al odian's drift chamber gas information
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7/28/2019 Al Odian's Drift Chamber Gas Information
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Hi Dave, The reason I do not like binary gas combinations of Argon and CO2 or Argon CH4 in
proportional chambers is that they are not Penning Mixtures of Argon. A Penning mixture of Argon has
its companion, molecules with an ionization potential lower than that of the metastable energy states of
Argon. The reason for this is that Argon has two metastable levels, one at 11.55 ev and one at 11.72 ev.
A substantial fraction of the energy lost by a particle crossing the gas goes into creating metastableexcitations of the Argon as well as ionization of the Argon. In a straw chamber, if the excited Argon
cannot deexcite by colliding with its companion molecules, then they live long enough to diffuse to the
outer wall where they deexcite by releasing an electron from the outer wall. A straw chamber is usually
run at high gains for which single electrons produce large pulses. This means that the passage of a
particle through the chamber is followed by a large number of after pulses, which, if the gain is high
enough results in a continuous discharge. For lower gains, there are a large number of after pulses for
each traversal of a particle. Now the numbers: Metastable energies of Argon: 11.55 ev and 11.72 evIonization potential of: CO2 13.77 ev: CH4(methane) 12.6 ev: C2H6(ethane) 11.5 ev: C3H8 (propane)
11.1 ev:C4H10(isobutane): Di Methyl Ether(DME) 10.025 ev. From this, one sees that CO2 and CH4 are
not Penning Mixtures with Argon, ethane is marginal, propane is good and isobutane is better. Even a
little bit ~1 to 2 % of DME is very good, but there are two problems with DME. One is that quite often
DME in a pressurized bottle is quite often not pure. Frequently it is used in the same bottles as are used
for Freons. So you need to check the purity, and if not pure, purify it. Secondly, DME dissolves in plastic
easily. If your straw chambers have walls of aluminized mylar, the DME will expand the length of the
mylar, cause it to turn into a banana shape if the ends are held fixed. The walls will touch the wire andshort out the chambers. If you use thin wall Aluminum instead of Aluminized Mylar for the walls, you are
safer there, but have to solve the problem of supporting the wires with an insulating material that does
not produce problems when surrounded by DME. You can use three component gasses with Argon to
regulate the drift velocity and the diffusion characteristics as well as having a Penning mixture. Good
Luck, Al
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7/28/2019 Al Odian's Drift Chamber Gas Information
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Hi Dave, The reason I do not like binary gas combinations of
Argon and CO2 or Argon CH4 in proportional chambers is that
they are not Penning Mixtures of Argon. A Penning mixture of
Argon has its companion, molecules with an ionization potentiallower than that of the metastable energy states of Argon. The
reason for this is that Argon has two metastable levels, one at
11.55 ev and one at 11.72 ev. A substantial fraction of the energy
lost by a particle crossing the gas goes into creating metastable
excitations of the Argon as well as ionization of the Argon. In astraw chamber, if the excited Argon cannot deexcite by colliding
with its companion molecules, then they live long enough to
diffuse to the outer wall where they deexcite by releasing an
electron from the outer wall. A straw chamber is usually run at
high gains for which single electrons produce large pulses. This
means that the passage of a particle through the chamber is
followed by a large number of after pulses, which, if the gain is
high enough results in a continuous discharge. For lower gains,
there are a large number of after pulses for each traversal of a
particle.
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7/28/2019 Al Odian's Drift Chamber Gas Information
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Now the numbers: Metastable energies of Argon: 11.55 ev and 11.72
ev Ionization potential of: CO2 13.77 ev: CH4(methane) 12.6 ev:
C2H6(ethane) 11.5 ev: C3H8 (propane) 11.1 ev:C4H10(isobutane): Di
Methyl Ether(DME) 10.025 ev. From this, one sees that CO2 and CH4are not Penning Mixtures with Argon, ethane is marginal, propane is
good and isobutane is better. Even a little bit ~1 to 2 % of DME is very
good, but there are two problems with DME. One is that quite often
DME in a pressurized bottle is quite often not pure. Frequently it is
used in the same bottles as are used for Freons. So you need to check
the purity, and if not pure, purify it. Secondly, DME dissolves in plastic
easily. If your straw chambers have walls of aluminized mylar, the
DME will expand the length of the mylar, cause it to turn into a banana
shape if the ends are held fixed. The walls will touch the wire and short
out the chambers. If you use thin wall Aluminum instead of Aluminized
Mylar for the walls, you are safer there, but have to solve the problemof supporting the wires with an insulating material that does not
produce problems when surrounded by DME. You can use three
component gasses with Argon to regulate the drift velocity and the
diffusion characteristics as well as having a Penning mixture. Good
Luck, Al