akhlesh lakhtakia department of engineering science and mechanics pennsylvania state university...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Akhlesh Lakhtakia
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
Pennsylvania State University
April 3, 2008
Division of Business
Iowa Wesleyan College
Mt. Pleasant, IA
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
![Page 2: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
![Page 3: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
![Page 4: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Nanotechnology
![Page 5: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks Office (2006):
“Nanotechnology is related to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or
macromolecular levels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range in at least one
dimension; that provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale; and
to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of
their small and/or intermediate size.”
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 6: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nanotech Economy
Total worldwide R&D funding = $ 9.6B in 2005
Governments (2005): $4.6B
Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B
Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B
Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 7: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nanotech Economy: Scope
Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 8: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nanotechnology
promises to be
• pervasive
• ubiquitous
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 9: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nanotechnology & Life
Source:
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 10: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia
Significant Attributes
Large surface area per unit volume
Quantum effects
![Page 11: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia Dimensionality
1 D
Ultrathin coatings
2 D
Nanowires and nanotubes
3 D
Nanoparticles
![Page 12: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 13: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 14: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 15: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia Nanomaterials
Lots of potential applications
Unreliable production
![Page 16: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Integrated Electronics and Optoelectronics
Many opportunities:
- memory cell ~ 90 nm (2004)
~ 22 nm (2016)
- plastic electronics
- biosensors, chemical sensors
- structural health monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 17: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine
Many opportunities:
- targeted drug delivery
- in vivo molecular imaging
- antimicrobial agents
- tissues and scaffolds
- “smart” health monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 18: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia Metrology
Extremely important
Requires standardization
Not much research expenditure incurred so far, but increasing
![Page 19: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Industrial Applications
• Nothing revolutionary, as of now!
• Significant challenges: from laboratory to mass manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 20: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Desirable Features for Industrial Application
• Cost-effectiveness
• Waste reduction
• Lifecycle (cradle-to-grave) environmental auditing
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 21: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Metamaterials
![Page 22: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
J.B.S. Haldane
The Creator, if he exists, has ...
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 23: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
… an inordinate fondness for beetles.
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 24: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Engineers
have had an inordinate fondness
for
composite materials
all through the ages
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 25: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Evolution of Materials Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 26: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Evolution of Materials Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 27: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Evolution of Materials Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 28: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 29: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
![Page 30: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
![Page 31: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)
![Page 32: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)
![Page 33: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation; more humid cabin)
Future: Conducting & other fibers for
(i) reinforcement
(ii) antennas
(iii) environmental sensing
(iv) structural health monitoring
(iv) morphing
![Page 34: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Metamaterials
Rodger Walser
SPIE Press (2003)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 35: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Walser’s Definition (2001/2)
• macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 36: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
“Updated” Definition
composites designed to produce an optimized combination of two or
more responses to specific excitation
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 37: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cellularity
![Page 38: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
Cellularity Multifunctionality
![Page 39: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
Cellularity Multifunctionality
Morphology Performance
![Page 40: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Component:
Simple action
Assembly of components:
Complex action
Multi-component system = Assembly of different components
![Page 41: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Energy storage cell
Energy distributor cell
Chemisensor cell
Force-sensor cell
RFcomm cellShape-changer cell
Energy harvesting cell
IRcomm cellLight-source cell
![Page 42: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Supercell
![Page 43: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Periodic Arrangement of Supercells Fractal Arrangement of Supercells
Functionally Graded Arrangement of Supercells
![Page 44: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Biomimesis
![Page 45: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Biomimesis
![Page 46: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
1. Self-assembly
2. Positional assembly
3. Lithography
4. Etching
5. Ink-jet printing
6. ….
7. ….
8. Hybrid techniques
![Page 47: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
1. Self-assembly
2. Positional assembly
3. Lithography
4. Etching
5. Ink-jet printing
6. ….
7. ….
8. Hybrid techniques
![Page 48: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
•Sculptured Thin Films
![Page 49: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 50: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Morphological
Change
Sculptured Thin FilmsA. Lakhtakia
![Page 51: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Sculptured Thin Films
Morphology
changes
in 3-5 nm
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 52: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
2-D morphologies
3-D morphologies
vertical sectioning
Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)
Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 53: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Sculptured Thin Films
Antecedents:
(i) Young and Kowal - 1959
(ii) Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966
(iii) Motohiro & Taga - 1989
Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)
Optical applications (1992-1995)
Biological applications (2003-)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 54: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Sculptured Thin Films
(i) Penn State
(ii) Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
(iii) Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
(iv) Millersville University
(v) Rensselaer Polytechnic University
(vi) University of Toledo
(vii) University of Georgia
(viii) University of South Carolina
(ix) University of Nebraska at Lincoln
(x) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(xi) University of Alberta
(xii) Queen’s University
(xiii) University of Moncton
(xiv) National Autonomous University of Mexico
(xv) Imperial College, London
(xvi) University of Glasgow
(xvii) University of Edinburgh
(xviii) University of Leipzig
(xix) Toyota R&D Labs
(xx) Kyoto University
(xxi) National Taipei University of Technology
(xxii) Hanyang University
(xxiii) University of Otago
(xxiv) University of Canterbury
(xxv) Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Research Groups
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 55: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Physical Vapor Deposition
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 56: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Sculptured Thin FilmsOptical Devices: Polarization Filters
Bragg Filters
Ultranarrowband Filters
Fluid Concentration Sensors
Bacterial Sensors
Biomedical Applications: Tissue Scaffolds
Surgical Cover Sheets
Other Applications: Photocatalysis (Toyota)
Thermal Barriers (Alberta)
Energy Harvesting (Penn State,
Toledo)
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 57: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Optics of Chiral STFs
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 58: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg Phenomenon
![Page 59: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Chiral STF as CP FilterA. Lakhtakia
![Page 60: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Spectral Hole FilterA. Lakhtakia
![Page 61: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Fluid Concentration Sensor
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 62: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
LIGHT EMITTERS
• Luminophores inserted in a chiral STF
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 63: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
LIGHT EMITTERS
• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two
left-handed chiral STFs
Zhang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 023102.
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 64: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Polymeric STFs
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 65: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
Pursel et al., Polymer 46 (2005) 9544.
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 66: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
Nanoscale
Morphology
Ciliary Structure
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 67: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
BIOSCAFFOLDSA. Lakhtakia
![Page 68: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
BIOSCAFFOLDS
Lakhtakia et al., Adv. Solid State Phys. 46 (2008) 295.
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 69: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
BIOSCAFFOLDS
Demirel et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res, B 81 (2007) 219.
Fibroblast Cells: Red stain
72 hours after seeding
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 70: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Applications of Parylene STFs
• Cell-culture substrates• Coatings for prostheses (e.g. stents)• Coatings for surgical equipment (e.g., catheters)• Biosensors• Tissue engineering for controlled drug release
Volumetric functionalization
Optical monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 71: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
STFs WITH TRANSVERSEARCHITECTURE
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 72: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
Chromium
Molybdenum
Aluminum
Metal STFs on
Topographic
Substrates
Horn et al., Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 303.
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 73: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
HCP array of SiOx nanocolumns BCC array of SiOx nanocolumns
1um x 1um mesh of SiOx nanolines
Dielectric STFs on
Topographic
Substrates
A. Lakhtakia
![Page 74: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
![Page 75: Akhlesh Lakhtakia Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3, 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdf3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
A. Lakhtakia