuel cycle
Biomass 2
Biomass 3
External costs for electricity production inthe EU (in EUR-cent per kWh) 2002
AUT: Austria, BE: Belgium, DE: Germany, DK: Denmark, ES: Spain ,FI: Finland, FR: France, GR: Greece, IE: Ireland, IT: Italy, NL: Norway,NO: Netherlands, PT: Portugal, SE: Sweden, UK: United Kingdom
Monetary values used foreconomic valuation
Results of the coal fuel cyclebefore NewExt [€-Cent/kWh]
Results of the oil fuel cyclebefore NewExt [€-Cent/kWh]
Results of the gas fuel cyclebefore NewExt [€-Cent/kWh]
• DENOX NOx removal system• FGD Flue Gas Desulfurization• SCR Selective catalytic reduction
Conclusions• Externalities of energy generation systems are
proven to be significant.• There is a developed methodology to calculate
energy externalities, with transparent andverifiable step by step approach.
• Regarding some additional externalities inUkraine (on energy security, coal power, people’sperception upon the catastrophic accident), thenecessity to calculate and include them intothe price of electricity is very strong.