algae lecture v 1

7/22/2019 Algae Lecture v 1

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Algae: The Worlds Most Important Plants

Russell L. Chapman, Executive DirectorCenter for Marine Biodiversity & Conservation

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

University of California San DiegoOsher Lecture #1 - 22 January 2009

(Your life depends on them.)


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The Plan (if all goes well)

Algae and attitude


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Algae and attitude

Why algae are the most important plants


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Algae and attitude


General introduction to what the algae are


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Algae and attitude



Comments on some of the big ones


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Algae and attitude




Comments on some of the small ones


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Algae and attitude





More reasons algae are more important than

you may have thought


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Algae and attitude





More reasons algae are more important than

you may have thoughtLast slide (finally!)


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Algae and Attitude


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The Algae - SeaWEEDS


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The Algae - PondSCUM


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The Algae - Frog SPITtle


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Algae and Attitude

Sheila Henry

Algae? You are going to

talk about algae? Who wants to

hear about algae?


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Lots of people!!!

Even Osher Lifelong

Learning Institute Students!!!


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LSU BIOL 4052 - Phycologyat LUMCON

(Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium)


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Phycology Students

Good Attitude!Phycology:phykos& logos

all Greek, all goodAlgology: alga& logos

half Latin, half Greek, all badone alga

two or more algae


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The importance of algae -

the big picture


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Earth - the blue planet


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Lots of water


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Lots of waterLots of algae


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Lots of waterLots of algae

Lots of oxygen


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The Algae & The Air (Oxygen)You Breathe


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blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) 3.5 BYA

oxygen levels rise 2.2 BYA


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The Land

(pre-algae)


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The Land

(post-algae)

A bi l k !


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A big lake!

A bi l k !


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Thats one small step for an alga,

One giant step for a plant kingdom.

Jim raham

A big lake!

475 MYA*

* 700 MYA Heckman, D. S., et al. 2001. Science: 293:1129-1133


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CHLOROPHYTA

STREPTOPHYTAChlorophyceae Land PlantsTrebouxiophyceae

(Pleurastrophyceae)

Ulvophyceae

Prasinophyceae

VIRIDIPLANTAE

Mesostigma

Charophyceaefreshwater algae

Mesostigmafreshwater flagellate
http://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy/chlamy.gif


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!

Mesostigmafreshwater flagellate

Why freshwater green algae

and not marine green algae?
http://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy/chlamy.gifhttp://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy/chlamy.gifhttp://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy/chlamy.gifhttp://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy/chlamy.gif


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Algae the Plants & AnimalsYou Know & Love

(& Love to Eat)

&

all seafood

too!!!


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Red algae

Green algae

Brown algae

Yellow-green algae

Blue-green algae* (*Cyanobacteria)

Golden algae

Photoautotrophs (and their colorless kin)

Morphologically simple

With relatively simple reproductive systems

Colorful!


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The algae - some major groups

Rhodophyta (reds)

Chlorophyta (greens)

Phaeophyta (browns)

Xanthophyta (yellow greens)Cyanophyta (blue-greens)

Chrysophyta (golden)

Euglenophyta (euglenoids)

Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates)

etc.

Th Al


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Sandie Baldauf (University of York) 2006

Cyanobacteria - the Blue-green Algae

*= the seaweeds

**

*

Polyphyletic

The Algae

Th l h ( l )


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Oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, in ice & snow, in the air,in the ground, in rocks, on turtles,

on mosquito larvae antennae, in hot springs, on ducks feet,

in protozoans, and in humans!

on sulfur belly whale bellies, on polar bears and tropical sloths,

The algae are everywhere (more or less).


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*= the seaweeds

*

plants


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The Seaweeds - big algae #1

The Green Algae - Chlorophytacharacteristics

Acetabularia Valonia Caulerpa

plants

ca. 8,000 spp.90% freshwater

tiny unicells to large


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The Seaweeds - big algae #1

The Green Algae - Chlorophytacharacteristics

mermaids cupAcetabularia

cell biology reseach

weeds:Codium &Caulerpa

Acetabularia Valonia Caulerpa


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Caulerpa

(scourge of the Mediterranean)


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1984

Caulerpa taxifolia(Vahl) C. Agardh (native to Caribbean Sea; Indian Ocean)


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California News!Carlsbads Agua Hedionda Lagoon declared

Caulerpa taxifolia free!!!

S.D. Union-Tribune 12 July 2006

cost: $7 million

Are the algae bad?

No! People - bad!

Algae - good!


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Trentepohlia chapmanii Rindi etLpez-Bautista, sp. nov.

Some green algae are orange and grow

on plants, e.g., this Trentepohliagrowing

on bamboo in French Guiana.

l t


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*= the seaweeds

*

plants

The Red Algae - The Rhodophyta


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The Red Algae - The Rhodophyta

Algae in search of a life cycle!!

Th S d h bi l #2


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The Seaweeds - the big algae #2

The Red Algae - Rhodophyta

characteristicsplantsca. 6,000-8,000 spp.

90% marinesome calcified (coralline red algae)

agar and carrageenans (polysaccharides)

Th S d th bi l #2


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The Red Algae - Rhodophyta

characteristicsPorphyra (laver) sushi

pharmaceuticals

Porphyridium: research & viruses


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*= the seaweeds

*

The Seaweeds the big algae #3


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The Brown Algae - Phaeophytacharacteristics

not plants but very plant-like!ca. 2,200 spp.almost entirely marinea few small ones, but most large, very large,

or hugealginic acid



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The Brown Algae - Phaeophytacharacteristics

Fucus- common rockweed

Sargassum(Sargasso Sea)the Kelps (Macrocystis pyrifera)

ecology & industry (alginic acid)

Fucus


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Fucus

Postelsia palmaeformis


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Postelsia palmaeformis

Macrocystis


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Macrocystis

Sargassum


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Sargassum


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The Small Algae


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The Small Algae

The Blue-green Algae - Cyanobacteria

characteristics

heterocyst

stromatolites

3.5 BYA

The Small Algae


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Phytoplankton - Pasturage of the Seas

2. Diatoms1. Dinoflagellates

3. Coccolithophorids

(haptophytes)

coccoliths

The Small Algae


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*

**

The Small Algae


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The Phytoplankton - Pasturageof the Seas

1. Dinoflagellates - Pyrrhophytared tides (HABs)

Ceratium

The Small Algae


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Noctiluca bloom

Are the algae bad?

No! People - bad!Algae - good!

Dinoflagellates - algal bioluminescence


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Dinoflagellates - algal bioluminescence

The Small Algae


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The Phytoplankton - Pasturage of the Sea

1. Dinoflagellates - Pyrrhophyta

red tides (HABs)2. Diatoms - Bacillariophyta

glass houses!

The Small Algae


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epitheca

hypotheca

girdlebands

Valve View Girdle View


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http://www.diatoms.co.uk/


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choir boys



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GEMs/MURI Home

Genetically Engineered Micro/nanodevices (GEMs)

Mark Hildebrand, Ph.D.

ProfessorScripps Institution of Oceanography

University of California, San Diego

http://www.gemsmuri.gatech.edu/Institutions/UCSD/Hildebrand/hildebrand.html


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Brian Palenik

Marine Biology Research Division

Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego

Our lab uses molecular and biochemical approaches to

characterize the response of photosynthetic microorganismssuch as diatoms and cyanobacteria to changes in their

environment, such as how they respond to toxic copper

levels or how they respond to nutrient depletion

http://mbrd.ucsd.edu/palenik/index.cfm

The Small Algae


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The Phytoplankton- Pasturageof the Seas


2. Diatoms - Bacillariophyta

glass houses3. Coccolithophorids (Haptophytes)

Pseudopedinella

g

Coccolithophorids


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p

Scanning electron microscope images

of tiny coccoliths

The white cliffs of Dover!

The Small Algae


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The Phytoplankton- Pasturage of the Sea


2. Diatoms - Bacillariophyta

glass houses

3. Coccolithophorids (Haptophytes)

the white cliffs of Dover4. Picoplankton (e.g. Chrysophytes)0.2-2.0 m in diameter (bacteria and

very small eukaryotes)

g


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Abundant microalgae in theoceans for billions of years

What do you get?


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~4241 platforms!

Ab d t i l i th


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Abundant microalgae in the

oceans for billions of yearsaccumulated organic matter,

gas and oil deposits(Cretaceous Age ~80-90 MYA)

human progress !?

S i h fi l i it k il


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Spanish firm claims it can make oil

from plankton

Posted by: justin on Sunday, July 23, 2006 - 07:31 AM

Thu Jul 20, 11:46 AM ET

Yahoo News

MADRID (Reuters) - A Spanish company claimed on Thursday

to have developed a method of breeding plankton and turning

the marine plants into oil, providing a potentially inexhaustible

source of clean fuel.


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aerial view of General Atomics

San Diego facility


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Twelve strains of Sal inospora , a new

natural marine microbe discovered by

the Center for Marine Biotechnology

and Biomedicine, Scripps Institutionof Oceanography.

William H. Fenical

CMBB

Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine

Pharmaceutical Treasures from


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William H. Gerwick

Pharmaceutical Treasures from

Marine Pond Scum?

Discovery of New Drugs from the Sea

Blue-green algae are among the most ancient of all life forms on the

planet, and have evolved a remarkable ability to produce biologically

active chemicals that increase their competitiveness. Algae appear as

shapeless creatures floating on the waters surface, but are intricately

beautiful organisms at microscopic levels. Promising discoveries

in the areas of anticancer drugs will be

discussed, from collection and cultivationof algae, to drug screening with the

pharmaceutical industry.

Spirulina


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Medicines!

Oxygen!

Sea Food!

Land Food!

new Gas & Oil?

old Gas & Oil!

The Last Slide -The End!!

Algae: the worlds most

algae lecture v 1

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