Bacterial Classification

Taxonomy and Characteristics

Prokaryotes

Domain Archaea [ancient bacteria]Domain Eubacteria[true bacteria]

make up the old Kingdom Monera

ProkaryotesMost abundant groupWidely distributedOldest organisms

Domain Eukarya

OrganellesPlasma membraneCell wall, if present, made up of polysaccharides

Fungi : chitinPlants/Algae: cellulose or pectinsVertebrates: no cell wall

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

EukaryotesDNA

Membrane, nucleusMultiple chromosomesAssociated with histones

OrganellesCell WallsDivision

Sexual: MeiosisAsexual: Mitosis

Motility: Flagella whips

ProkaryotesDNA

Nonmembrane, nucleiodOne circular chromosomeNo histones

OrganellesCell Walls: peptidoglycanDivision

AsexualBinary FissionSnappingBudding

Motility: Flagella spins

Domain Archaea

Evolved from earliest cellsMethanogens

Largest groupUse CO2

Extreme environmentHalophilesThermophilesPsychrophilesAcidophilesAlkaliphiles

Domain Eukarya

FungiMoldsYeastsMushrooms

ProtistaSlime MoldsUnicellular AlgaeProtozoa

PlantaeMulticellular AlgaeMossesPlants

AnimaliaeInsectsWormsSpongesVertebrates

Fungi

EukaryoticUnicellular = yeastMulticellular = molds, mushroomsHyphae for nutrition from preformed matterChitinBeneficial: decomposersPathogenicMycology

Fungi: Mushrooms

Fungi: Algae

Fungi: Yeast

Pathogenic Fungi

Protista

EukaryoticUnicellularLack cell wallClassified based on movements

CiliatesFlagellatesPseudopods

Beneficial: decomposersPathogenic

Parasitic Protozoa

Plantae

Animalia

Eubacteria

ProkaryoticUnicellularShapesVary in sizeTaxonomy: Bergey’s Manual

Low G+C Gram PositiveHigh G+C Gram PositiveGram Negative Proteobacteria

Nonpathogenic: environmental contributionsPathogenic

Bacterial Shapes

Result of Asexual ReproductionBinary Fission

Cross wall dividesDaughter cells +/- separate

Snapping DivisionInner cell wall dividesDaughter cells hinged

BuddingOutgrowth of original cell

Budding

Snapping Division

Binary Fission

Binary Fission Results

CocciPairsChainsTetradsCubesClusters

BacillusSeparatePairsChains

Bacterial Shapes

Cocci: Pairs

Division in one planeDiplococci

Neisseria

Cocci: Chains

Division in 2 PlanesStreptococcus

Cocci: Tetrads

Division in three planesMicrococcus

Cocci: 8-cell group

Divides in 3 planesSarcina

Cocci: Clusters

Division in 3 planesStaphylococcus

Cocci Summary

Rods: Straight

E. coli

Rods: Club-ShapedCorynebacterium

Rods: Branching

Actinomyces

Rods: Comma form

Vibrio

Rods: Spore Formers

Gram Negative Rod Summary

Gram Positive Rod Summary

Spiral Forms

Pleomorphic

Bacterial Shapes Review

Motility

Low G+C Gram Positive Organisms

RodsClostridiaMycoplasmasBacillusListeriaLactobacillus

CocciStreptococcusEnterococcusStaphylococcus

High G+C Gram Positives

RodsCorynebacteriumMycobacteriumActinomycetes

ActinomycesNocardiaStreptomyces

Corynebacterium

Nocardia M.tb

Gram Negative Alpha Proteobacteria

PathogenicRickettsiaBrucellaEhrlichia

Ehrlichia

Gram Negative Beta Proteobacteria

PathogenicNeisseriaBordetellaSpirillumBurkholderia

Gram Negative Gamma Proteobacteria

PathogenicLegionellaCoxiellaPseudomonadsEnterobacteriaceae

E. coliSalmonellaShigellaProteusYersiniaEnterobacterSerratia Pseudomonas

Gram Negative Epsilon Proteobacteria

PathogenicCampylobacterHelicobacter

Helicobacter

Campylobacter

Other BacteriaChlamydia

PathogenicChlamydiaSpirochetes

Treponema [syphilis]Borrelia [Lyme ds]

Borrelia Treponema

Virus

AcellularNucleic acid coreProtein coatEnvelope [+/-]

ModificationsViroids: RNA virusVirions : outside hostPrions: proteins

Microbes and the Immune System