1

Air Quality and Noise Air Quality and Noise Management Management

Kessinee Unapumnuk, PhD.Kessinee Unapumnuk, PhD. ppAir Quality and Noise Management BureauAir Quality and Noise Management Bureau

Pollution Control DepartmentPollution Control Department

Sources of Air PollutionSources of Air Pollution

Stationary sources/ PStationary sources/ Point sourcesoint sources

Mobile sources/ Line sourcesMobile sources/ Line sources

Area sourcesArea sources

2

Sources of Air Pollution in BangkokSources of Air Pollution in Bangkok

17.036.3

23.2

0.112.6

0 8

2.6

80%

100%

53.9

75.4 80.486.6

9.8

1.4

95.8

36 3 0.8

20%

40%

60%

80%

4.1

0%

20%

PM CO NOx SO2 HCMobile Stationary Area

Estimation of PMEstimation of PM1010 from Mobile source in from Mobile source in 20002000

รถบรรทกขนาดกลาง

31%

23%

10% 5% 1%

รถบรรทกุขนาดกลาง

รถโดยสารประจําทาง

รถบรรทกุในเมอืง

รถจกัรยานยนต์

30%

23%รถโดยสารระหว่างจงัหวดั/รถบรรทกุ

รถยนตส่์วนบุคคล

3

Air Pollution IssueAir Pollution Issue

Public annoyance or impacting public healthPublic annoyance or impacting public healthPublic annoyance or impacting public healthPublic annoyance or impacting public health

Levels of the problem are defined byLevels of the problem are defined by

Type of pollutantsType of pollutants

Concentration of pollutantsConcentration of pollutants

Exposure timeExposure time

WhyWhy??air pollution must be controlledair pollution must be controlled

Its impact on human healthIts impact on human health

Acute effectAcute effect

Chronic effectChronic effect

Its impact on crops/vegetationIts impact on crops/vegetation

Its impact on materials/buildingsIts impact on materials/buildings

4

Sizes of particulate mattersSizes of particulate matters

PM 7 - 11 micron

Health Impact

PM 4.7 - 7 micron

PM 3.3- 4.7 micron

PM < 2.5 micron

5

Overall PolicyOverall Policy

Control and reduction of emissions Control and reduction of emissions Control and reduction of emissions Control and reduction of emissions from key sources, i.e. from key sources, i.e. OnOn--road road vehicles, industry, construction, and vehicles, industry, construction, and field open burningfield open burningManagement of areaManagement of area wise air pollution wise air pollution Management of areaManagement of area--wise air pollution wise air pollution taking the concept of carrying/ taking the concept of carrying/ assimilating capacityassimilating capacity

Enhance capacity of local environmental agency Enhance capacity of local environmental agency

Overall PolicyOverall Policy ((continuedcontinued))

p y g yp y g yin monitoring environmental quality and status of in monitoring environmental quality and status of emission sourcesemission sources

Development and update the emission database Development and update the emission database in critical areain critical area

สง่เสรมิการใชเ้ทคโนโลยสีะอาดและเชือ้เพลงิสะอาด สง่เสรมิการใชเ้ทคโนโลยสีะอาดและเชือ้เพลงิสะอาด

6

Enhance annual vehicle inspection Enhance annual vehicle inspection

Overall PolicyOverall Policy ((continuedcontinued))

Enhance annual vehicle inspection Enhance annual vehicle inspection programmeprogrammeEnhance public participation in air Enhance public participation in air pollution managementpollution managementImplement measures for controlling Implement measures for controlling p gp gopen burning and developing the open burning and developing the monitoring and early warning system monitoring and early warning system for air pollution and haze forecastfor air pollution and haze forecast

IndustrialIndustrialUrbanUrban AgriculturalAgricultural

Focused areaFocused area

Bangkok,Bangkok,Samutprakarn,Samutprakarn,Nonthaburi,Nonthaburi,KhonkaenKhonkaen

SamutprakarnSamutprakarn, , Chonburi, Rayong,Chonburi, Rayong, Ayutthaya, Lumphun,Ayutthaya, Lumphun,Samutsakorn, Samutsakorn, Chachernsao,Chachernsao,

Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Lampang, Ayutthaya, Lopburi, Ayutthaya, Lopburi, Chainat, Bhijit, Chainat, Bhijit, Phitsanuloke, Phitsanuloke, Khonkaen,Khonkaen,

Korat, Phuket,Korat, Phuket,Songkhla,Songkhla, andandChiang MaiChiang Mai

PathumthaniPathumthani Rock mining and Rock mining and cement industry in cement industry in Saraburi, Ratchaburi,Saraburi, Ratchaburi,Kanchanaburi, Kanchanaburi, Chonburi, SuphanburiChonburi, Suphanburi

Kampangpetch,Kampangpetch,Nakornsawan, Nakornsawan, Khonkaen, Korat, Khonkaen, Korat, Srakaew, Srakaew, Suphanburi, and Suphanburi, and KanchanaburiKanchanaburi

7

VehiclesVehicles“ “ High Quality New vehicles High Quality New vehicles High Quality New vehicles, High Quality New vehicles,

proper maintenance, clean fuelproper maintenance, clean fuel ””

Measures for prevention and Measures for prevention and mitigation of Automotive Emissionmitigation of Automotive Emission

Preventive measurePreventive measure

Control measureControl measure

Oth dditi l Oth dditi l Other additional Other additional measuresmeasures

ควนัพิษจากรถโดยสารร่วมบริการ ขสมก.

8

Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures

Stringent emission standards for new vehiclesStringent emission standards for new vehicles

Emission standards for inEmission standards for in--use vehiclesuse vehicles

Specify improvement of fuel qualitySpecify improvement of fuel quality

Control MeasuresControl Measures

•• Improvement of mass transportationImprovement of mass transportationImprovement of mass transportationImprovement of mass transportation•• Inspection and FineInspection and Fine•• Inspection service to coInspection service to co--service private service private

buses and Civil Service vehiclesbuses and Civil Service vehicles•• New buses engine must comply toNew buses engine must comply to

EURO EURO 2 2 t d dt d dEURO EURO 2 2 standardstandard•• Promotion of lowPromotion of low--pollution vehiclespollution vehicles•• Annual vehicle inspection prior to Annual vehicle inspection prior to

renewal registrationrenewal registration

9

การตรวจสอบ/ตรวจจบั ตรวจวดัมลพิษรถร่วมบริการ

ตรวจวดัรถราชการ รถ EURO 2

Other additional measuresOther additional measures11. Alternative fuel. Alternative fuel

Dual and BiDual and Bi-- Fuel System Fuel System Dual and BiDual and Bi Fuel System Fuel System

Compressed Natural GasCompressed Natural Gas ((CNGCNG)) for Buses and Taxifor Buses and Taxi

Demonstration of Electric vehiclesDemonstration of Electric vehicles

Liquid Petroleum GasLiquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) for Tuk(LPG) for Tuk--Tuk Tuk

22. Inspection and Maintenance of public buses. Inspection and Maintenance of public buses

33. Emission Clinic Programme. Emission Clinic Programme

44. Public relation and promotion. Public relation and promotion

10

IndustryIndustry

““Legal MeasuresLegal Measures Clean Technology Clean Technology ““Legal Measures,Legal Measures, Clean Technology, Clean Technology, AreaArea--wise Pollution Managementwise Pollution Management””

Industrial Air Pollution ManagementIndustrial Air Pollution Management

PreventionPrevention Command/control Command/control

and monitoringand monitoring Other measuresOther measures

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PreventionPreventionSelection of Industrial LocationSelection of Industrial Location

Specifying Particular Industrial AreaSpecifying Particular Industrial Area

Report of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Report of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Promote Clean technology (Pollution Prevention, PPromote Clean technology (Pollution Prevention, P22) )

Control Fuel Quality Control Fuel Quality // Clean Fuel Clean Fuel Control Fuel Quality Control Fuel Quality // Clean Fuel Clean Fuel

Energy Conservation or Energy EfficiencyEnergy Conservation or Energy Efficiency

Emission Standards from Industrial StacksEmission Standards from Industrial Stacks

Command/Control and MonitoringCommand/Control and Monitoring

Control Standards from Dispersive Emission SourcesControl Standards from Dispersive Emission Sources

Installation of Emission Reduction/ControlInstallation of Emission Reduction/Control

Emission stack sampling and production monitorEmission stack sampling and production monitor

I t llti f C ti E i i M it i S tI t llti f C ti E i i M it i S t Installtion of Continuous Emission Monitoring SystemInstalltion of Continuous Emission Monitoring System

Investigation of Public Appealing CasesInvestigation of Public Appealing Cases

12

Other measures

Public relation and participation of stake holdersPublic relation and participation of stake holdersPublic relation and participation of stake holdersPublic relation and participation of stake holders

Providing information on air quality through mediaProviding information on air quality through media

Social measures e.g. awards / certificatesSocial measures e.g. awards / certificates

Economic measures e.g. emission charge, emission fee, Economic measures e.g. emission charge, emission fee, emission taxemission tax

Open Burning Control MeasuresOpen Burning Control Measures

“ “ Proper Waste Management,Proper Waste Management, No RoadNo Road--side Burning, Noside Burning, No--burning agricultural burning agricultural technology, No forest burning / firetechnology, No forest burning / fire””

13

Policy for Open Burning Control

ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze

National Master Plan on Open Burning Control

Action Plan following the National Master Plan (2004 - 2008)

Implementation Programme following the NationalMaster Plan on Open Burning Control

Strategy I.Ratified ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze

Strategies

• Determine responsible agencies for implementation following the ASEAN agreement• Constructing haze monitoring system• Control ignition factors on ground and forest fire• Preparation of the joint implementation with other ASEAN countries• Issue the National Emergency Plan• Support and collaboration on Scientific Research and Technology on the related issues

14

Strategy II. Management of Agricultural Residue

• Promotion and Support Agricultural Technology for reduction of open

Strategies• Promotion and Support Agricultural Technology for reduction of open burning• Enable applications of agricultural residue to replace burning practice• Support of research on application of agricultural residue• Publish Guideline on the Management of Agricultural Residue Application

Strategy III.Community Waste Management

• Improve Waste Management System into Full Cycle

Strategies

• Promote Suitable Technologies for Waste Management and 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle)• Improve Law and Regulation• Promote Public Participation• Determine Action Plan in the Local Administrative Levels

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Strategy IV.Forest Fire Management

• Prevention of Forest FireStrategies

• Detection of Forest Fire• Extinguish of Forest Fire• Restoration of Forest after Fire

Strategy V. Promotion of Recyclable Energy

Strategies

• Promotion of Electricity Generation using Recyclable Energy• Use Recyclable Energy as Fuel• Economical Measures• Promote Participation “Trilateral”• Promote Participation Trilateral

16

Strategy VI.Promotion and Public Relation

Strategies

• Public Relation Mechanism for raising awareness of Public Relation Mechanism for raising awareness of all stakeholders to the significance of open burning control and participation in pollution reduction• Issue Guidelines and Rules for Controlling Open Burning

Strategy VII.Law Enforcement

Strategies

• Amendment of Law and Regulation including the RelatedGovernmental Practices for Enabling of Open Burning Control

Regulations for Local Authorities

Regulations for CentralAuthorities General Law

••Public Health Act B.E.Public Health Act B.E. 2535 2535

DecreeDecree 26 26 Local Local authoritiescan issue authoritiescan issue

d f t i thd f t i th

•• Forestry Act B.E. Forestry Act B.E. 24842484 มาตรา มาตรา

5454

•• Forest Sanctuary Act B.E.Forest Sanctuary Act B.E.

•• Criminal LawCriminal Law

มาตรา มาตรา 220220

•• Commercial LawCommercial Law

commands for stopping the commands for stopping the cause of annoyance plus cause of annoyance plus DecreeDecree 9696

•• Fire Prevention Act B.E.Fire Prevention Act B.E. 2542 2542 ใหเ้จา้พนักงานทอ้งถินมีอาํนาจในการใหเ้จา้พนักงานทอ้งถินมีอาํนาจในการ

ให้ให้

คาํแนะนาํเจา้ของหรือผูค้รอบครองอาคาร คาํแนะนาํเจา้ของหรือผูค้รอบครองอาคาร

สถานที หรือสิงทีทาํใหเ้กิดอคัคีภยัสถานที หรือสิงทีทาํใหเ้กิดอคัคีภยั ปรบัปรงปรบัปรง

25072507 มาตรา มาตรา 1414

•• National Park Act B.E.National Park Act B.E.2504 2504

มาตรา มาตรา 1616

•• Wildlife Sanctuary Act Wildlife Sanctuary Act B.E.B.E. 25352535 มาตรา มาตรา 3838

•• The The 4 4 Acts jointly control Acts jointly control any cutting, clearing, any cutting, clearing,

มาตรา มาตรา 420420

เพิมประสิทธิภาพ

การบงัคบัใชก้ฎหมาย

เกียวกบัการควบคุม

การเผาทีมีอยูเ่ดิม

17

ข้อปฏิบติัตนเบือ้งต้นในภาวะมลพิษหมอกควนั

• หลีกเลียงการอยู่ภายนอกอาคารเป็นเวลานาน และงดการออกกาํลงักายนอกอาคาร• ปิดประตหูน้าต่างไม่ให้ฝุ่ นละอองเข้าบา้น• เดก็ ผูป่้วยโรคทางเดินหายใจ หอบ หืด และผูส้งูอาย ุควรอยู่ในบา้นหรือในอาคาร และหลีกเลียงการเดินทางในสภาวะอากาศทีมีฝุ่ นละอองสงู• หากต้องอยู่ในสภาพทีมีฝุ่ นละอองหนาทึบ ให้ใช้ผา้ชบุน้ําปิดจมกู หรือสวมหน้ากากกรองฝุ่ น• งดการรองน้ําฝนไว้ใช้อปุโภคบริโภคชวัคราว• หากมีอาการผิดปกติของระบบทางเดินหายใจ ควรรีบไปพบแพทย์• ติดตามรบัฟังข่าวสารจากทางราชการ

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

RegionRegion Air Quality Air Quality

PCD’s Station

StationsStations

NorthNorthNN--Eastern Eastern CentralCentralEastEastSouthSouth

662232328855

Total = 53Total = 53

18

11. Ambient air quality monitoring station. Ambient air quality monitoring station

• 53 Automated ambient air quality monitoring stationsquality monitoring stations

•Pollutants are:•CO•SO2,•NO,NO2, NOx,• O• O3, •THC, CH4, NMHC •PM10•PM2.5

Instruments

PMPM1010 InstrumentInstrument

Analyzers

19

PM10’s inlet

Equipment on the roof of stationEquipment on the roof of station

Sampling probe

22. Meteorological monitoring network . Meteorological monitoring network

RegionRegion Meteorological Meteorological 100100--meter mastsmeter masts

North (Chiang mai)North (Chiang mai)Northeast (Khon kaen)Northeast (Khon kaen)Central (Bangkok)Central (Bangkok)East (Ra yong)East (Ra yong)South (Song khla)South (Song khla)

1111111111

Total = 5 Total = 5

2.1) 100-meter meteorological masts2.2) Meteorological masts at Stations – 10 or 30 m.

20

Height Above Height Above Ground (meters)Ground (meters)

Parameters MeasuredParameters Measured

22 Solar radiation, Net radiation, Solar radiation, Net radiation, B t i dB t i d

Parameters Measured at Different Heights

Barometric pressure, and Barometric pressure, and PrecipitationPrecipitation

1010 Wind speed, 3Wind speed, 3--dimensional wind dimensional wind direction, Temperature, and Relative direction, Temperature, and Relative humidityhumidity

5050 Wind speed 3Wind speed 3--dimensional winddimensional wind5050 Wind speed, 3Wind speed, 3--dimensional wind dimensional wind direction, Temperature, and Relative direction, Temperature, and Relative humidityhumidity

100100 Wind speed, 3Wind speed, 3--dimensional wind dimensional wind direction, Temperature, and Relative direction, Temperature, and Relative humidityhumidity

Parameters: (Parameters: (10 10 or or 30 30 meters)meters)Wind (speed & direction)Wind (speed & direction)Temperature Temperature Radiation (solar & net)Radiation (solar & net)Radiation (solar & net)Radiation (solar & net)Humidity, Precipitation, Humidity, Precipitation, PressurePressure

Wind speed & wind direction

21

Temperature & Pressure

Net Radiation

Rain Gage

RegionRegion ProvinceProvince No. of StationsNo. of Stations No. of 100No. of 100--m. met. mastsm. met. masts

Central RegionCentral Region(32 stations)(32 stations)

BangkokBangkokSamut PrakarnSamut PrakarnPathum ThaniPathum ThaniNontha BuriNontha BuriAyut ThayaAyut ThayaSara BuriSara BuriRatcha BuriRatcha Buri

1717551122112211

11

Spatial Distribution of Air Quality Monitoring Stations & 100-meter Met. Masts

Ratcha BuriRatcha BuriSamut SakhornSamut SakhornNakhon SawanNakhon Sawan

112211

Northern RegionNorthern Region(6 stations)(6 stations)

Chiang MaiChiang MaiLam PangLam Pang

2244

11

North Eastern North Eastern Region Region

(2 stations)(2 stations)

Khon KaenKhon KaenNakhornNakhornRatchasimaRatchasima

1111

11

Eastern RegionEastern Region Chon BuriChon Buri 33 11gg(8 stations)(8 stations) Ra YongRa Yong

Cha Choeng Cha Choeng SaoSao

4411

Southern RegionSouthern Region(5 stations)(5 stations)

Surat ThaniSurat ThaniPhu KetPhu KetSong KhlaSong KhlaYa LaYa LaNara ThiwatNara Thiwat

1111111111

11

TotalTotal 5353 55

22

Wind Speed, Wind Direction

TEMP, RH,Rain

Solar &Net di i

Modem

Local Telephone Service

The central processing computerfor data storage and analysis

radiation

SO2 Analyzer

O3 Analyzer

NOx Analyzer

CO Analyzer

PM10 Analyzer

Data Logger

Modem

PM10 Analyzer

PM2.5 Analyzer

Calibrator

REMOTE STATION

Extended File Storage

Diagram of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station and Data Transmission System

PCD central processing computer for data storage and analysisPCD central processing computer for data storage and analysis

23

7 7 mobile ambient air quality monitoring mobile ambient air quality monitoring units for air pollution episodes and other units for air pollution episodes and other special air quality pollution studiesspecial air quality pollution studies

Wet & Dry deposition monitoringat Vachiralongkorn dam site

33. Monitoring of PM. Monitoring of PM22..55 MicronsMicrons

PCD is in the process of establishing ambient air PCD is in the process of establishing ambient air quality standard for PMquality standard for PM22..55

Background information is being collected for theBackground information is being collected for theBackground information is being collected for the Background information is being collected for the consideration of standard levelconsideration of standard level

24

44. Bangkok’s Air Quality Monitoring Program. Bangkok’s Air Quality Monitoring Program

44..1 1 General Ambient Air Quality MonitoringGeneral Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Automated ambient air quality monitoring stationsAutomated ambient air quality monitoring stationsConsist of Consist of 10 10 stationsstationsAir pollutant measured: Air pollutant measured: pp

CO, TSP, PMCO, TSP, PM1010, NO, NOxx, O, O33, SO, SO22, HC, Pb, HC, Pb

1010--meter meteorological masts measuring :meter meteorological masts measuring :Wind Speed,Wind Speed,Wind Direction, Wind Direction, TemperatureTemperatureTemperature, Temperature, Relative Humidity, Relative Humidity, Solar Radiation, Solar Radiation, Net Radiation, Net Radiation, Rain, PressureRain, Pressure

25

44..2 2 Curbside StreetCurbside Street--Level Ambient Air Quality MoniLevel Ambient Air Quality MoniLongLong--Term Continuous Curbside Ambient Air Quality Term Continuous Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Monitoring

Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations ((77 i ) CO TSP PMi ) CO TSP PM PMPM NONO OO SOSO HC PbHC Pb((7 7 stations): CO, TSP, PMstations): CO, TSP, PM1010, PM, PM22..55, NO, NOxx, O, O33, SO, SO22, HC, Pb, HC, Pb

1010--meter meteorological masts measuring: meter meteorological masts measuring:

WS, WD, TEMP, SOLAR RAD, NET RAD, Rain, RH, WS, WD, TEMP, SOLAR RAD, NET RAD, Rain, RH, PressurePressure

SortSort--Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality MonitoringMonitoring

Air pollutant measured: CO, TSP, PMAir pollutant measured: CO, TSP, PM1010, Pb, Pb

Approximated Approximated 15 15 most congested streets in BKKmost congested streets in BKK

Sampling period: ~Sampling period: ~2 2 week at each streetweek at each street

Data are collected manuallyData are collected manually

ShortShort--Term Temporary Curbside Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring In BangkokAmbient Air Quality Monitoring In Bangkok

High Volume Air Samplers for TSP & PM10

26

55. Display Boards. Display BoardsPublic information about air quality Public information about air quality To instantaneously display air quality data to the publicTo instantaneously display air quality data to the publicy p y q y py p y q y p9 9 display boardsdisplay boards

Bangkok : Bangkok : 4 4 Chiang Mai : Chiang Mai : 11Sara Buri : Sara Buri : 11Ya La : Ya La : 11Nara Thiwat :Nara Thiwat : 11Nara Thiwat : Nara Thiwat : 1 1 Samut Phrakran : Samut Phrakran : 1 1

Air Quality Index (AQI) ’s Today

Reference: Guideline for reporting of daily air quality–Air Quality Index (AQI). 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix G.

Display Board at Chiang MaiChiang MaiDisplay Board at Chiang MaiChiang Mai

27

Air Quality Index (AQI)

28

Air Quality Info through Media

• www.aqnis.pcd.go.th/ www.pcd.go.th

• Bangkok Post

• Display Boards at 3 BMR sites (Intersections: Taksin, Wittayu, Lamsalee)

Bangkok Daily AQI

• BTS (skytrain) stations

• Public Relation Department Radio

Public RelationPublic Relation

29

National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Ambient Air Quality Standards 19951995

PollutantsPollutantsStandards Standards

11--hrhr 88--hrhr 2424--

hr hr 11--month month 11--year year Measurement MethodsMeasurement Methods

NN Di i I f dDi i I f dCOCO (ppm)(ppm) 3030 99 -- -- -- NonNon--Dispersive InfraredDispersive Infrared DetectionDetection

NONO22 (ppm)(ppm) 00..1717 -- -- -- -- ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence

SOSO2 2 (ppm)(ppm) 00..33 -- 00..1212 -- 00..0404PararosanilinePararosaniline//Ultraviolet FluorescenceUltraviolet Fluorescence ((20032003))

TSP (mg/mTSP (mg/m33)) -- -- 00..3333 -- 00..11 GravimetricGravimetric

GravimetricGravimetric/ B t R / T d El t/ B t R / T d El t

PMPM10 10 (mg/m(mg/m33)) -- -- 00..1212 -- 00..0505/ Beta Ray/ Tapered Element / Beta Ray/ Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Oscillating Microbalance ( TEOM) /( TEOM) /DichotomousDichotomous ((20032003))

OO3 3 (ppm)(ppm) 00..1100..0707

((20072007))-- -- --

ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence/Ultraviolet Absorption /Ultraviolet Absorption PhotometryPhotometry ((20032003))

PbPb (mg/m(mg/m33)) -- -- -- 00..00150015 -- Atomic Absorption Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometerSpectrophotometer

Air Pollution SituationAir Pollution Situation

Most of major air pollutants (NOMost of major air pollutants (NO22, SO, SO22, , b) l hb) l hCO, Pb) are now in compliance with CO, Pb) are now in compliance with

Nation Ambient Air Quality StandardsNation Ambient Air Quality StandardsMost serious air pollutants are particulate Most serious air pollutants are particulate matter and ozonematter and ozoneMajor sources are automobiles, industries, Major sources are automobiles, industries, and openand open--burningburning

30

Ambient Air Quality BKK Ambient Air Quality BKK 20072007

Pollutants range 95 Percentile Stdexceed Std/

monitoring time (%)Annual

avg

TSP avg 24 hr (mg/m3) 0.02-0.43 0.18 0.33 2/473 (0.42) 0.09

PM10 avg 24 hr (ug/m3) 10.8-188.9 90.6 120 22/1,957 (1.1) 46.6

Pb avg 1 month (ug/m3) 0.01-0.28 0.17 1.5 0/119 (0.0) 0.07

CO avg 1hr (ppm) 0.0-6.4 1.7 30 0/79,818 (0.0) 0.7

CO avg 8 hr (ppm) 0 0-4 9 1 6 9 0/82 712 (0 0) 0 7CO avg 8 hr (ppm) 0.0-4.9 1.6 9 0/82,712 (0.0) 0.7

O3 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-186.0 56.0 100 133/58,411 (0.2) 17.2

SO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-43.0 10.0 300 0/75,757 (0) 4.1

SO2 avg 24 hr (ppb) 0.0-16.2 8.7 120 0/2,995 (0) 4.1

NO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-148.0 52.0 170 0/77,014 (0) 21.7

Ambient Air Quality BKK Road Side Ambient Air Quality BKK Road Side 20072007

Pollutants range 95 Percentile Stdexceed Std/

monitoring time (%)

Annual avg

TSP avg 24 hr (mg/m3) 0.03-0.76 0.31 0.33 26/619 (4.2) 0.15

PM10 avg 24 hr (ug/m3) 9.8-242.7 118.1 120 92/1,970 (4.7) 60.9 Pb avg 1 month (ug/m3) 0.02-0.19 0.13 1.5 0/104 (0.0) 0.07

CO avg 1hr (ppm) 0.0-16.3 3.4 30 0/62,091(0.0) 1.4

CO avg 8 hr (ppm) 0.0-9.4 3.0 9 9/62,364 (0.01) 1.4

O3 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-102.0 39.0 100 1/24,561 (0.004) 11.6

SO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-42.0 12.0 300 0/24,359 (0.0) 5.3

SO2 avg 24 hr (ppb) 0.0-19.0 9.6 120 0/1,014 (0.0) 5.3

NO2 avg 1 hr (ppb) 0.0-150.0 68.0 170 0/24,586 (0.0) 31.4

31

Pb annual average BKK Pb annual average BKK 1986 1986 -- 20072007

2.5

Road side General area

1.0

1.5

2.0

ual a

vera

ge (u

g/m

3)

0.0

0.5

1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Pb a

nn

CO annual average BKK CO annual average BKK 1992 1992 -- 20072007

4.5

Road side General area

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

nual

ave

rage

(ppm

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

CO a

n

32

NONO22 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1997 1997 -- 20072007

45.0

Road side General area

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

nnua

l ave

rage

(ppb

)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

NO2 a

n

SOSO22 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1997 1997 -- 20072007

14.0

Road side General area

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

nnua

l ave

rage

(ppb

)

0.0

2.0

4.0

1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

SO2 a

n

33

TSP annual average BKK TSP annual average BKK 19861986--20072007

0.6

Road side General area

0.3

0.4

0.5

nual

ave

rage

(mg/

m3)

0.0

0.1

0.2

1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

TSP

ann

Std 0.10 mg/m3

PMPM1010 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1992 1992 -- 20072007

100.0

Road side General area

30 040.050.060.070.080.090.0

nnua

l ave

rage

(ug/

m3)

Std 50 ug/m3

0.010.020.030.0

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

PM10

an

34

OO33 annual average BKK annual average BKK 1996 1996 -- 20072007

20.0

Road side General area

8.010.0

12.014.0

16.018.0

nual

ave

rage

(ppb

)

0.02.0

4.06.0

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

O 3 a

nn

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