Annie Lee D. HousleyAPUSH, Block 2Chapter 22 NotesThe New EconomyTechnology and Economic Growth1921-1922 // after recession, tremendous economic growth in output + incomegrowth result of collapse of European industry after war important technological advancesrise of auto manufacturing (gas production, road construction)assembly linerise of radio and commercial broadcastingadvances in air traveldevelopment of electronics + synthetic materials Maturation of electricity and telecommunication fields; work during 1920s and 1930s on primitive computer technologiesEconomic OrganizationCertain industries continued toward national organization and consolidation -- companies adopted new modern administrative systems with efficient division structures to allow subsidiary control & easier expansionIn industries with more competition stabilization reached through cooperation rise of trade association to coordinate production & marketingIndustrialists feared overproduced and recession efforts to curb competition through either consolidation or cooperation reflected thisLabor in the New Era1920s // some employers used welfare capitalism to give workers more rights, improve safety, raise wages in order to avoid labor unrest, and independent union growth. System survived only if industry prospering collapsed 1929Welfare capitalism helped only a few workers, employers wage increases disproportional to their increase in profitsWorkers still mainly impoverished and powerlessFamilies relied on multiple wage earnersOrganized labor and independent unions often failed to adapt to the changing nature of modern economyAmerican Federation of Labor still used craft union system based on skills didnt allow growing unskilled industrial workersWomen and Minorities in the Work Force# of women in work force increased, especially in pink-collar jobs low paying service jobs1914 Great Migration // African-Americans in cities after this were largely excluded from unions exception A. Philip Randolphs Brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersWest & Southwest unskilled and unorganized workers mainly Hispanics and Mexican immigrants & Asians (mainly Japanese who replaced Chinese after Exclusion Acts)The American PlanAfter 1919 // economic uneasiness corporations rallied strongly against subversive unionism and wanted to protect idea of open shop Workers not forced to join union known as American PlanGovernment intervened on behalf of management courts often ruled against striking workers Between this and corporate efforts, union membership saw large declineAgricultural Technology and the Plight of the FarmerAmerican agriculture adopted new technologies allowed more crops with fewer workers Hybrid corn and fertilizers increased productivity led to overproduction and collapse in food prices Farmers called on government price support idea of parity and high foreign crop tariffs introduced in Congress in McNary-Haugen Bill (vetoed by Coolidge) The New CultureConsumerismIndustrial growth led to rise of consumer culture in which people had discretionary funds with which to buy items for pleasure Appliances, fashion, etc. Most revolutionary product was automobile allowed rural people to escape isolation and city people to escape crowded urban life Rise of vacation travelingAdvertisingTechniques first used in wartime propaganda came of age in new age of advertising & work of publicistsThe Man Nobody Knows by Bruce Burton famous book about Jesus as a salesman Ads possible because of mass audience in national chains of newspapers, mass-circulation, and magazine growthThe Movies and Broadcasting1920s // rise of Hollywood, creation of Motion Picture Association, and the Hays Code as industry self-ban on objectionable materialPhenomenal rise of radio beginning with first commercial station broadcasting in 1920 By 1929, 12 million families owned radio setsModernist ReligionGrowing consumer culture with emphasis on immediate self-fulfillment had influence on religion abandonment by some of traditional and literalHarry Emerson Fosdick spokesman for new liberal Protestantism of 1920sProfessional WomenMost employed women were working class because of professional struggle between career and familyFew professional women limited to mainly feminine fields of fashion, education, social work, and nursingChanging Ideas of MotherhoodBelief grew that maternal affection not adequate preparation for child rearing, advice and help of professional needed instead Motherhood increasingly relied on institution out of home, allowing time to devote to companionate marriage involved more as wives in social lifeGrowth of birth control related to sense of sex as recreation vs. only creationThe Flapper: Image and RealitySome women came to believe rigid and Victorian feminism was unnecessary flapper women expressed themselves freely through dress, speech, and behavior Pressing for Womens RightsWomen formed League of Women Voters many helped growing consumer groups1921 // Sheppard-Towner Act gave federal funds to states for prenatal and child healthcarefought by American Medical Association and others repealed in 1929 showed women didnt vote as single block, even on female issuesEducation and YouthGrowing secularism and emphasis on training and expertise manifested itself in growing upper education attendance rates teaching of technical skillsEmergence of distinct youth culture with growing idea of adolescence belief this was time for child to develop institutions with peers separate from familyThe Decline of the Self-Made ManMyth of man who could gain wealth and fame through hard work and natural talent gave way to belief that nothing was possible without education and training Men felt losing of independence, control, and masculinityIdolized self-mad men in Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Charles LindberghThe DisenchantedNew generation of artists and intellectuals viewed society with contemptIsolated themselves instead of playing reform roleLost Generations critique of the American System individual had no means of personal fulfillment rose out of WWI experience and sense of deaths in vain end of Wilsonian idealism, growing business, and consumerismA Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemmingway (1929) expressed contempt of war other debunkers that were critical of society included H.L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis The Harlem RenaissanceOther intellectuals saw solution to problems in exploration of own culture and its origins example Harlem during renaissanceHarlem was center of black artists and intellectuals literature, poetry, and art drew on African roots (Alan Locke and Langston Hughes)The Southern AgrariansGroup of Southern intellectuals and poets known as the Fugitives rebelled against depersonalization and materialism due to industrialization by recalling the Southern nonindustrial, agrarian way of lifeA Conflict of CulturesProhibitionTook effect in 1920 // within a year, noble experiment failing because even though some drinking rate fell, alcohol was still widely availableLegitimate businesses were being replaced by organized crimeSupported by rural Protestants who associated drinking with Catholic immigrants and a new valueless cultureNativism and the KlanAfter war, many Africans associated immigration with radicalism efforts to restrict influx grew Nativists wanted harsher law National Origins Act of 1924 banned all east Asian immigration reduced especially eastern European quotasKu Klux Klan (KKK) re-emerged as force because of fear by some older Americans of disruption of culture by new peoplesNew Klan emerged in 1915 after meeting in Stone Mountain, GAat first targeted blacks, after the war targeted Catholics, Jews, and foreigners wanted to purge alien influences wanted to threaten anyone who challenged traditional values Religious FundamentalismFight over role of religion in modern society split in Protestantism between urban, middle-class people who wanted to adapt religion to modern science and secular society vs. traditional rural people who wanted to retain religious importWanted traditional interpretation of Bible (opposed to Darwinism)The Democrats OrdealSplit between urban and rural factions party included prohibitionists, Klansmen, fundamentalists, but also Catholics, urban workers, and immigrantsRepublican GovernmentHarding and CoolidgePres. Warren Harding elected in 1920 appointed party elite who had helped him win nomination to positions in administrationCorrupt Ohio Gang committed fraud and corruption in Teapot dome oil reserve scandalHarding died of a heart attack in 1923 VP Calvin Coolidge ascended to presidency Coolidge passive president like Harding; believed government should not interfere little in life of nation Government and BusinessFederal government as a whole worked to help businesses and industries operation efficiently and productively