akibat tipe flame holder stainless steel -...
TRANSCRIPT
Karakteristik Pembakaran Butana
di dalam Mesoscale – Combustor
Akibat Tipe Flame Holder Stainless Steel
TUGAS AKHIR
Diajukan Kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Untuk Memenuhi Syarat Memperoleh Gelar
Sarjana (S-1) Teknik Mesin
Disusun Oleh :
MAHATMA PUTRA ARYANAMURTI
NIM : 201310120311134
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2017
ii
Poster
iii
iv
v
vi
ix
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb
Segala Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah
melimpahkan segala rahmat-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini.
Shalawat beserta salam semoga senantiasa terlimpah curahkan kepada Nabi
Muhammad Shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam, kepada keluarganya, para sahabatnya,
hingga para umatnya hingga akhir zaman.
Penulisan skripsi ini diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh
Gelar Sarjana pada Program Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang. Judul yang diajukan penulis adalah “ Karakteristik
Pembakaran Butana di dalam Mesoscale – Combustor Akibat Tipe Flame
Holder Stainless Steel”.
Penulis menyadari kelemahan serta keterbatasan yang ada sehingga dalam
menyelesaikan skripsi ini memperoleh bantuan dari berbagai pihak, dalam
kesempatan ini penulis menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih kepada :
1. Bapak Ir. Sudarman, MT selaku dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberikan izin dalam penulisan skripsi
ini.
2. Bapak Ir. Daryono, MT selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin UMM yang telah
memberikan kelancaran pelayanan dan urusan Akademik.
3. Bapak Ir. Achmad Fauzan HS, MT, selaku dosen Pembimbing I yang selalu
memberikan waktu bimbingan dan arahan selama penyusunan skripsi ini.
4. Ibu Iis Siti Aisyah, ST., MT., PhD, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang selalu
memberikan waktu bimbingan dan arahan selama penyusunan skripsi ini.
5. Seluruh Dosen Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberikan ilmunya kepada penulis.
6. Seluruh Staf Tata Usaha Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang yang telah melayani segala urusan administratif dengan baik.
7. Bapak dan Ibu, serta saudara – saudara kandungku, atas jasa – jasanya,
kesabaran, doa yang tiada henti dan tidak pernah lelah dalam mendidik
memberi cinta yang tulus dan ikhlas kepada penulis sejak kecil.
x
8. Adik Septi yang selalu antusias memberikan semangat dalam mengerjakan
Tugas Akhir ini.
9. Teman-teman Teknik Mesin Angkatan 2013 khususnya kelas C yang telah
memberikan dukungan dan saran serta hiburan kepada penulis.
10. Ilham Fauzi, Arvan, Faris, Bagus, Khaliq, dan Anam sebagai rekan satu tim
yang juga telah membantu penulis menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini.
11. Teman – temanku yang ada di tanah kelahiran, Jombang, yang senantiasa
memberikan hiburan dan semangat dalam menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih banyak kekurangan baik isi
maupun susunannya. Semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat tidak hanya bagi penulis
juga bagi para pembaca.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb
Malang, Oktober 2017
Penulis
xi
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR JUDUL ........................................................................................... i
POSTER ........................................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................. iii
LEMBAR KONSULTASI / ASISTENSI ........................................................ iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT ................................................. vi
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... vii
KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... 1
1.1. Latar Belakang .................................................................................. 1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................. 4
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 4
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 4
1.5. Batasan Masalah ................................................................................ 6
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................... 7
2.1. Hasil Penelitian Sebelumnya ............................................................. 7
2.2. Jenis Aliran Fluida ............................................................................. 10
2.2.1. Laminar Flow ........................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Turbulence Flow ....................................................................... 10
2.2.3. Vortex Flow .............................................................................. 11
2.3. Perpindahan Panas ............................................................................. 12
2.3.1. Konduksi................................................................................... 12
2.3.2. Konveksi ................................................................................... 13
2.4. Flame Holder ..................................................................................... 14
2.4.1. Wire Mesh 60 ............................................................................ 14
2.5. Pembakaran ........................................................................................ 15
2.5.1. Jenis Pembakaran ..................................................................... 15
2.6. Karakteristik Pencampuran Pembakaran ........................................... 16
xii
2.6.1. Premixed Combustion .............................................................. 16
2.6.2. Non – Premixed Combustion .................................................... 17
2.7. Reaktan .............................................................................................. 18
2.7.1. Gas Propana .............................................................................. 18
2.7.2. Gas Butana................................................................................ 19
2.7.3. Oksidator .................................................................................. 19
2.8. Persamaan Kimia pada Pembakaran .................................................. 19
2.8.1. Persamaan Kimia Stoikiometri ................................................. 20
2.8.2. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR)................................................................ 21
2.8.3. Rasio Ekuivalen (ɸ) .................................................................. 23
2.9. Hipotesis ............................................................................................ 25
BAB III METODOLOGI ................................................................................. 26
3.1. Tempat dan Waktu Pelaksanaan ........................................................ 26
3.2. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................. 26
3.3. Peralatan Penelitian ............................................................................ 28
3.4. Skema Instalasi Penelitian ................................................................. 38
3.5. Metode Pengambilan Data ................................................................. 39
3.6. Flowchart Penelitian .......................................................................... 41
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................ 42
4.1. Data Hasil Penelitian .......................................................................... 42
4.2. Pengolahan Data Flammability Limit ................................................ 46
4.3. Pembahasan Flammability Limit ........................................................ 51
4.4. Pengambilan Data Visualisasi dan Temperatur Nyala Api ................ 53
4.5. Visualisasi Nyala Api dan Temperatur .............................................. 58
4.6. Analisa Hasil Pembakaran pada Titik Visualisasi yang Sama ........... 63
4.7. Simulasi Aliran Mesoscale – Combustor ........................................... 68
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .......................................................... 75
5.1. Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... 75
5.2. Saran ................................................................................................. 75
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................
xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Hal
Gambar 2.1. Meso-scale dengan wire mesh ....................................................... 7
Gambar 2.2. Tipe nyala api di dalam mesoscale – combustor dengan wire
mesh ............................................................................................... 7
Gambar 2.3. Nyala api yang mampu distabilkan di dekat wire ......................... 8
Gambar 2.4. Flammability limit dari campuran bahan bakar C3H8 dan udara
di dalam meso – combustor menggunakan wire mesh dengan
inner diameter berbeda .................................................................. 9
Gambar 2.5. Laminar flow ................................................................................. 10
Gambar 2.6. Turbulent flow ............................................................................... 10
Gambar 2.7. Vortex flow..................................................................................... 11
Gambar 2.8. Free vortex flow ............................................................................. 11
Gambar 2.9. Ilustrasi analisis komponen konduksi panas.................................. 12
Gambar 2.10. Ilustrasi heat transfer secara konveksi dari sebuah benda ............ 13
Gambar 2.11. Wire mesh 60 (skala 5x) ................................................................ 14
Gambar 2.12. The fire triangle ............................................................................. 15
Gambar 2.13. Micro modular TPV power generator ........................................... 16
Gambar 2.14. Skema premixed – combustion ...................................................... 17
Gambar 2.15. Aliran campuran bahan bakar non – premixed pada meso –
combustor ...................................................................................... 17
Gambar 2.16. Bentuk api yang terjadi pada radial micro-channel dan berdasar
regime diagram untuk campuran metana dan udara ..................... 18
Gambar 3.1. Posisi probe thermocouple untuk pengambilan data temperatur
(Skala 3x)....................................................................................... 27
Gambar 3.2. Foto, section view (Skala 2x), dan explode view mesoscale –
combustor wire mesh 60 (Skala 2x) .............................................. 28
Gambar 3.3. Foto, section view (Skala 2x), dan explode view mesoscale –
combustor holes perforated plate (Skala 2x) ................................ 29
Gambar 3.4. Foto, section view (Skala 2x), dan explode view mesoscale –
combustor lines perforated plate (Skala 2x) ................................. 29
xiv
Gambar 3.5. Dimensi mesoscale – combustor flame holder wire mesh 60
(Skala 2,5x).................................................................................... 30
Gambar 3.6. Dimensi mesoscale – combustor flame holder holes
(Skala 2,5x).................................................................................... 30
Gambar 3.7. Dimensi mesoscale – combustor flame holder lines
(Skala 2,5x).................................................................................... 31
Gambar 3.8. Holes Perforated Plate .................................................................. 32
Gambar 3.9. Lines Perforated Plate ................................................................... 32
Gambar 3.10. Lem keramik .................................................................................. 33
Gambar 3.11. Gas Butana..................................................................................... 33
Gambar 3.12. Preheater ....................................................................................... 33
Gambar 3.13. Combustor holder (travers) ........................................................... 34
Gambar 3.14. Kompresor ..................................................................................... 34
Gambar 3.15. Flowmeter ...................................................................................... 35
Gambar 3.16. Thermocouple type K ..................................................................... 36
Gambar 3.17. Selang dan Y – connector .............................................................. 36
Gambar 3.18. Regulator tabung ........................................................................... 36
Gambar 3.19. Stopwatch ...................................................................................... 37
Gambar 3.20. Kamera dan reverese ring ............................................................. 37
Gambar 3.21. Skema instalasi penelitian ............................................................. 38
Gambar 3.22. Flowchart flammability limit ......................................................... 41
Gambar 3.23. Flowchart visualisasi nyala api ..................................................... 41
Gambar 4.1. Grafik kalibrasi debit bahan bakar (Qf) ......................................... 44
Gambar 4.2. Grafik flammability limit ............................................................... 51
Gambar 4.3. Flammability limit untuk titik pengambilan visualisasi dan
temperatur nyala api ...................................................................... 54
Gambar 4.4. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor holes perforated
plate pada ɸ=1,28 dan U bervariasi (sisi depan) ........................... 59
Gambar 4.5. Visualisasi nyala api holes perforated plate pada ɸ=1,28 dan
U = 52,67 cm/s (sisi samping) ....................................................... 59
Gambar 4.6. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor lines perforated
plate pada ɸ konstan (sisi depan) .................................................. 60
xv
Gambar 4.7. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor lines perforated
plate pada ɸ konstan (sisi samping) .............................................. 60
Gambar 4.8. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor holes perforated
plate pada U konstan (sisi depan) .................................................. 61
Gambar 4.9. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor lines perforated
plate pada U = konstan (sisi depan) .............................................. 62
Gambar 4.10. Flammability limit dan analisa temperatur flame holder holes
dan lines pada titik yang sama akibat ɸ=1,28................................ 64
Gambar 4.11. Pengamatan temperatur titik T1, T2, dan T3 pada flame holder
holes dan lines pada ɸ=1,28 .......................................................... 64
Gambar 4.12. Flammability limit dan analisa temperatur flame holder holes
dan lines pada titik yang sama akibat U = 38 cm/s ....................... 66
Gambar 4.13. Pengamatan temperatur titik T1, T2, dan T3 pada flame holder
holes dan lines pada U = 38 cm/s .................................................. 66
Gambar 4.14. Penampakan mesh flame holder holes ........................................... 69
Gambar 4.15. Penampakan mesh flame holder lines ............................................ 69
Gambar 4.16. Penampakan mesh fluida pada flame holder holes ........................ 70
Gambar 4.17. Penampakan mesh fluida pada flame holder lines ......................... 70
Gambar 4.18. Grafik perhitungan pemodelan dengan skala residu 0,1 (flame
holder holes) .................................................................................. 71
Gambar 4.19. Grafik perhitungan pemodelan dengan skala residu 0,1 (flame
holder lines) ................................................................................... 71
Gambar 4.20. Isometric view pada inlet combustor flame holder holes .............. 72
Gambar 4.21. Isometric view pada inlet combustor flame holder lines ............... 72
Gambar 4.22. Penampakan sisi samping combustor flame holder holes ............. 73
Gambar 4.23. Penampakan sisi samping combustor flame holder lines .............. 74
xvi
DAFTAR TABEL
Hal
Tabel 1.1. Densitas energi dari berbagai sumber ................................................ 2
Tabel 2.1. Kandungan udara kering .................................................................... 20
Tabel 4.1. Data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan, sebagai referensi
(mesh 60) ............................................................................................ 42
Tabel 4.2. Pengambilan data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan
(holes perforated plate) ...................................................................... 43
Tabel 4.3. Pengambilan data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan
(lines perforated plate) ....................................................................... 43
Tabel 4.4 Data kalibrasi dari C3H8 ke C4H10. ..................................................... 44
Tabel 4.5. Pengambilan data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan
(setelah Qf dikonversi) (mesh 60) ...................................................... 45
Tabel 4.6. Pengambilan data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan
(setelah Qf dikonversi) (holes perforated plate) ................................ 45
Tabel 4.7. Pengambilan data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan
(setelah Qf dikonversi) (lines perforated plate) ................................. 46
Tabel 4.8. Hasil perhitungan data flammability limit untuk wire mesh 60 .......... 50
Tabel 4.9. Hasil perhitungan data flammability limit untuk holes perforated
plate .................................................................................................... 50
Tabel 4.10. Hasil perhitungan data flammability limit untuk lines perforated
plate .................................................................................................... 51
Tabel 4.11. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk holes perforated plate
dengan ɸ konstan ................................................................................ 58
Tabel 4.12. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk holes perforated plate
dengan U konstan ............................................................................... 58
Tabel 4.13. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk lines perforated plate
dengan ɸ konstan ................................................................................ 58
Tabel 4.14. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk lines perforated plate
dengan U konstan ............................................................................... 58
76
Daftar Pustaka
Airgas Inc. 2014. Safety Data Sheet n-Butane [Online]. Airgas Inc. Available: https://www.airgas.com/msds/001007.pdf [Accessed 1 September 2017].
Airgas Inc. 2015. Safety Data Sheet Propane [Online]. Airgas Inc. Available:
https://www.airgas.com/msds/001045.pdf [Accessed 28 October 2017]. AZO Materials. 2009. Properties and Applications of Fused Silica (Quartz) Glass
[Online]. AZO Materials. Available: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4766 [Accessed 4 September 2017].
Basshuysen, R. v. & Schäfer, F. 2004. Internal Combustion Engine Handbook -
Basics, Components, Systems, and Perspectives, Warrendale, SAE International.
BOC. 2013a. Safety Data Sheet n-Butane [Online]. BOC. Available:
https://www.boconline.co.uk/internet.lg.lg.gbr/en/images/10021793410_39620.pdf?v=5.0 [Accessed 1 September 2017].
BOC. 2013b. Safety Data Sheet Propane [Online]. BOC. Available:
https://www.boconline.co.uk/internet.lg.lg.gbr/en/images/sg-104-propane-v1.3410_39639.pdf?v=5.0 [Accessed 28 October 2017].
Chou, S. K., Yang, W. M., Chua, K. J., Li, J. & Zhang, K. L. 2011. Development
of Micro Power Generators – A review. Applied Energy, 88, 1-16. Darby, R. 2001. Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, New York, Marcel
Dekker. Department of Fire Protection Engineering. 2009. Material Thermal Properties
Database [Online]. Department of Fire Protection Engineering, University of Maryland. Available: http://www.firebid.umd.edu/material-database.php [Accessed 4 September 2017].
Department of Health and Human Services. 1992. Occupational Safety and
Health Guideline for n-Butane [Online]. U.S.: Department of Health and Human Services. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0068.pdf [Accessed 1 September 2017].
Dunn-Rankin, D., Leal, E. M. & Walther, D. C. 2005. Personal Power Systems.
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31, 422-465. Engineers Edge. Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients Table Chart [Online].
Engineers Edge. Available:
77
http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/convective_heat_transfer_coefficients__13378.htm [Accessed 4 September 2017].
Fan, A., Minaev, S., Kumar, S., Liu, W. & Maruta, K. 2008. Regime Diagrams
and Characteristics of Flame Patterns in Radial Microchannels with Temperature Gradients. Combustion and Flame, 153, 479-489.
Fernandez-Pello, A. C. 2002. Micropower Generation using Combustion.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29, 883 - 899. Hery Soegiharto, A. F., Wardana, I. N. G., Yuliati, L. & Nursasongko, M. 2017.
The Role of Liquid Fuels Channel Configuration on the Combustion inside Cylindrical Mesoscale Combustor. Journal of Combustion, 2017, 1-9.
Heywood, J. B. 1988. Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals, New York, St.
Louis, San Francisco, Auckland, Bogoti, Caracas, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico, City, Milan, Montreal, New Delhi, San Juan, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Hodgman, C. D., Coolbaugh, M. F. & Senseman, C. E. 1920. Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, The Chemical Rubber Company. Holman, J. P. 1986. Heat Transfer, Singapore, McGraw-Hill. Janna, W. S. 2000. Engineering Heat Transfer, Boca, Raton, London, New York,
Washington D.C., CRC Press. Ju, Y. & Maruta, K. 2011. Microscale Combustion - Technology Development
and Fundamental Research. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37, 669-715.
Kaisare, N. S. & Vlachos, D. G. 2012. A Review on Microcombustion -
Fundamentals, Devices and Applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38, 321-359.
Kirkpatrick, D. A. T. Heat Transfer Mechanisms [Online]. Available:
https://www.engr.colostate.edu/~allan/heat_trans/page4/page4.html [Accessed 4 September 2017].
Kyritsis, D. C., Roychoudhury, S., McEnally, C. S., Pfefferle, L. D. & Gomez, A.
2004. Mesoscale Combustion - A First Step Towards Liquid Fueled Batteries. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 28, 763-770.
Mikami, M., Maeda, Y., Matsui, K., Seo, T. & Yuliati, L. 2013. Combustion of
Gaseous and Liquid Fuels in Meso-Scale Tubes with Wire Mesh. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 34, 3387-3394.
78
Nakayama, Y. & Boucher, R. F. 1999. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Great Britain, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Pulkrabek, W. W. 1997. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, Prentice Hall.
Puskar, J. R. 2014. Fuel and Combustion Systems Safety, Wiley.
Robinson Wire Cloth Ltd. Mesh Stocks and Specifications [Online]. U.K.: Robinson Wire Cloth Ltd.,. Available: https://www.robinsonwirecloth.co.uk/mesh-specifications.html [Accessed 10 June 2017].
Yang, W. M., Chou, S. K., Pan, J. F., Li, J. & Zhao, X. 2010. Comparison of Cylindrical and Modular Micro Combustor Radiators for Micro-TPV System Application. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 20.
Yang, W. M., Chou, S. K., Shu, C., Li, Z. W. & Xue, H. 2002. Combustion in Micro-Cylindrical Combustors with and without a Backward Facing Step. Applied Thermal Engineering, 22, 1777 - 1787.
Yuliati, L. 2014. Flame Stability of Gaseous Fuel Combustion inside Meso-Scale Combustor with Double Wire Mesh. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 664, 231-235.
Yuliati, L., Sasongko, M. N. & Wahyudi, S. 2014. Flammability Limit and Flame Visualization of Gaseous Fuel Combustion Inside Meso-scale Combustor with Different Thermal Conductivity. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 493, 204-209.
Zohuri, B. 2016. Nuclear Energy for Hydrogen Generation through Intermediate Heat Exchangers, Springer.