alcoholic hepatitis
TRANSCRIPT
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic Liver Disease1. Hepatic Steatosis ( Fatty Liver Disease )
2. Alcoholic Hepatitis
3. Cirrhosis
Hepatic Steatosis• Moderate intake -Microvesicular lipid droplets.• Chronic intake – Macrovesicular globules
• Initially cenrilobular.
• Macroscopy – • Large (4-6kg), soft, yellow & greasy.
• Little or no fibrosis at onset.• Continued intake – around central veins.
• Completely reversible.
Hepatic Steatosis
Alcoholic Hepatitis1. Hepatocyte swelling & necrosis2. Mallory Bodies3. Neutrophil infiltration4. Fibrosis
Mallory Bodies• Tangled skeins of cytokeratin intermediate filaments
(cytokeratin 8 & 18…) & other proteins ( ubiquitin..).
• Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions.
• Primary biliary cirrhosis, Wilson disease, chronic cholestatic syndromes & hepatocellular tumors.
Mallory bodies
1 .High-power view of hepatic macrosteatosis and microsteatosis. The small intracellular fat vacuoles give the hepatocytes a foamy appearance. Note megamitochondria (arrowhead) (hematoxylin-eosin).
2. High-power view of hepatocytes containing Mallory bodies. The chemotaxis of the denatured cytokeratin filaments attracts neutrophils (hematoxylin-eosin).
3. Immunoperoxidase reactivity of Mallory bodies with antibody to low–molecular weight cytokeratin.
4. Immunoperoxidase reactivity of Mallory bodies with antibody to ubiquitin.
Fibrosis
• Brisk sinusoidal & perivenular fibrosis.
• “Creeping collagenosis”
• Periportal fibrosis – repeated bouts of heavy alcohol intake.
• Cholestasis, iron deposits.
• Macroscopic – liver mottled red with bile stained areas.
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic Steato -hepatitis
Alcoholic Cirrhosis• First – yellow tan, fatty, enlarged, over 2kg.• Brown shrunken non fatty organ.
• Initial- fibrous septa delicate, extend through sinusoids from C.V to portal regions as well as from portal tract to portal tract.
• Micronodules - < 3cm• Regenerative activity of entrapped parenchymal hepatocytes.
• Scattered larger nodules – “Hobnail Appearance”.
• More fibrotic, loses fat, shrinks progressively.
• Last - Mixed micronodular & macronodular pattern.
• Pale scar tissue – ischemic necrosis, fibrous obliteration of nodules → Laennec cirrhosis.
• Bile stasis often.
• Mallory bodies rare
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
PATHOGENESIS• 50-60g/day
• Women > men• Alcohol pharmacokinetics• Estrogen dependent liver response to gut endotoxin.
• Genetic
• Co morbid conditions – iron overload, infections.
Hepatocellular steatosis1. Shunting of normal substrates away from catabolism and
toward lipid biosynthesis• Excess NADH
2. Impaired assembly & secretion of lipoproteins
3. Increased peripheral catabolism of fat.
Alcoholic Hepatitis1. Acetaldehyde → lipid peroxidation
→ acetaldeyhde-protein adduct formation• Disrupts cytoskeletal & membrane function
2. Directly affects microtubular organisation, mitochondrial function & membrane fluidity.
3. ROS – by Microsomal ethanol oxidising system & neutrophils
4. Alcohol induced impaired hepatic metabolism of methionine → ↓ed glutathione levels.
5. Hypoxia.
• Induction of cytochrome P- 450 → transformation of other drugs to toxic metabolites.
• Abnormal cyokine regulation.• TNF – main effector of injury.• Stimuli for producing cytokines ( IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF) –• ROS & Endotoxins.
• Also alcohol stimulate release of endothelins – decreased hepatic sinusoidal perfusion.
• Centilobular region
CLINICAL FEATURES• Hepatic Steatosis -• Hepatomegaly• Elevation of serum biluribin & ALP.
• Alcoholic Hepatitis –• Malaise, anorexia, tender hepatomegaly,fever• lab findings of hyperbilirubinemia, elevated ALP, neutrophilic
leukocytosis.• Serum AST & ALT elevated, below 500U/ml.• Acute cholestatic syndrome
Alcoholic cirrhosis• Distended abdomen, ascites, wasted extremities, caput
medusa.• Variceal hemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy.
• c/c alcoholics - malnutrition
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