aks 44: industrialization, nationalism, and imperialism 44 industrialization... · aks 44:...
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AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism
CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813
Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
• Agricultural Revolution: – Wealthy bought more land experimentation
– Results: • Tried new agricultural
methods • Small farmers forced to
become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities
– Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
• Crop Rotation: – Improved medieval 3-field
system
– Ex: • Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil
nutrients)
• Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients)
• Year 3: Barley
• Year 4: Clover
Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
• Why Britain?: – Natural Resources:
• Water power & coal – fuel machines
• Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings
• Rivers – inland transportation
• Harbors – merchant ships set sail
Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
• Why Britain?: – Economic Expansion:
• Investment in new inventions
• Highly developed banking system
• Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress increased demand for goods
Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
• Why Britain?: – Political Stability:
• No wars on British soil
• Positive attitude
• Laws to encourage business
• Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)
Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:
Natural Resources: – Obstacle = political disunity
– Coal-rich Ruhr Valley
– Led to importation of British equipment, engineers
– Sent children to England to learn industrial management
• Railroads: – Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr
Valley
Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:
• Meiji Reform: – Meiji = “enlightened rule”
– Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism
– Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down
Industrialization in Japan Contributing Factors
• Transportation: – James Watt – improved steam engine
– Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat
– England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods
– Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained
– Steam-powered locomotives
Industrialization in England Process:
• Rise of Cities: – Growth of factory system city building
and people shift toward cities (urbanization)
– Built near sources of energy (coal & water)
– London most important
Industrialization in England Process:
• Living & Working Conditions: – No development plans, sanitary & building codes
– Lacked housing, education – Sickness widespread – Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk – Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury
– Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap
Industrialization in England Process:
• Transportation: – See above
• Economy & Military: – Economic strength spurred ability to
become military power
Industrialization in Germany Process:
Industrialization in Japan Process:
• Transportation: – Followed industrialization
– Early 1900s = modern economy
– Built railroads
Industrialization in Japan Process:
• Westernization: – To counter western influence = modernize
– Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways
– Chose best & adapted
– Modernized military
• Modernization: – Coal production grew
– Built thousands of factories
– Expanded unique production (tea & silk)
– Shipbuilding to be competitive with west
Industrialization in Japan Process:
Industrialization Working Conditions:
• Industry created many new jobs
• Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous
• Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
• Long-Term Effect: – Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions
Industrialization Social Classes: • Factory workers – overworked, underpaid • Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower
middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.
• Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.
• Long-Term Effect: – Standard of living rose
Industrialization Size of Cities:
• Factories brought job seekers to cities
• Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size
• Many cities specialized in certain industries
• Long-Term Effect: – Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities
Industrialization Living Conditions: • Cities lacked
sanitary codes or building controls
• Housing, water, & social services were scarce
• Epidemics swept through the city
• Long-Term Effect: – Housing, diet, & clothing improved
Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality:
• Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries
• Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products
• Began seizing colonies for economic resources imperialism
• Industrialization = tremendous economic power
• Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries
• Development of middle class – education & democratic participation social reform
Impact of Industrialization Transformation of Society:
Important Writings Adam Smith:
• Basic Ideas: – Economic liberty
guaranteed economic progress
– Government need not interfere in the economy
• Wrote “Wealth of Nations”
Important Writings Karl Marx:
• Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people
• Wrote “Communist Manifesto”
Impact of Urbanization on Women Mixed Blessing:
• Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home
• Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made
• Women formed unions in women-dominated fields
• Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories
Impact of Urbanization on Women Reform Movements:
• Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood
Impact of Urbanization on Women Jane Adams:
Nationalism Unification of Germany:
• Led by Prussia
• Otto von Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I – Policy of Realpolitik:
• Tough power politics - no idealism
• Issues not decided by resolutions, but by “blood and iron”
• Allowed him to expand Prussia & achieve dominance
Germany Seven Weeks’ War (1866) • Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war
on Prussia • Prussia (superior training & equipment)
humiliated Austria • Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy • Had to accept Prussian annexation of more
German territory • Prussia took control of N. Germany – for
1st time, E & W Prussia joined
Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) • Bismarck manufactured “incident” that
caused France to declare war on Prussia • Final stage in German unification • S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian
(Protestant) leadership • King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor
– Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st)
• Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron”
Nationalism Unification of Italy: • Led by Sardinia • Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister under King Victor Emmanuel II – Worked to expand
Sardinian Empire – Succeeded through war,
alliances, & help of nationalist rebels
– Unified Italy in process
Germany & Italy - Similarities
• Leaders were aristocrats
• Nations united by nationalism
• One state led unification
Japan Modernization Pays Off for Japan
• By 1890, Japan had: – Several dozen warships
– 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers
– Became strongest military power in Asia
Japan Japan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State
• Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations
• Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners
• 1894 – foreign powers accepted it
• Strength & feeling of equality rose
• Became more imperialistic
Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
• Causes: – Russia refused to
stay out of Korea
– Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria
Reaction to Foreign Domination Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
• Results: – Destruction of Russian navy
– Territorial gains for Japan
– Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria & Korea
Reaction to Foreign Domination Young Turks: • Progressive group that believed in
liberalism, constitutionalism, materialism, centralized government, and nationalism
• Opposed imperialism
• Impact: – Tradition of dissent shaped political and
intellectual life in late Ottoman period
– State was instrument for social/political change
– Ideals helped form early modern Turkish state
Forces of Imperialism Motives:
• Economic competition for markets & raw materials
• National pride
• Racism
• Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize” non-European peoples
• Superior weapons
• Railroads, cables, steamships
• Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria
Forces of Imperialism Technological Advantages over Africa:
• Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures
• Ethnic rivalries
• Lower level of technology, including weapons
Forces of Imperialism Factors Making Africa Vulnerable:
Division of Africa Berlin Conference of 1884 & 1885:
• Agreement among 14 European nations about how to divide Africa among European countries
• Outcomes: – Random distribution of African ethnic & linguistic groups among European nations
– Transformation of the way of life of Africans
“From Cairo to Cape Town”
• Zulus – Shaka – created large centralized state – Successors unable to keep together against British
superior arms – British invaded 1879 – Fell to British control in 1887
• Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners – 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa
• British – Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed
with Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves
Division of Africa Clash in South Africa:
• Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s
• Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla tactics
• British burned farms & imprisoned women & children
• Britain finally won
• Outcome: – Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa
controlled by British
Division of Africa Boer War (1899-1910):
French Control of Indochina How Brought Under Control:
• Missionaries were killed
• French army invaded Vietnam
• Combined it with Laos and Cambodia
• Direct control – French themselves filled all important positions in gov’t
French Control of Indochina Method of Control:
• Discouraged local industry
• Rice became major export crop
French Control of Indochina Economic Policies:
• Imposed French culture
• All schools, courts, & businesses followed French models
• ↓ of local industries
• Less food for peasants
French Control of Indochina Colonial Impact:
Japanese in Asia War with China (Sino-Japanese War) (1894-1895):
• How it started: – Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who
asked China for military help – Chinese troops marched into Korea – Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its
troops to fight the Chinese • Consequences:
– Destruction of Chinese navy – Beginning of Japanese colonial empire – Change to world’s balance of power – Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers
(& enemies) in Asia
• Annexed Korea – brought under control
• Ruled Korea harshly
• Established very repressive gov’t that denied rights to Korea
• Inspired Korean nationalist movement
Japanese in Asia Occupation of Korea:
Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China):
• Setting the Stage: – China self-sufficient, little
trade w/ west favorable balance of trade
– Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would buy in large quantities found it in opium
– Many Chinese became addicted
• Causes: – Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped
Britain refused to stop
Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China):
• Results & Effects: – Chinese defeat & humiliation
– Cession of Hong Kong to Britain (Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)
– Continuation of opium trade
– Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens
– Chinese resentment against foreigners
Interaction with Westerners Opium War (China):
• Setting the Stage: – Population provided major challenge growing
30% in only 60 years
Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China):
• Causes: – Hunger/starvation caused by inability to
feed enormous population
– Increasing opium addiction
– Poverty
Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China):
• Results & Effects: – Rebellion put down
– Restoration of Qing to power (with help of British and French forces)
– 20 million people died
Interaction with Westerners Taiping Rebellion (China):
• Perry Arrives in Tokyo: – Arrives with letter from U.S.
President Fillmore
– Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade
– Perry gave threat that he would return with larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply
– Purpose: shock & frighten Japanese into accepting trade with U.S.
Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854): – Japan opened two ports where ships could
take supplies
Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
• Benefits to U.S.A.: – Gained rights to trade at those two ports
– Opened door for other W powers
Interaction with Westerners Commodore Matthew Perry (Japan):
Effects of Imperialism Colonization:
• Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
• Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies
Effects of Imperialism Colonial Economics:
• Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia
Effects of Imperialism Christianization: