VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

ALGIRDAS JAKUTIS

MODELLING OF ECONOMIC REGULATIONS

Vilnius Technika 2007 UDK 330.1(075.8) Ja267

Algirdas Jakutis. MODELLING OF ECONOMIC REGULATIONS. Vilnius: Technika, 2007. 160 p.

This publication is for those who study theory of economics. It supplements the textbook “Ekonomikos teorijos pagrindai” which was published by “Smaltija” few times. It is also recommended to Masters of Science and people maintaining a doctor’s thesis in Social Studies (Economics). Besides Lithuanian edition there are English and Russian editions prepared for press because it is an original theory of economic concepts. That is why business people might get interested also.

Reviewers: Prof Dr Habil A. Kaklauskas, Prof Dr Habil A. Buračas,

Dr M. Sajdik VGTU leidyklos „Technika“ 1348 mokslo literatūros knyga ISBN 978-9955-28-086-6 © A. Jakutis, 2007 ©Vilnius Gediminas Technical University publishers „Technika“, 2007

Contents 2

Introduction 5

1. The sources of modelling the regulations of economics 14

1. 1. Language philosophy and economic language 15

1. 2. Philosophical problems of modelling economic regulations 22

1. 3. The philosophy of computer usage 31

1. 4. Linguistic aspects of modelling the rules of economics

36

2. The stepped system of economic categories 49

2. 1. Comparison of frequentative dictionaries 50

2. 2. The list of economic categories

51

2. 3. The determination of economic categories

52

2. 4. The establishment of category levels and the stepped system of

economic categories

58

2. 5. Stability of the system 62

2. 6. Synonym estimation 63

2. 7. System evenness 64

2. 8. Estimation of repeated categories 70

2. 9. Analysis of zero-stage categories 70

3. Modelling of economic regulation

72

3. 1. Types of economic regulation 72

3. 2. Methods of modelling 73

3. 3. List of non-economic categories necessary for modelling

75

3. 4. Modelling run and results 77

3. 5. Identification of economic regulations 93

4. Possibilities of modelling economic regulations using a computer

93

4. 1. The number of calculation of economic categories 95

4. 2. Functions of a man and a computer while modelling economic

regulations 97

4. 3. Computer modelling of economic laws 99

4. 3. 1. Text editors 99

4. 3. 2. Opportunity of using a computer

99

4. 3. 3. Editing 100

4. 3. 4. WinWord 102

1. Typing 102

2. Preservation of the text 102

3. Listing a the text 103

4. Editing of the text 103

4. 3. 5. Word for windows Caps lock 103

1. Typing 103

2. Preservation of text

104

3. Text call out of screen 104

4. Listing of the text 104

5. Editing

105

5. 1. The English text

105

5. 2. The Lithuanian text 105

4. 3. 6. Norton Commander

105

4. 3. 7. MS WORD 2000 105

4. 3. 8. Ways of editing the text 106

4. 3. 9. Algorithms and programs or economic regulations modelling 108

5. The practical use of economic regulations modelling

111

5. 1. The creation of an economic dictionary 112

5. 2. The creation of an economic text 113

5. 3. The reviewing of an economic text 113

5. 4. The optimisation of an economic text

118

5. 5. Practical use of a computer in a modelling process

124

5. 6. Modelling in a training process

125

5. 7. Modelling of non-economic laws 125

Conclusions

126

Suggestions 127

REFERENCES 128

ADDITIONS 142

Addition 1 137

1. Category system formation

142

Addition 2

172

1. Formation of an optimum system of categories in economics 177

Addition 3

191

1. Optimisation of an economic text

195

Introduction Subject topicality. Practical economic activity of people in history clashed with theoretical economic needs. There was a need to generalize separate facts, to formulate economic principles, laws, criteria, characteristics in order to use these rules in practical activities. A lot of economic texts appeared: from publications in newspapers to academic editions. The scale of the authors is wide: from a peasant to an academician, a Nobel Prize winner. It is not easy to make out in this stream of information: a lot of economic regulations are controversial to each other, there are such which, duplicate, many of them can not be found anywhere because they are not formulated yet. A systematic view of this information is needed, at the same time the extent rises every day. It is necessary to find out how economic rules appear, how to classify and to formulate them rightly. Object of exploration is a process of the preparation a rational economical text. The object of the experiment is economic dictionaries and economic texts of various authors. The main aim of the work is to prepare the methods of economic rules modelling. To reach this aim it is necessary to:

• Analyze the philosophic sources of the creation of formal languages, • Prepare classification methods of economic categories, • Form the procedures of economic rules of modelling, • Analyze possibilities of computer use for economic rules modelling, • Show practical work results and further use possibilities.

Methodology and Methods of the research. Theoretical background of the research is philosophical training laid out in the works of the researchers of phenomenology, analytical speech philosophy, neopositivism and structuralism. Traditional, formal and mathematical logics are used for modelling. The original stepped economic system created by the author of the monograph was offered for the classification of economic categories. Scientific novelty. This theme was not explored in economic science till this time. That is why the author could not lean on or analyze the work of colleagues as other monograph authors who chose the earlier analysed theme to do it. The author had to concentrate on a theoretical side of the question and to hope that he himself (later) or followers will continue the research into practical employment possibilities. On the other hand, a formal trend in

science and philosophy exists and is developing. The author leaned on the works of his teachers, contemporaries and disciples. Practical meaning of the work and approbation. The methodology of economic rules modelling enables to formulate various economic texts: articles, books, course work and diploma work, textbooks, economic laws and under legitimate act projects. The author of the monograph with his colleagues and students modulated the textbook “The foundation of economics theory”, which won the textbook competition of Science and studies fund. Modulated “Užsienio įmonių veiklos Lietuvoje analizė”, which was used for the preparation of Government resolution. According to the stepped economic category system it is possible to review texts of other authors or their associations. Economic part of the Lithuanian Republic constitution was evaluated like that compared with several Nobel Prize winners – texts. Monograph material is used for teaching. Students of VGTU, VU, Lithuanian Law University, Lithuanian military academy, private Akelan School, superior schools model economic rules. The result of economic rules modelling is principles, laws, characteristics, criteria, restrictions etc. In earlier stages of science development finding of a law or forming of a principle was big achievement. Nowadays, using methods of economic law modelling, principles, laws etc., can be modelled by students and pupils. These students are from VGTU faculties of business management, building, environment engineering and transport engineering; VU masters of science, students of Lithuanian Law and Military Academies, students of private Akelan school, students of Alytus higher technical school, Vilnius higher co-operation school and Buivydiskės higher agricultural science school. Modelling of economic laws is taught during lectures and it is studied during practical classes preparing homework, tests, course work and finishing graduation work. Masters of Science modulate economic laws. Persons maintaining a doctor’s thesis use this methods preparing their dissertations. The modelling of economic laws is used in preparation of study programs. It is connected with economic theories which were prepared in the department of Business and Economics, study programs of business and finance, building economics. Systems stability. When the determination of a given category is changed, the category number of level can change, that is its position in the stepped system of economic laws. So, the stability of the stepped system of economic laws is not absolute and in this way this system differs from the

system of figures where “five” is always between “four” and “six”. But maybe absolute non-stability exists? Perhaps given determination of a category by one author permits to ascribe it to the beginning of the system and the determination of the same category by another author permits to ascribe it to the end of the system? Achieving to find the answers to these questions, different determinations of the same categories were analysed and their level was ascertained. (Motiejūnaitė, 1994). Determining the number of a level in this way there are no leaps between levels, that is there are no blank spaces without a category to fill. Formed system consists of 9 levels. It is a positive point, since all blank spaces are filled, that is why the stepped economic system is comprehensive and consistent. It is achieved by successfully choosing criteria, according to which levels are counted, and in other words, the numbers of categories levels are determined based upon the principle of the biggest branch. It is established that categories of initial levels are the most stabile. Such categories are: product, labor, service, exchange, goods, production and other. These categories are the foundation of determining the numbers of levels of other categories. Categories of higher levels are not so stabile. Stability diminishes when the number of level increases. It means that stability diminishes when the occurrence of economics is concretized. Categories of initial levels are the most abstract and while going further through levels, the occurrence of economics is detailed. There are some bases that are approbated in the EU and where determinations of technical terms which are discussed accepted and approbated, could be found. So, standard determinations are valid. Determinations of economic categories must become standards. Their stability at a given period of time must be absolute. Of course, when it is necessary standards are changed. The origin of the monographs and associates. Professor K. Antanavičius wrote: “In the world that surrounds us every phenomenon is related to many others. Relations between some phenomena are stronger and between others they are weak. It is impossible to analyze all the relations and all the conditions. For example, we have a system which consists of 7 elements. There are direct and contrary (recurrent) relations between every element. So, the number of relations will be N =n (n – 1)=7 x 6=42. If we want to analyse all possible conditions of the system we will have to analyse how the system works, if there is one, two, etc. relations missing. Number of possible conditions will be K=242=4 x 1012. In reality systems consisting of thousands of elements are analysed. When preparing plant work programme we can choose from K possible variants:

∑=

≈−

=n

r

enrn

nK1

,!)!(

!

where n – number of production processes r – number of processes which function at the same time ( r<n ); e - foundation of natural logarithm, when n = 10, K=3628800 x 2, 1782818 = 7,9 x 106

It is obvious that only few relations and systems conditions can be analysed. The main relations which have essential influence on systems condition change must be set and featured systems conditions must be analysed.” (Profesorius K. Antanavičius, Vilnius, 2000). That was an idea. I heard it 1972 when listening to the professor’s lectures. I began to gather material in 1985. Thousands of students and higher schools pupils took part in the exploration of economic laws modelling This theme was analysed by these bachelors of VGTU Bussiness management faculty: R. Biekša, J. Jurgaitienė, N. Keturakis, D.Matijoškaitė, I. Motiejūnaitė, I. Nastajūtė, V. Paulikas, A.Petkevičienė, K. Petuchova, J. Skirkevičiūtė ir L. Talačkienė. The same masters of science prepared text optimisation projects in 1998-1999. In the year 2000, according to the observations of masters of science, my brother St. Jakutis reviewed this monograph. With colleague A. Steponov this theme was published also in some articles. The co-authors of the textbook “Ekonomikos teorijos pagrindai”, which texts are redesigned by the methodics, which is presented in the monograph, are: V. Petraškevičius, A. Stepanovas, L, Šečkutė ir S. Zaicevas. Economic laws modelling idea was supported by professors: J. Bivainis, B. Melnikas, S. Marčiukaitis, K. Prunskienė, O. Rakauskienė, A. Kaklauskas, docentai J. Rudalevičius, S. Butkus, J. Vijeikis, V. Aukščiūnas, G. Dievulis, dr. J. Vėlyvis, dr. V. Kazlovas. These professors dont support this idea: R. Ginevičius, V. Rutkauskas, A. Šileika, L. Simanauskas, doc. V. Bagdonas, dr. G. Vagnorius. In truth, later professor R.Ginevičius and associate professor V. Bagdonas said that their real opinion does not match with the official one and is contrary to it. VGTU rector professor E. -K. Zavadskas gave business-like help realizing the monograph idea. Student D. Kondratenko registered a computer version officially. Master of Science V. Sapranavičius published the monograph in the Internet.

In the end of the monograph there are approximately 300science literature sources which I used preparing my work. I wish to thank the authors of these sources and persons whom I already mentioned, for their support and critics. Introduction Economics consists of economical regulations. Economics can be described as a science which consists of economic principles, laws, characteristics, criteria, restrictions, axioms etc. Each of these mentioned laws consists of categories. Categories (gr. category – indication) – are theoretical conceptions which express the most important aspects of reality restoration. Categories are forms which give theoretical meaning to practical experience. Categories name economic occurrence. Categories are presented and analysed in textbooks, reference books and encyclopedias. Categories are interdependent because economic occurrences which are described by categories are interdependent too. There are a lot of connections between categories. These connections are like a net or a tree because one category is connected with few other categories and these few are connected with other categories. As an example we can analyze the category “investment”. Investment is defined like capital investment into a company. Capital is everything that was created by human work and it is used for final production of a product. Company is a production or trade economic unit. Further these categories should be defined: work, profit, product, production, trade, and economy. After that these categories which go into their definitions have to be defined and so on. From this example we can see that we get a tremendous amount of categories from one definition of a category. We get a stepped category system. It is urgent to analyze the most important categories. There is only a small portion of words which repeat. German stenograph S. Keding, who investigated 10 million words, established that 15 most often words make 25% of a text. (Žilinskienė V., 1990). In the Lithuanian language multi dictionary category “work” is in the 12th place – in the investigated text it was used 1759 times. Other often used categories are: economy, land, production, worker, company and plan. How many categories are known? Comprehensive economic dictionaries present nearly 75000 categories. The number of connections between economic expressions (categories) can be found by using a combination formula. We will get a number which can be compared to the number of combinations on a board of chess (10120). In order to get a rational

economic law from the combination of categories the combination has to be investigated accordingly to the methods used in economics, heaps or probability theories. In spite of this, sometimes one or another methodic algorithm or combination has to be used. Rational category combinations express complex categories, principles, laws, definitions, characteristics etc. Some category laws can be found which do not make rational connection. That shows that there is no direct connection between investigated categories. Because of such a big number of variants it seems hopeless even to start to investigate this problem. But it is necessary to remember that connections are binary in other words, even categories connections. With binary connections all other connections are easily modelled. A part of connections is already investigated and published. There are thousands of sources which investigate category problem, for example, (Гуссерль Е., 1975; Булатов M., 1983; Макаров M.Г., 1974; Нодия Г.O.; 1986). Aristotle was the first who revealed the problem of categories (Аристотель, 1939). He observed that concepts could be sorted out according to how they describe the occurrences of reality. Aristotle indicated few of such aspects: essence, quantity, quality, relation etc. They cannot be changed one by another or by general one, that is why they are the highest levels or categories by which science bases its exploration of reality. Aristotle did not make more consistent conclusions about the structure and origin of categories, but he indicated educational value of categories, formulated an important thought for science about the necessity of their systematization. Category problem was investigated by such eminent scientists as E. Huserl, R. Bertran, and D. Pospelov and A. Einstein (Anzenbacher A., 1992). A. Einstein once said: “I am not sure if it is possible to understand wonder of thinking”. This thought is confirmed by principle of a “black box” used in cybernetics the essence of which is that in-coming information and results are known in advance. It still stays unclear in what way those results are got. Only in-coming information and results are analysed. Prof. V. Dimitrijev [Советская энциклопедия, 1990) is afraid that penetration into a “black box” – human intellect - can be dangerous: consequences can be hardly guessed. We have already discussed that categories name economic occurrences. These occurrences are connected among themselves. A search for connection and modelling leads to certain results. As a result we get economic rules. Rules can be and should be classified. Such economic rule types: Are known principle, law, criteria, restriction, characteristic, definition, axiom, postulate, multiple category, dogma, and canon... Rules can be also classified to theses and hypotheses. Thesis is a proved rule and hypothesis is an imaginary rule.

When analysing any economic text more attentively we will find the mentioned types of economic rules. For example, after the analysis of the text of the lecture “Business organization forms”, it was found that it consists of 47 laws, 37 definitions, 17 principles, 29 characteristics, 24 axioms, 18 canons, 10 postulates, 8 criteria. In other economic texts facts, formulas, graphics, paradoxes, preconditions, and conclusions can be found... Methods help in finding the connection between economic occurrences. Dialectical method is total. It is used in science since Platon (Anzenbacher A., 1992) times. Dialectical method consists of observation, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, experiment, abstraction, and verification. Genetic method of “branches and limit” and other methods can be used. Which methods are most often used when modelling economic rules? Review of 321 connections shows that analysis is used in 92 cases, genetic method in 78 cases, observation – 42, deduction – 16, synthesis – 15 and so on. A method also consists of categories, principles, and laws... That is why by using known methods new ones are modeled. Nowadays, the list which is known to science is still not final. Let’s analyze the most important the establishment course of binary connection. We take two categories A and B. Definitions are copied from reference book, textbook, encyclopedia or other sources. After that from the method list we choose the first method and with its help look for the connection between categories A and B. If the connection is found, we establish its type. Later we take the second method and with its help look for the connection between the categories A and B. Again if connection is found, we determin its type. It can be other type connection among same categories. It is possible that one method is used and connection cannot be found, but if other method combination is used, the connection an be found. Let’s analyse a specific example. Accidentally few categories are selected and their definitions are written out (Большой экономический словарь, 1994). Inflation – overflow of money channel with paper money over real economic needs leading to devaluation. Amortization –the systematic repayment of a debt (in finance) Capital – everything what was created by human work and is used for product and service creation. Utilitarianism (in Latin, Utilas – profit) – social – economical principle which is investigated along all social relations by its profit view with purpose to use these relations to reach some kind of goal Let’s model the connections among these four economic occurrences. First of all the categories are investigated by one. It is observed how an

economic phenomenon called by a specific name changes in space and time for example, inflation during long years has a tendency and grow and become stable, sometimes vanish. That’s why the regulation is formulated as follows “inflation changes in time”. The type of this regulation is characteristic, the phenomenon was investigated by the method of observation. Investigating the category “capital” it becomes clear that “capital during time grows”. This regulation was obtained using method of analysis. After the investigation of units we start the investigation of binary category connections. If we investigate inflation and amortization by genetic method we can see that amortization changes can call out inflation changes. But when amortization slows down, accumulation of old equipment starts and in consequence it produces less and worse quality products. But money quantity which gets into circulation is the same. That is why inflation grows. Regulation is formulated: “a slow down of amortization enlarges inflation”. A genetic method was used. Other mentioned modelling results can be found in this Table: Number

Combination of categories

Economic regulation

Type of regulation

Used methods

1 2 3 4 5 Units 1. Inflation Inflation during

time changes Characteristic

Observation

2. Amortization

Amortization during time stabilizes

Rule Verification

3. Capital During time capital grows

Rule Observation

4. Utilitarianism

During time Utilitarianism changes

Characteristic

Observation

Binary 5. Inflation

- amortization

Slow down of amortization enlarges inflation

Rule Genetic

6. Inflation - capital

Inflation rises price of capital

Rule Genetic, Analysis

7. Inflation - Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism stimulates inflation

Rule Genetic

8. Amortization - capital

Capital amortizes Rule Analysis

9. Amortization - utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is one of amortization reasons

Rule Genetic

10.

Capital - Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism – capital principle

Principle

Genetic

1 2 3 4 5 Three kinds 11.

Inflation – amortization - capital

Inflation enlarges price of capital which amortizes

Rule Genetic, analysis

12.

Inflation – amortization - utilitarianism

Utilitarianism stimulates inflation and is one of the amortization reasons

Rule Genetic

13.

Amortization – capital - utilitarianism

Utilitarianism – principle of capital and one of the amortization reasons

Principle, rule

Genetic

14.

Inflation – capital - utilitarianism

Utilitarianism – principle of capital and inflation enlarges price of capital

Principle, rule

Genetic

Four kinds 15.

Inflation – amortization – capital - utilitarianism

Utilitarianism – principle of capital and inflation enlarges price of capital which amortizes

Principle, rule

Genetic, analysis

After analysing 15 combinations, we have some laws, principles and qualifications. We can see that binary relationships (the twos) are considered to be the most significant ones. It is easier to model the threes, etc. when we already have the twos. It is essential for economics to find initial categories from which we can model economic regulations with other categories attached progressively. Searching for initial categories it is necessary to analyze those which can be explained by the least number of other categories.

1. The sources of modelling the regulations of economics The language of economics is the result of modelling economic regulations. Language philosophy analyses the principles of a language. Texts are being explained by phenomenology, hermeneutics and by analytical language philosophy, which is divided into logical and linguistic analysis of the language. A language is analysed by semiotics and structuralism. The modelling of regulations of economics faces the problems the solutions of which can be found in traditional, formal and mathematical logic. Philosophy analyses the problem of set and infinity which is faced by the modelling of economic regulations. Philosophy analyses the questions of concept and its definition, levels of categories and abstraction. Cybernetics and problems of computer usage can be found in philosophy as well.

1.1. Language philosophy and economic language Cognition theory is often expressed in the shape of the problems of language philosophy. This turning to the language is typical to the whole philosophy nowadays. Modern philosophy is usually called the philosophy of the XX century. This limit is not accidental. Around 1900 a considerable turn occurred in the philosophy of western countries. New trends were exposed and took their roots. Phenomenological oriented position is to which in the first place classical phenomenology, existentialism and hermeneutical philosophy belong. Positively oriented position, is to which neopositivism, critical rationalism as well as lots of logical, empirical and linguistic trends. They all are contained by so called analytical philosophy belong. The beginning of phenomenological thinking is related to two Austrian thinkers. F. Brentan (1858 – 1917) (Anzenbacher A., 1992) was its forerunner while E. Husserly (1859 – 1938) (Гуссерль Е., 1975) put the grounds to the whole further development of phenomenology. Many conclusions of phenomenological thinking became the permanent impulse for further philosophy: having in mind hermeneutical problem or the great phenomenological oriented analyses of existentialists. The name phenomenology was derived from the Greek word phinets (expressing). A new phenomenology program – next to the very things – has been introduced as well. To analyze what is expressed. Philosophy has to turn from fruitless discussions about the theory of cognition that took place in the end of the XIX century to what is expressed, what is the phenomenon. One of the most innovatory works of modern philosophy is E. Husserly’s book Logical Investigations (1900) (Husserlis E., 1975). E. Husserly proved one of the most important methods of philosophical investigations, that is the phenomenological method. Phenomenon is primarily everything that we discover in experience. The task of phenomenological philosophy is to analyze phenomena in the way that the main ideal points would become the given things. The goal of phenomenology is the system of pure (formal and material) essences which would cover all philosophical disciplines. Therefore phenomenological philosophy is called the philosophy of essence. E. Husserly and early phenomenologists thought that the phenomenological method could distinguish and investigate the sphere of pure, ideal, anti-terminal and anti-historical essences. At first phenomenologists were not oriented either to the philosophy of existence (ontology) or the philosophy of consciousness

(transcendentical). They followed the law of spiritual philosophy and analysed the things that were considered to be ideal. Phenomenology had a great significance to practical philosophy as well. It was based on the principle that in philosophy the senses of values and relations between values correspond to phenomenological cognition of the essence. Hermeneutics (from Hermy – gods’ messenger, giving gods’ messages to people) came from the art of proclamation, evaluation and explanation. Today the field of hermeneutical problems comprises the interpretation, explanation and understanding of texts (including economical), theories, events, disciplines, circumstances, etc. The shape of today’s hermeneutics arises from existentialists, M. Headgear’s (Haidegeris M., 1992), in the first place, theories. Existentialism is a special version of the philosophy of consciousness. Its basic ideas can be explained by referring to S. Kerkegard’s (Anzenbacher A., 1992) formulated division. It is the division of the objective and subjective reflexions. A man can reflect every day’s experience, from which philosophy arises. Existentialists admit that he virtually has got two opportunities. He can direct his interests to what is given objectively refusing himself, his personal individual subjectivity. 2) However, a man can perceive himself as an opportunity. In this subjective reflexion he is searching for his own “Ego”, personal, individual, subjective being, that ego which is called existence. I am the man whom I create myself. Referring to existential theory we can formulate the theory of hermeneutics in such a way: after perceiving the language, historicity, and existence together as existential, a totally specific problem appears. The explanation, understanding and interpretation of texts and theories are more than pure repeating. The supposition of comprehension is always preliminary comprehension. The preliminary comprehension may have various conditions. The most essential condition is the historicity of our existence, which is condensed in the language. The language is the most important aspect. A man gets to know the world through the mediation of the language. The specific live language is the expression of the general preliminary comprehension of all the people using that language. It exists in communication. The world is always experienced through the communication and with the help of an open language. In fact, there are two great areas of philosophical investigation of the language: analytical and not analytical.

Analytical philosophy of the language considers the language as an objective, an empirically given thing which can be analysed as any other empirical gift. There can be distinguished two main trends of the analytical philosophy of the language.

1) Logical analysis of the language. It is associated with early L. Wittgenstein (Vitgenšteinas L., 1995; Витгенштейн Л., 1993; Витгенштейн Л., 1994) and Vienna’s circle. L. Wittgenstein in his first period of creative work gave a strong impulse for neopositivism to appear (Vienna’s circle). In the second period, oriented to linguistics, he created the theory of language games. It is language critics and logical analysis of the language that are its typical characteristics. It criticizes everyday speech because it is often inaccurate and ambiguous. They try to create some new modern language which would distinguish itself by greater accuracy. Incredibly developed formal logic is a wonderful instrument for this purpose. The most important thing for this tendency is that the language would satisfy the needs of science and, primarily, the needs of exact sciences. It was often considered the creation of the accurate united language of all sciences to be the aim of the logical analysis of the language.

2) Linguistic analysis of the language. It is related to late L. Wittgenstein. The object of this analysis is an ordinary, everyday, empirically given language (linguistic games). It is also interested in the content of sign combinations, their appearance in ordinary linguistic activities, where linguistically registered expressions are used. It does not seek to create any artificial language, but it tries to investigate empirically the usage of everyday speech in ordinary languages.

Analytical philosophy of the language regards the language as the system of signs. It investigates interrelations of these signs, their meaning and usage in linguistic activities. Linguistic expressions are more than simple signs. There is a marked depicted and metaphorical character of the language. Due to its flexibility it adapts itself to nations and individuals. The language is actually three-sided, i.e. it is expressed as subject – subject – object ratio. I am talking to you about that. There is neither the kingdom of ideal meanings, which could be separated from a specific language, nor the world without languages of its own accord. Transcendentical and hermeneutica aspects, unconditionality and conditionality, absolutism and relativity - that is what we consider to be a dialectical thing, typical for the whole human cognition and speaking. On the one hand, the absolute, transcendentical cognitive and linguistic meaning is always being postulated in the whole cognition and speaking. On the other hand, the certain language in the historical context expresses transcendentalism.

Human cognition is not just the observation of an object, but it is also the thinking of the target. No object can be thought in any other way but in categories; we cannot learn about the object of thinking in any other way but in targets corresponding to those concepts. Categories are synthetic acts of intellect, i.e. they unite the variety of objects into the integral cognition. The target is thought and perceived as a unity with the help of categories. Intellect is an ability to use concepts and main statements. Analytics explores concepts and principles of our intellect, while dialectics investigates ideas of our mind. Thus, observation of objects as well as thinking of the target is transcendental logic. The right logical symbolism itself has to show the structure of the language and the world. Objects are being named; the bonds between them are being sought. The bonds are sentences (propositions, regulations). There are analytical and synthetic statements. Analytical statements are those the predicate of which lies in the subject of the statement; its predicate can be achieved by a simple analysis of the subject; analytical statements do not broaden our cognition, they only make it clearer. Synthetic statements are those the predicate of which does not lie in the subject of the statement; the predicate utters something new about the subject, which broadens our cognition. Analytics showed how the variety of observation with synthetic acts of intellect (with concepts and principles) is connected into synthetic units of experience. Transcendentical dialectics show that cognition is possible only when these synthetic units of experience are covered by the ideas of our mind. Only then the absolute unity of the experienced world can be explained. Intellect synthesizes statements. Intellect can be natural and artificial. The artificial intellect is called a computer. Intellect comprises targets (sensitivity) and states objects and their spheres (synthetic units of experience), handles them in respect of the unity of experience and the world’s experience on the whole. Economic categories are arranged in stages: from primary explained by common words, to the categories of high degree of aggregation. The very primary categories (common words) are defined with a great difficulty, e.g. time is a primary and indefinite category. Any science refers to such concepts. In geometry such concepts are a point, a line, re-arrangement, etc. In sets theory it is an element, set, an arranged pair of elements, etc. In mechanics – material point, trajectory, interaction, time, etc. Structures and logical framework of science is made in deductive sciences on the basis of the primary fundamental concepts which are used as clear on their own accord, and according to the unregistered agreement, equally treated among the investigators.

Economy is a changeable reality. That is why, trying to feel the horizons, life’s tissue, the system of symbolic meanings of a certain period, the apparatus of concepts should be formed very carefully and successively, and definitions should be presented in the last place, because they can never universally reveal the difficulty, complexity and dynamism of economic phenomena. The main conceptual problems are associated with the situation of logical and methodological indetermination of economic concepts. Following L. Wittgenstein, neither naming nor meaning can be absolutely precise, because it is impossible to give a comprehensive list of the possible usages of the language. The question what is precise and not, has a meaning only in the background of certain language games and with respect to them. The degree of some kind of indetermination, the “imperfection” is often useful. Our concepts, functioning as complex organisms (usually in the shape of “a tree”), are often inaccurate in the complex economical context. To simplify concepts means to distort them, take away their life. Following B. Russell (Рассел Б., 1994), a language is always more or less obscure; therefore, the things we state are never totally precise. Most questions and sentences arise because of the fact that we do not understand our logic of the language. L. Wittgenstein argued: “what can be said in general, can be said clearly, but the things that cannot be talked about, should be kept in silence”. Thus philosophy turned back to language and began analysing if it is appropriate as the instrument of world’s cognition. Modern philosophy, starting with R. Decart (Декарт Р., 1953; Dekartas R., 1990; Декарт Р., 1936), began to raise the question of the world’s structure in the consciousness of the man who is in the process of cognition. The discovery of the XX century philosophy is that we are unable to step back of the language, for even such an attempt would be possible only with the measures our language possesses. They no longer try with thinking to get out of this world’s limits; on the contrary, they try to eliminate misunderstandings, appearing due to the dirty and incorrect usage of the language, to solve language problems as well as the schemes of the economical language. There were various factors that influenced the appearance of such thinking: scientists’ failure while creating metaphorical patterns and their efforts to find an opportunity to join sensual data in the right way, in other words, to find a logical scheme according to which it would be possible to interpret them. Another stimulus to concentrate on the language was the aspiration to separate meaningless statements from those with meanings. It is the circle of Vienna and “the philosophy of the Anglo-Saxons” (B. Russell (Рассел Б.,

1994)) as well as E. Moare (Anzenbacher A., 1992) who were trying to achieve this. There cannot be obscure statements in sensible sentences. They must be logically and grammatically correct, possible to being verified. A strict criterion of meaning was soon modified, because abstract laws cannot be verified. Wishing to retain the logical view of the world, analytical philosophy of the language isolates itself from a given “thing” and calls “a thing” everything that can be expressed in the language by an available word. The analysis of the language begins with simple procedures of attribution and creates its terminology. The attribution of a word to a thing is called predication. Predicators can indicate more than one thing. Thus there are two-digit and many-figured predicators. They define relations of things. Every predicator can be attributed to unlimited number of things. Some kind of attribution is called marking. (This table) It consists of a determinative and predicator. Finally, there are words that can be understood only in connection with some situation (pronouns, adverbs: I, you, here, today, there). It is indicators. If it is necessary, they can be converted with proper names to the knowledge, independent from any situation (“We are here”, “John and Mary will be in Paris on October 6”), and that way they become facts. Precisely indicating semantic bonds of words (standardization), scientific terminology appears. Definition is the process of describing the unknown term in the terms of the combination of already known terms. Terminology is formulated with the words of everyday speech. That way used signs are being found. More abstract terms are called concepts. Content is what the predicator permits to understand. The whole of a thing, to which the content can be attributed, is called volume. Semantic content is something that can be an equivalent of a saying. The existing semantic content is called a fact. Saying that refers to the existing semantic content, i.e. the fact is called right (if it refers to the absent semantic content – wrong). Semantic contents can be existing and non-existing. Statements can be right or wrong. So statements refer to the semantic content firstly irrespective of whether it exists or not. There can be several stages of affirmation. The statements, expressing the semantic content of things, are called “the language of objects”, the statements about statements – metalanguage. Not all laws of the metalanguage can be interpreted into language statements of objects, otherwise metalanguage would be identical to

the language of the object and the separation of them both theoretically would be worthless. 1. Austin (England) Moare (Anzenbacher A., 1992) analysed the function of the language. Language statement is the main unit of communication. Asking what was sought with the sign of the language can extend the knowledge of the language. Thus, the bond exists between what the speaker is thinking and what the uttered sentence means, between what the speaker is seeking for and what the listener understands, and the rules that influence the elements of the language. So the essence of the language is to define meanings, which have reached the listener. This aspect is called pragmatic. Language changes our behavior. It can work only in the social sphere, constantly organizing anew our social environment. The game with meanings (what is indicated by sayings and phrases) is the semantic aspect; language rules, i.e. relations of signs (e.g. ratio of grammatical subject and predicate), are the syntactical aspect. The general analysis of all three standpoints to the usage of signs is the task of semiotics (science about the usage of signs). There exists the language theory of structuralism. The purpose of any structural activity is to reconstruct the “object” so that while doing this it would come out what regulations it is functioning to. A structural man takes what is given, segments and puts everything back. Between both objects or between both moments of structural activity it is formed something new and this new thing is nothing else but common familiarity, it is the object accompanied by the intellect, which possesses as much of anthropological meaning as a man, his history, his situation and freedom is showing himself in it. The activity of structuralism is far from being ideological; it is theoretical. The aim of semiology is the investigation of the language system. It has to explain what makes signs and what laws they are ruled by. J. Locke Moare (Anzenbacher A., 1992) already stated that words are only signs, not things. The lack of confidence is, first of all, very obvious in Nietzsche’s works. Language is the code which was never doubted and which refers to the belief that concepts are right. Referring to this, philosophy is being created. Cognition then is nothing else but the interpretation of concepts. Language is put on a man like a corset. Senses and feelings become dependent on the compulsion of the language. Impulses, instincts, “sinking of the soul” – all this is put into the scheme with the help of the language. Language is just the abstraction of feelings; introducing some kind of order,

common code, it levels what some time ago was special, individual and differentiated. So separating it from individual differences creates a concept. Language is a product, which an individual registers in passively, functioning as a universal system of classification. Language requires unconditional submission of all impulses, in that way becoming the greatest possible scale of order and safety. A separate dangerous experience eventually melts in the gang’s language; the polarization of the flood of non-articulated sounds and strict logic of the language becomes stronger. It is the supporters of the standpoint of language mistrust who think that way. Summarizing the above said ideas it is necessary to stress this. Phenomenology and hermeneutics call up to understand, explain and interpret texts, including economic ones. Neopositivism developed the logical analysis of the language, spoke in favor of an accurate, precise and monosemantic language, the accurate and unanimous language of all sciences. Analytical philosophy of the language refers to categories – synthetic act of the intellect. Categories are arranged in stages: from primary to that of a degree of high aggregation. There is “the language of objects” and “metalanguage”. The relations between categories are analytical and synthetic laws. Semiotics analyses the order of relations. Structuralism seeks for the verification of the regulations. An accurate language abstracts from feelings and emotions.

1.2. Philosophical problems of modelling economic regulations Following A. Schopenhauer Moare (Anzenbacher A., 1992), the system of categories always must be related architecturally, i.e. in the way that one part would hold the other, but it itself wouldn’t be held by it, and finally the bed-stone would hold all parts without being held by them, and the top would be held and it would not hold anything itself. That would be the leveled system of categories. We should regard the language of economies as the measure of investigation, but, first of all, as the only object worth of such investigation. Language is the view of the economic world: we know the world of economies only because economic language reflects, portrays the world’s structure with its main features, logical structure and form. Sentence is the view of reality. The structure of the sentence has to be isomorphic (in the mathematical sense) of elementary facts from which the world is made. If we want that the sentence would reflect the world sensibly: sentence elements – names – mark off, corresponds to the world’s elements – objects, thus sentence is a logical view of reality. However, objects are defined as some kind of possibilities of the world’s existence. They exist only as the components of elementary facts. Logic is not a theory (it does not produce the truths of a fact like empirical sciences do); it is the whole of tautology. To make sure whether a sentence has the meaning, we should divide it into elementary parts which directly correspond to elementary facts of economic world and marks the limits of our language, the threshold of the meaning. All meaningful sentences are the true functions of elementary sentences; the meaning of the sentences that make them influences the meaning of the chosen and designed sentences: the first ones in the mathematical sense of the word are the functions of the second ones. When this thesis is connected with the thesis about the reflective function of the sentence, it appears that the basis with which the limits of a meaningful economical language are defined is of empirical nature: the limits of the meaningful language depend on what objects are given for us in reality. It is the principle of verification – a thing may have a sense only if it can be examined from the point of view of truth. The most general limits of speaking are being defined in that way; we are looking for strict criteria of meaning. After designing the regulations of economies, no matter if it was done by a man or by a computer, firstly the question whether those regulations have the meaning arises. Two aspects are characteristic for the conception of the limits of the language as the world’s limits: first, economic language as all covering medium, universality, next to which it is impossible to stand up, from which it

is impossible to escape which cannot be overstepped, at which it is impossible to look only partly, “neutrally”, not looking from inside, through the same economic glasses. Economical language can be explained only in the means of economic language, therefore it eventually cannot be explained. On the other hand, every subject has its own economic language and understands the world of economies in its own way. The limit which is being talked about here is the whole of objects of experience of the subject. There is another point of view to the economic language and its place. The world’s conception, not that of the language determines the conception of the language, and the latter determines the conception of the world and ourselves. The secret of the origin of the relationship between the language and the world is more revealed not when we compare “autonomic” structures of the language and the world or when we explain the endless variety of cases of language usage, but when we perceive ourselves being a part of the world and derivatives of the language, not only attributing meanings to the world and language, but representing them ourselves and, on their basis, perceiving, evaluating, taking and rejecting the world and ourselves. We cannot get out of the universality of the language and meaning not because the language and meaning eventually cannot be expressed at all, but first of all because we – derivatives of the language and meaning – are unable to be expressed as well. The supporters of both points of view do not want to keep silent about the things that cannot be talked about. There are various methods for the design of economic regulations: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and the like. There are 50 laws of logic given in the textbooks of logic and discussed methods. R. Descartes (Dekartas R., 1990) distinguished four main rules of logic. “The first rule: never consider the thing to be true till I make sure such thing exists; in other words, carefully avoid haste and prejudice, and to my decisions engage only what is clear and obvious to my mind, which does not bring any doubts. The second rule: every thing of mine difficult to analyze divide into as many parts as possible and necessary for it to be overcome. The third rule: maintain a certain order of thinking; begin with the most simply and easiest to recognize things, and gradually proceed to the most difficult cognition, supposing the order to be where the objects of thinking do not follow one another, naturally. And the last rule: always do such comprehensive naming and such thorough surveys to make sure nothing is left out”( Dekartas R., 1990) .

R. Descartes stated “all things available for a man’s cognition equally go off one another. Therefore avoiding considering something to be true, when it is on the contrary, and always keeping in mind the proper order of conclusions, you may be sure there is nothing that would be so far that you would not be able to reach, or nothing so mysterious that you would not be able to discover. It was not difficult for me to find the point where to start from, because I already knew I should start with the most simple and clearest things”. In fact, the leveled system of economic categories consists of the categories, to each of which a “genealogical tree” can be drawn and the beginning of the system is the most ordinary categories, which can be defined without using any other economic categories. B. Pascal (Anzenbacher A., 1992) created his own rules. “Rules of definitions. 1. Not to define terms which are known of their own accord and there are no terms to explain them. 2. Not to use a bit obscure or ambiguous terms without defining them. 3. While defining terms, use only well-known or already explained words” (Anzenbacher A., 1992) . These rules were followed when creating the leveled system of economic categories. Writing about axioms B. Pascal offered, “not to accept any necessary principles, no matter how clear and obvious they would be, without making sure they are being acknowledged. Axioms are to be considered only the things which are quite obvious”. These rules were followed discussing the types of economic regulations as well as axioms, as one of the types. There are many economic categories, but the number of regulations that can be designed is extremely large. B. Pascal wrote “all sciences in their extent of investigations are endless, because no one doubts that, for instance, geometry can produce a huge number of propositions. They are numerous in their abundance of principles and their delicacy, because everyone sees that those, which are being presented as the last ones, refer not to themselves but to others, and the latter ones to others, therefore, there can never be the last one. But those which our mind considers to be the last ones we treat like material things, because the prime thing there we call the point, out of which our senses do not perceive anything, although in his origin it is very divisible” (Anzenbacher A., 1992) . It is very hard to perceive a too small thing as well as too big. That is way to explain the beginning of the leveled system of economic categories is not easier than to see the top of the hierarchical system.

According to B. Pascal, “we are limited in every way possible: the middle position between the two extremes is expressed in all our might’s. Our senses do not perceive any extremes: too loud noise deafens us, too bright light blinds us, and too big distance prevents our vision. Too long or short reasoning is not clear for us. The first principles are too obvious for us; too great pleasure is tiring. Too young or old age, too big or little education darkens our mind. That is our real condition. It is because of it we are unable to know everything or nothing at all. We are eager to find the balance and the last stable background,

Here is our real position. Due to it, namely, we are unable nor really to know, nor ignorant everything. We flame desiring to discover some balance and the last steady basis, for we could build a tower, reaching unfitness, on it. However, all our basis collapses and the abyss appear in the ground.

As this middle, fallen to our lot, is always far away from extremities, what the meaning is of that a man will appreciate things a bit better than he realizes them, or if he seas them from a slightly higher view? Is not he always exceedingly far away from the end?”

According to these infinities, all the finiteness is equal and there is no any motivation to lean upon one more than other.

The father of logic, Aristotle (Аристотель,1993), confessed that notions attain a real knowledge, mind. In notions the essence and the common trait are fixed. Aristotle analysed comprehension of the common trait, its relation with other objects. In nature objects exist as the solid substance. Such ones are realized by our sensation. However, our thought detaches two elements in them: matter and a form. Both of them are not equivalent. Firstly, matter is material, which some object is mould of, the substrate of object. And a form is a shape of it. Aristotle links a form to a title. One-shaped objects are named by one title: animals of horse’s shape are called as horses. Therefore, a form signifies some brand, gender, and common trait. In the course of it, we cognize common and essential properties, the whole complex of which is represented in definitions. Thus, in the sphere of thought a form is the one, included into some definition, and matter is the one, kept of a definition.

Matter is just a passive state of existence. A form that acts in awareness and detachment of objects applies the definition to it.

Proportion between matter and a form is not absolute, because each matter is mounted. Matter of marbled sculpture should be a chunk of some marble that sculpture is made of. However, it has a form as well. But, according to Aristotle, it is lower in respect of sculpture. Thus, Aristotle discovers the whole presence as a chain of forms, levels, in which each lower

form is matter for the higher one. Descending the stairs of forms, we should reach the primary matter- the substrate of existence. Here Aristotle follows the example of some earlier Grecian materialists and thinks that four main elements reveal the primary determination of matter: the ground, water, air, fire - forming the outset of material things.

According to Aristotle, a form is an undestroyable active force. At last the thinker identifies it with the course and the goal of development. With respect to a form, matter is just an opportunity, it embodies turning into a mounted thing. In the first matter a variety of the entire world is hidden potentially. Further a form becomes gradually more intricate and the sphere of possibilities gets narrower. Each form is realized not anywhere, but in the matter with the opportunity to realize. People are born by people. An uneducated one has a possibility to acquire education. Meanwhile, a statue cannot be made of some milk. The tendency emphasizing potential ability of existence to change its condition, underscoring the opportunity for each one to turn into other - worthy of great attention. Aristotle does not separate a possibility and real being. He is preoccupied not with the presence only, but also with what potentially harbous and results from it. Aristotle links realization of some object and cognition of that process with four things: matter, a form, a cause and a goal. However, the analysis of those categories displays that a form and matter, the opposite one, are most important for it. He identifies a cause and a goal with a form. A form is interpreted as an acting force like energy stirring matter up. Motion, development are forms, the consequence of some activity. In that process matter takes its part as well, but just as a brake. A man becomes the educated one, defeating obstacles only. Nature does nothing in vain. Everything happening in it is subjected for some goal.

The purpose of each distinctive one is to accomplish the owning possibilities absolutely, to reach a perfect form. And the form - perfectation, the highest goal has already no matter. Thus, in the philosophy of Aristotle matter and a form are dominating ones. In my philosophy economic phenomenon and processes prevail, designating as categories and methods, assisting in the search of relations between categories. Connections are standard: principles, laws, characteristics and etc..

Let’s investigate the ideas of I. Kant (Kantas I., 1982) from the point of the cognition theory. Adoption of cognitional issues as the basic ones is a characteristic phenomenon of English philosophy (J.Locke, J.Berkeley, D.Hume (Anzenbacher A., 1992)). I. Kant raises a question, how according to the basis of concepts and images we can cognize objects. A man has notions and images only and decides about the things by them. How can it be passed

from notions and images to things, from a subject to an object? I. Kant called the researches of this problem as transcendental (Lat.- to pass, to overstep). They had to explain, what those solutions are, those are formulated by man, but overstepping the limits of him, because a man applies them to things.

I. Kant wanted to solve the controversy of rationalism and empiricism. Rationalists affirmed that cognition of reality comes from pure notions, and empirics - it descends from experience. I. Kant was not content with argumentation neither of the first, nor of the second: rationalists much depreciated the role of sense experience, empirics were unable to prove necessity and universality of scientific truths and some of them (D.Hume (Anzenbacher A., 1992) ) came to skepticism - it is impossible to prove the existence of the external world, objective and independent from the subject. I. Kant disagreed with this thesis, he wished to clear up the possibility of things, the one of general importance, using categories of a high abstractions’ degree. In the opinion of I. Kant, the possibility of such cognition is testified by conventional pure (theoretical) natural science and mathematics. Philosophy is a different matter: there are no any conventional correct propositions, unexplained differently by one schools and others. The question of philosophical science opportunity is the real issue of I. Kant. If wishing to solve it, it is necessary to find the origins of cognition, i.e. to answer to the question, how possible cognition of pure mind can be. After the reply three issues can be solved: the possibility of pure mathematics, the one of pure (theoretical) natural science and the possibility of philosophy.

I would like to add the fourthissue: the possibility of theoretical economy. The character of the problems was lucid and matter-of-fact, I. Kant distributes all the solutions to: 1) empiric or aposterioric, those descended from experience, their signs- fortuity and partialness; 2) aprioric- independent from experience, their source is the only mind, their signs necessity and universality. Thus, scientific (including economy) propositions, indispensable and of universal meaning- axioms, postulates, laws, principles- are independent from experience apparently.

In other respect I. Kant distributes all solutions to analytic and synthetic. Analytic solutions are the ones, the pridicate of which is already hidden in the subject’s notion, revealing and analysing it only. Over there in the solution (rule) “All bodies are lengthy” the notion of a body is not extended at all, because the extension is already concealed in this notion to solution, so this solution is analytic. Meanwhile, in the rule “All bodies have weight” the predicate is something else than it is reflected by body’s notion itself in general. According to I. Kant, adding of such the predicate gives a synthetic solution (rule).

There are three brands of rules: 1) aprioric analytic rules - all analytic rules are aprioric ones; 2) aposterioric synthetic rules - a connection between a subject and a predicate is defined by experience in them; 3) aprioric synthetic rules- in them the connection between a subject and a predicate is independent from experience, it is superior than experience. I. Kant asserts that the nucleus of cognition consists of aprioric synthetic rules because they express necessity and universality.

Empirics did not admit aprioric synthetic rules. D.Hume (Anzenbacher A., 1992) thought there are two sorted rules only- the ones about relations of notion and about facts or aprioric analythic and aprioric synthetic rules. However, I. Kant tells that mathematics and natural science have convinced him that aprioric synthetic rules exist (for instance, “7+5=12”, “a straight is the shortest line between two dots”) and they are in all sciences. I. Kant inquires: how, why can there aprioric synthetic rules be in maths and in natural sciences? In his opinion, it is a philosophical issue. Thus, a basic point of I. Kant phylosophical research is a fact; I. Kant refers to facts, but not to postulates improving the existence of sciences. He set the task to explain the nature of scientific rules, seeking to attach a philosophycal basis to sciences. He explored the objective fact - science, taking the analysis of mental products as a basis.

I. Kant detaches two levels of theoretical cognition- intellect and mind. Intellect-is a capability to find concepts, resting upon the material, afforded by experience. Mind-is deriving concepts from others, not leaning on experience, reasoning in the sphere of pure mind. The essential idea of I. Kant: a condition of cognition is notions. Aprioric forms of cognition- space, time, substance, condition, existence and etc. - that is a peculiar net like a program of a man’s thinking according to which data of cognition are arranged. Aprioric forms of cognition, in advance being in the cognizing subject is independent from it - they are the same of all people and unrelated with individual differiences, thus, they are objective.

R.Descartes (?узук Г.Л., 1995) and G.Leibniz (Anzenbacher A., 1992) asserted: the most profound cognition is gained not by experience, but by intellectual intuition, with directly perceiving the truth. With reckoning apriorism in sensitivity, I. Kant tells about space and time like sense observations or, in other words, sense intuitions, foresights.

The question of theoretical natural sciences’ opportunity is solved in transcendental analysis- in a logycal-based theory of physical objects’ cognition. I. Kant asserts that sense data about physical objects are amended by intellect according to logical categories: quantitative (unity, multitude,

totality), qualitative (reality, negotiation, limitation), relative (characteristic, causality, intercourse), modal (possibility, existence, necessity).

Space and time unites with these categories, transcendental aprioric scheme forms that create information about the objects of cognition- their causality, regularity, necessity, possibility and etc.. Aprioric synthetic rules are obtained.

Such the conception of I. Kant is devoted to modelling of rules. In my conception there are a list of categories, a list of modelling methods and possible types of rules. That is a simpler scheme than the one of I. Kant.

Transcendental analysis - the first part of transcendental logic, separated by I. Kant from formal or general logic. Keeping principles of the latter one aprioric, i.e. of indispensable and universal mean, I. Kant supposes that for the explanation of cognition’s origin formal logic is not suffice. It abstracts from both the content of cognition and from its origin. Meanwhile, transcendental logic should be a science, defining origin, extent and the objective meaning of information, substantiated by mind, i.e. information, for which objects are thought of entirely a priori. It is the idea of dialectal logic.

I. Kant asserts that a transcendental analysis breaks prioric, intellectual cognition to components. In the analysis of notions all the aprioric forms of intellect or categories are defined and the purpose of these notions’ deduction- to explain, how those aprioric intellectual forms are applied in cognition. That is a complicated problem. The analysis of the main propositions continuous to work out this issue, explaining, how categories are applied in processing of cognitive data and in the formation of rules. Here I. Kant demonstrates involved schemes of this application and repeats that these ones are applied in phenomenon only.

In my scheme a man (natural intellect) models rules easily. It is more difficult to apply a computer for that purpose. However the interaction of a man and a computer (natural and artificial intellect) allows tolerable results.

Interpreting categories of cognition from the standpoint of apriorism I. Kant spoke a perfectly known principle of scientific methodics up: in scientific cognition a structure of categorical thinking always exists that conditions cognition itself, i.e. scientific cognition is conditioned not by data of experience only, but also by the primary notions of a theory and principles, enabling explanation of experience data. Over there in logic the principle of ambiguity foresees two meanings of propositions: “true” and “false”. The principle of ambiguity is a postulate, expressing such an aprioric view: rightness and erroneousness of any proposition can be identified in an absolute sense, independently from possibilities of cognition. The primary notions of some theory and principles are not methodic preconditions of

theory creation only, but also necessary, constructive elements of cognition, expressing the initial view to the world.

The fate of the very theory depends on its initial principles, the definitions of primary theoretical concepts partly predestine the very content of a theory.

The real problems of analysis and synthesis investigated by I. Kant are beyond any doubt. They are linked with the efforts to determine two-sorted truths. Still G. Leibniz called as mental logic truths one sort of them and truths of a fact- the second one. The first ones are obtained after the remarking of information, being in the very system of knowledge or, in other words, rightness of them is determined by semantic rules of the existing tongue’s system. The second truths are found, acquiring information, passing the limits of available news system.

I. Kant was criticized by G.Hegel (Гегель Г., 1970-1972), a great specialist of categories.

Summarizing foregoing thoughts it is necessary to designate this. The language of economics must adequately reflect reality. Rulings must be sensible and correct. It makes problems, but this aim must be necessary strived for. The aim is sought according to suitable methods. Economics can produce infinity of rulings.

An issue is to choose the concept of economic rulings modelling. The ones of Aristotle and I. Kant are different and have plenty of intermediate versions, don’t they?

1.3. The philosophy of computer utilization

Can a computer model rulings like a man? In the 18-th century an especially radical form of materialism - mechanistic and biological materialism- grew up. Firstly it originated in France as a leading role in European cultural development of that time. P.Holbach (Anzenbacher A., 1992) is the founder of mechanics and determinism. He wrote that we experience solely matter inside of us and everywhere in nature.

From all this we can draw a conclusion that matter is able to feel and to think. It is seen that in the universe everything is going on according to the mechanistic laws, peculiarities, connections and modifications of matter and there cannot be the other explanation of a phenomenon, in spite of nature.

We perceive the only world where activities are stipulated by clear or unknown natural cause and this interaction goes from necessary laws. Natural history, physics, maths, chemistry, morals and politics must confine oneself with the only tool, given to us by nature for the revealing of truth, namely experience of science.

According to P.Holbach, in the universe there is nothing supernatural. Strict causal connections exist, regularity and necessity, eliminating any fortuity. Thinking and perception are expertly functions of brain. The whole mentality depends on their development. La Mettrie (Anzenbacher A., 1992), a colleague of P. Holbach wrote that courses of vital phenomenon are solely of corporal nature. Everything organic originated from inorganic. Sensation is the function of matter. A man is a machine, even “the one, screwing its springs by itself”. Spirit is “just a sensitive material part of brain”. Psychic situations are subordinate of psychological and pathologic processes. Efficiency of spiritual life depends on the volume of brain. A man is “a combination of springs, starting each other”, an organic machine.

In the mechanistic comprehension of the world no difference is seen between natural and artificial motion, between physics and mechanics, natural phenomenon are sought to comprehend by mathematical formulas. Experiments make phenomenon to be interpreted like isolated one from other, active connections are simplified as far as possible, turned into clearer, and the found laws are checked in practice. Nature is explored for the purpose to master it and to convert it into a technically repeatable auxiliary measure.

Knowledge becomes empirically created science and it can turn into a rather successful practice, right away. Natural laws, turned into rules of human activity, are transferred to the sphere of natural phenomenon’s’ governing. Natural laws must be necessary described using a mathematical language and data, confirmed by experiments. A body of a man is taken in like a machine, rather excelling his as designer’s creative possibilities. “By no

means it won’t be a strange or incredible thing to a man, knowing how many automatic and other moving machines are produced by inventiveness of people, but for this aim much less details were used in comparison with many bones, muscles, nerves, arteries, veins and other components, seen in a body of animal. Thus, a body by expert will be interpreted as a car, well constructed and efficient one”(Dekartas R., 1990). I.Newton (Anzenbacher A., 1992) characterized such different phenomenon as mechanics, motion of planets, sea flows and ebbs. P.Laplas (Anzenbacher A., 1992) created the theory, explaining not just the configuration and motion of existing heavenly bodies, but also their origin and evolution.

A cybernetic methodic of questions’ resolution must be emphasized. It underscores thinking, orientated to a system, reticular seeking to overwhelm the whole (holistic). A system, a contour of regulation, a negative and positive recurrent connection, stimulation and inhibition, limiting meanings, dynamical balance- that are just some of characteristic notions of this thinking. Wishing to perform something efficiently, when the issue is of common importance, it cannot just be kept as the object of natural science only it must be solved together. F. Vester (Fil.ist. chrestomatija, 1987) is a very active author of this trend, according to his words; he is devoted to “ biocybernetic thinking”. Such thinking is an interaction of natural and artificial intellect. This interaction manifests itself not just in games of some language, but in other ones as well, suppose, in chess.

Today chess is played by significantly more people than, let’s say, 10 years ago. The reason - the development of scientific-technical progress: qualities of a chess player become needful for a man. A man creates his assistant- artificial intellect. Here the achievements of psychology, linguistics, logic, philosophy, sociology, math, computer intersect. To modern scientific- technical progress, firstly not just a high labor productivity is characteristic, but also wide mechanization and automatization of human brainwork. Algorythmization of brainwork claims for new trends of maths, especially for mathematical modelling and development of mathematical logic. Algorythmization of brainwork is necessary because of an enormous realization extent of technical- economic means as well. In the opinion of an aviation designer O.K.Antonow, the means of saving time in calculation, estimating huge technical - economic reorganizations is the same as in taking aim of. Artificial intellect is taught to form notions, aims, to prepare resolutions, to calculate, to create, to prove theorems, to translate and etc. Moreover, artificial intellect is taught to solve problems. Noteworthy achievements include the ones of programs, formation for chess, dominoes, and cards playing. Interesting experiments in programming of complicated games, such as chess, bridge and even draughts go are known. (Draughts go have a treble older history than chess do. The chess champion of the world E.

Lasker didn’t consider chess as the absolutely best and the only high-level game, but he predicted the future for the draughts go. There is such a great number of go variants that even the best modern computers cannot match a medium goist, what can’t be said about chess). Generally, his natural partner at the table still defeats artificial intellect. There is no automation that could fully replace a man. Even some time ago a computer won the match against G.Kasparov. In the program of it some elements of risk were installed.

Does a man gain an advantage against a computer? In what fields is automation stronger?

A man is able better to detect weak signals of sound and light. He takes better in, interprets, organizes signal views of various modalities, and is able better to perform flexible operations of ruling. This quality lets him, for example, to select a better move in a formed situation of a chessboard than a computer, even it is known that a general number of possible situations in a chessboard is10 rose to the 120-th power. That is more than there are electrons in the Metagalactic. According to calculation of M.Kraicick, if everybody of the globe population played chess around the clock and made one move a second, then all the variants could be played not earlier than after 10 centuries raised to 1000th power.

It means that a man provides an inaccurate reply to the question what move is the best in a given situation and the answer of a computer is more inaccurate. A contrary situation arises with turning still more perfect computeristic chess programs up.

A man is able to keep a quantity of diverse information for a long time and to apply it at the right moment better than a computer.

Living in western Georgia A.Cikvaswil, in his thoughts easily modifies by many- figured numbers. His “calculation mechanism” is unaware of tiredness and mistakes. Friends presented him a task to calculate, how many words the announcer, commenting upon the second half of the football match between “Spartack” of Moscow and “Dinamo” of Tbilisi would pronounce. A tape- recorder was turned on for the checking. The response was achieved with the last word, pronounced by the announcer: 17427 letters and 1835 words. 5 hours were delayed for the checking. The answer was correct.

Still computers enable to realize such conditions. A man is able to reason inductively (deductively), to analyze and to

synthesize information, to learn changing indexes, to form notions and to prepare methods better than his artificial assistant.

A man various from intellectual machines that he can perceive a rational grain in a tremendous amount of contradictions. Intuition is an important characteristic of natural intellect. It is a spontaneous perception of phenomenon essence, flair. Intuition and logic play discrete roles: intuition is a tool of inventiveness, and logic, ensuring reliability is an instrument of

arguments. A reaction of intuition can be caused by phenomenon, which performs as weak irritants (indeed weak, almost forgotten or inhibited by stronger ones). Intuition is a character one of the process of scientific cognition and of artistic interpretation of the world. These processes go on consecutively, logically or substantiated by facts not for all the time. It is a cognitional act, close to creative imagination; in this act an unconscious synthesis of sense and logical thinking occurs. Irationalists even consider intuition as the only reliable measure of cognition, as a particular characteristic of consciousness, unrelated neither with sense cognition nor with logical thinking.

Sound mind, intuition, information and cognition help a man to distribute reserves expediently, to concentrate them to main directions, to select rational variants including a chessboard. A chess player, thinking intuitively makes the reply to some question, not perceiving the process, thank to which this answer was obtained. Intuition often lets a chess player “to jump over” a precipice, detaching his owning data from deductions, logically resulting from them. Intuition helps to solve tasks, resolutions’ methods of which are absolutely or partly unknown.

Natural intellect tries to comprehend itself, to reason about itself. There is no other object that was so variously and discrepantly understandable and appreciated like intellect, wishing to comprehend itself. It is the most complicated object from all natural and artificial ones of the material research. Idealism, materialism, metaphysics and dialectics, rationalism and sensualism, logic and the theory of cognition and etc. are connected with the research of intellect. Eminent representatives of intellectual culture- Aristotle, Avicene, Thom Aquin, R.Descartes, I.Kant, F.Hegel (Гадамер Х.Г., 1988) and many of others- attached much time and energy for the research of a thinking instrument in their creative work. The sphere of intellect is immensely broad, complicated, various and discrepant. Above it was attempted to slander the particular traits of natural intellect. A question rises, what are the superiorities of artificial intellect against a man- natural intellect? An automatic machine is capable to respond to a signal, to fulfil repeated stereotyped actions and tasks quicker than a man. For example, some of chess computers search for the strongest continuation simultaneously in several of boards, in each of it investigating a different one from possible continuations. Thus, at the same time a computer can perform some different functions. The game of blico is won by a computer against a grand master, because owing to the reduction of time fixed to think over a move, the level of computer playing stays the same, and the one of a grandmaster grows down worse considerably.

A computer can concisely preserve specialized information and absolutely loosen from unwanted data better than a man. Artificial memory is the one, which no human one can compete with. There are about 14 milliards

of neurons in human brain. If one neuron to equate with one element of an electronic machine, we will see that a computer came up with human brain. Meanwhile, a computer does not need associations, stores of data, unforeseeable to apply at the nearest time, passive reserves- in the machine everything is active, prepared for instantaneous switching on and work. Not accidentally a computer plays the end of chess’ game luckier than a middle phase- in his memory a library of game ends is piled up. The systems of information search are a particular field of computer application, ensuring the mechanized search of books, criminals and etc. and enabling to eliminate huge files. Computers also carry out operations of banks, savings banks. Here it is shown there worth in a high speed, compactness, and reliability.

A computer calculates considerably quicker than a man. A well-known mathematician of the past A.Puankare (Anzenbacher A.,

1992) affirmed that mathematical theory of chess does not exist and it cannot be founded. The ways, related with modelling of human thinking methods are used. The process of this trend leans upon experiments with people, solving certain tasks, i.e. a program of information processing is formed. The obtained hypothesis is checked: a computer initiates human brainwork. At the same time tests are carried out in solving of new tasks, those are parallely presented to a man and a computer. Later on the information processing rules of both solution makers are compared. If disparities are large, the model is analysed, defects of the search are cleared up and new tasks are produced. A new program is formed appropriated by a computer. The condition of brain is explored, depending on the information getting into it. Perceptible memory and the process of information extraction from it are modelled. The characteristic of memory, memorizing to create associations and to lean on them, when recalling information is used. Thus, step-by-step the improvement of complicated thinking forms, and programs goes on. A proposal of professor V.Nalimow [Kanapeckas P., 1993] is worth of attention: “If a point of the way out to select the fact that our limits of knowledge depend on our language limits, then even a description of well known phenomenon in a new language can extend our knowledge about the world”. Algorithms of chess can be perfected, founding special languages of programming to solve a task of chess (or other type one).

Thus, artificial intellect is constantly improved. It is supposed that in the future competition of games (chess, draughts, go) between people will be rather a rare thing. Poor pleasure is to play when the rival blows smoke into your eyes, rubs the table with some metal thing, fixes his perceiving sight on you. However, every man, playing chess will know his rating and will strive to advance it, playing with a computer. Summarizing foregoing thoughts it is necessary to emphasize this. Mechanistic and biological materialism brought us to determinism that discerns just strict causation over the world and thus, in

economics. Regularity and necessity eliminate any kind of coincidence. Cybernetic methods of resolutions must be emphasized. Artificial and natural intellect resembles. Differences exist with properly application of which the effective modelling of economic rules is possible.

1.4. Linguistic aspects of modelling the rules of economics

The text of economics, received by formal methods is a result of rules modelling of economics. Does formalization have limits?

A structure is a level system of categories. How is it related to structuralism, semiotic, generative grammar?

Is modelling of rules of economics the creation of artificial language of economics? Are international terms used for this aim? How can mathematical linguistics, linguistics of computers serve for modelling the rules of economics? How to formalize the understanding of a text? How do other authors model the rules of economics?

Let's try to answer these questions. Limits of formalization First of all the concept of formalization was formed in mathematics

where it is aimed at widespread. Formalization is a method with the help of which laying of new methods are created. Formalization is a part of structuralism. First of all structuralism is the whole complex of special scientific research in to various areas on which base general, correspondable problems are risen and examined.

A structure structuralist understands the a whole complex of relations between its elements when those relations are not only dependent on quality description the of elements, but determines characteristics of the latter. That excepted structure is considered to surrender to the formalization of system of transformation preserving the invariant nuclear of the structure for transformations. Virtually the concept of knowledge, formalization and mathematisation is progressive and inevitable in the stage of modern development of science. Really, it is undoubted meaning of formalization to structural linguistics where, in spite of critical prognoses of its opponents, formal method is successfully aimed even at pithy researches.

Mathematical structures can be a precise and convenient framework or an implement of the analysis in the area of humanitarian science. However, by no means, mathematical structures are not necessary to replace mechanically a humanitarian discipline, e.g., willing to get right, well - founded scientific researches in economics. It is necessary to look through the researched objects and their characteristics before hand by the method of reduction.

Even full formalization of mathematics turned to be impossible. N Bourbac (Gumauskaite V., 1997) in his theory of structures drew attention to substantial scantiness of the method of formalization which is based on a well - known theorem of K. Godel, that every sufficiently incontradictionary developed formal theory is incomplete. So, mathematics proves that absolute

formalization of any scientific theories and methods in principle is not possible.

In a program of mathematical formalization of empiric, not formal sciences (natural, humanitarian) which became a methodological concept an important problem is the determination of limits and possibilities of formalization. This question is related to the ratio of structural and methodological analysis.

From the point of mathematics it is not only permissible, but also it is a necessary accepted precondition that primary mathematical concepts designate objects of indefinite nature - important is only satisfaction of relations expressed by axioms. However, a scientist working in the area of empiric science analyses systems and relations of concrete nature. He can abstract from the investigation of objects and concreteness of relations, to single out abstract structures, to form such mathematical models that in some limits would correspond to empiric reality. In this stage of scientific analysis real objects of investigation are often exchanged in conceptual, abstract structures of a concrete system. However, any empiric science despite the readied level of abstract, theory and formalization has to estimate the concrete nature of research systems. In this way an experiment is understood in the broad sense and becomes not only a primary point of formalization, but also a final way of checking theoretical conclusion.

It can be asserted, that apprehension of limits of formalization prompted to make a conclusion that the creation of a universal theory for all sciences is impossible, so it is inconceivable to evaluate the concrete specific. Only a specialist of economics can model rules of economics. There is an important experiment, verification of rules too. Only rules checked in practice can be recognized as valid. Standard categories of economics should be used to model rules. Limits of formalization manifest that only a computer can't model all the rules of economics without a man.

Structural linguistics. Modern structural linguistics is an abstract theoretical branch of science

which included modern phonology and so - called theory of generative grammars, the main representative of which is a linguist of America N. Chomsky (Gumauskaite V., 1997). Substantial innovation of generative grammar is the apportionment of dynamic aspect, static understanding of the structure of a language. The generative grammar investigates, how; according to some regulations from elementary immanent nuclear concrete variants are generated (created), e.g. - from words - derivatives, from elementary phrase - extended and composite sentences. It is supposed that these processes of generating did not realize to fulfil the mind of a man. The theory of generative

grammars tries to explain these processes with the assistance of deductive methods. First of all, the structural direction was formed in linguistics. The meaning of a language was raised by all French thinkers starting with R. Descartes and finishing with K. Bergson. Although a language is only one science, namely a research object of linguistics, it penetrates to all other branches of social and humanitarian sciences, because social phenomena and economics can't exit without a language.

A language as a universal significant system with distinctly expressed structure first of all is stipulated by the formation of a structural method in linguistics. C. Levi - Strauss underlined that only linguistics from all social and humanitarian sciences can be considered of the same level of science as nature science due to these reasons: the first the research object of linguistics is universal, the second its method is homogeneous, it remains the same for any specific language for which it is aimed at, the third - this method unanimously is well - founded by a few recognized basic principles. So linguistics was the first humanitarian discipline which aimed at a structural method for the analysis of its object. There were used strict deductive methods for the study of interior structure of a language as far as they were aimed only at nature study.

At first the formation of methodologic principles of structural linguistics was stipulated by the development of pre-structural science of a language which can reveal some plot and birth of ideas of structural linguistics.

At the end of the 18th century, exploring the principles of formation of general grammar or separate grammars, it was noticed that a language changes according to its own development system. A historical grammar was formed which object became the evolution of a system of grammar.

In the beginning of the 19th century a historical grammar was stipulated by the origin of comparative linguistics which investigated its separate states instead of the change process of a language. The comparative method was developed, the resemblances and differences in grammatical constructions were established and irrespective interaction of time difference between them was searched. Deducted conception of “the state of a language " of comparative science of a language is motivately considered a forerunner, the synchrony of essential category of structural linguistics.

At the end of the 19th century so - called young - grammers became the ruling trend in linguistics, in whose opinion the development of a language takes place, changing it state. The main attention was directed to the study of live language facts, their analysis of a wordy form, principally historism reputing the mythological rule. Young - grammers advocated empirism, atomism, manifestating the analysis of separate linguistic facts.

The leader F. Fortunatov (Gumauskaite V., 1997) of a linguistic school of Moscow, dissatisfacting the analysis of concrete language facts tried to get their regularities. He understood a language as a certain system of signs which research must to begin from their formal aspect.

The leader J. Baudouin de Couertenay (Gumauskaite V., 1997) of so - called Cazane School for the first time formed many significant ideas of structural linguistics. He asserted, that it is necessary to separate a collective language from an individual language, evolutional explanation of a language fact from it explanation at some moment of time. J. Baudoin de Courtenay one of the first incited to research the state of a modern language directed attention to the aspect of a functional language and brought a concept of a phoneme different from a sound, forming an especially important concept of a phoneme in the setting of structural linguistics.

In the beginning of the 20th century the area of structural linguistics was opened by a well - known Swiss linguist F. de Saussure (Лингв. Энцикл. Словарь, 1990). He is generally acknowledged by to the end perceived meaning of the system to a language. It is known, that pre-structural linguistics was also understood as a certain system. However, all tests to realize the idea of language systematization, to choose systematic relations in it were unsuccessful: it failed neither supporting principles of logic to create a united abstract grammar for all languages of the world, nor reduced the regularities of a language to other general laws of sciences -biology, psychology and etc.

F.de Saussure expressed the idea of a language system of the aid of significant aspect. According to him there is a significant system, obeying to its own internal order, revealing that it is necessary directly to isolate from all the factors unrelated with a language.

Sosiuric understanding of a language as a closed system is based on such resistance as internal and external linguistics, language and chat, synchronic and disynchronic separation of form and substance.

The main idea of F. de Saussure, enabling to research a language as a certain significant system, was not only stipulated by the origin of structural linguistics, but also it began to aim at other social and humanitarian areas. Raising ideas about significant systems of universal science, he is substantially considered to be one is of initiators of semiotics.

The teaching of F. de Saussure finally formed his disciples, creating so - called school of Geneva. Without it the structural linguistics represents three classic directions: schools of Prague and Copenhagen and American descriptive linguistics.

The structural - functional direction of linguistics was represented by school of Prague and continued to develop functioning of F. de Saussure and

J.Baudouin de Courtenay (Gumauskaite V., 1997). Scientific activity of N. Trubetzkoy and R.Jacobson had especially big influence to form structuralism (Советская энциклопедия, 1990). N. Trubetzkoy continued to expand methodological resistance of a language - chat, separating two different branches of a language in science: phonetics and phonology. He defines phonetics as the science about sounds of chat, that is to say really pronounced, empiric, not constructing sounds of system meanwhile phonology is understood as the science about sounds of a language - phonemes, constructing a certain system. Phonemes are like the essency of a sound separated in a pure form by a standpoint fulfilling a semantic distinctive function.

The nuclear of phonologic concept of N. Trubetzkoy consists of teaching about the apportionment of essence. In this teaching the concepts of the opposition of phoneme and phonology are basic. Phoneme is an elementary, distinctive semantic unit of a language which is exposed by the aid of precise and objective methodological means.

R.Jacobson - a well - known theorist of distinctive signs defined a phoneme as a complex of those signs. The so - called binaries formed the base of this theory of phonology. That is a grant of special meaning for the principle of binaries (distributing language units in to two members among them exits some opposition of distinctive signs, location or non-location) establishing distinctive oppositions. This method is successfully aimed at collaborating linguistics and theory of information and research of other systems of culture of mankind (e.g. folklore, art of play).

The school of Copenhagen takes the exceptional place in structural linguistics especially in the theory of abstract language, so - called glossmatic created by its leader L.Hjemslev. L.Hjebslev is considered to be the first linguist who was working in the areas of mathematics and especially in the area of mathematical logic seeking to adopt the methods of exact sciences to linguistics. He considered the main task to be the creation of immanent language algebra, unquestionably allowing comprehensively and ordinarily to describe the language.

In the 20th century in America linguistics some distinctive features are observed comparing it with linguistics of Europe. Traditions of scientific and philosophic thoughts of America distinctive, utilitarian and applicable purposefulness are also reflected in linguistics of America.

The initiator of descriptive linguistics was F. Boas (Советская энциклопедия, 1990), the initiator of specific linguistics of America, researching Indian languages. He raised the thought that languages have their own internal logic, which does not allow to take one of the universal

methodology principles, but to thrust the method of corresponding analysis. F.Boas was the first of American linguists who raised the definition of a synchronic language which became the research object of descriptive linguistics.

The teaching of F. Boas continued to develop initiators of descriptive linguistics E.Sapir and L.Bloomfield ( Gumauskaite V., 1997). These Americans independently of F. Saussure raised productive ideas about a language as an organized system, a research into linguistics structures was considered to be the main task of descriptive linguistics.

It would be necessary to examine the possibilities of aiming at generative grammar to model the rules of economics. The principle of binaries is considered to be exceptional in modelling the rules of economics. Structuralism and semiotics

Structuralism as a scientific method is also related to researches into significant systems which semiotics fulfils. Semiotics serves as a methodological instrument for structuralism, because the apportionment of significant aspect in the objects of social and humanitarian science enabled to reveal abstract structures of those characteristic properties of significant systems as the version and discredit of elements. The aspect of semiotics is welcome in all areas of public life and, where the analysis of that sort of a significant system structure is need. The structural method can be applied. Structural linguistics was founded namely, when F.de Saussure defined a language as a system of signs, together raising an idea of separate science - semiotics - about significant systems, was of great importance for modern sciences. So, structuralism uses not only the objects of scientific research, but exchanges them to signs and significant systems, which correspond transition from the observation of an object and double description to a higher level of modelling, affording deeper to know the essistance of phenomena enabling to get logic conclusion, to present evidence, to rise and check hypothesis. As it is known sciences are of various levels of generalization beginning from sign - copy, finishing with signs of abstract formal logic. Best of all developed forms summary belongs to a linguistic science, because a language is a universal significant system with distinctly expressed structure. It is one of the main reasons, why at first structuralism arose in linguistics. Rules of economics are modelled on the base of a word of a sign. Thus structuralism is aimed at modelling the rules of economics. Especially important is the understanding of the explanation of sosiuric signs in principal differing from a sign as symbol definition where the basic attention is given to the ratio between a word and its reviewer, indicating that ratio is not amateur, but expedient and single - minded. Meanwhile F. de Saussure defined the linguistic sign as connecting

not a thing, and its name, but a concept and its acoustic shape and revealed two important characteristics of a sign: self - knowledge and strenght of significance. In other words, the orientation of F.de Saussure is from one sign to other, but not from a word to a thing which is absorbed in sign itself as the ratio between significant and significance. Characteristic of sign self - knowledge shows that one of the main features, separating a man from out of natural world is not the ability to speak but the ability to create signs. That is why in reality there is a great number of significant systems which general characteristics semiotics explores.

At first the originality of structuralism lies that it disestablishes significant as an object of research from significant. This is a very important precondition of structuralism. Putting in order of interratio of significance takes an important place in the analysis of structures that is why a problem of semiotics as a branch of science rises is linguistics a wide area of science about signs and their systems? Is semiotics an area of linguistics? Keeping in mind three aspects of semiotics - syntactic, semantic and pragmatic following from the precedence of postulating significant, it is evident that in the meanwhile the structural method is mostly aimed at syntactic with respect to significant to define the ratio of structuralism and semiotics. F. Jamenson references the so -called theory of consciousness which corresponds the concept of metalanguage.

According to F. Jamenson (Советская энциклопедия, 1990), metalanguage is namely such form which accepts self - consciousness in the area of language: it is a language expressed itself by the system of signs, which system of sign is significant itself. In this way metalanguage is an instrument of understanding some semiotics of its own as a process expressed by various shapes in structuralism.

A level system of the rules of economics forms a structure. Categories are original signs; therefore a level system of categories of economics (LECS) is a significant system. So, it is necessary to talk about semiotics of LECS. The language of economics is a universal system with the structure which is distinctly expressed. That is why the achievements of semiotics were aimed at modelling the rules of economics.

Artificial languages There are systems of signs created in those areas where the utilization of

natural languages is impossible or less effective. Artificial languages are distributed according to specialization and purpose and according to the degree of resemblance to natural languages too.

There are international artificial languages for not specialized general-purpose languages. They have the biggest resemblance with natural languages

and called planned if they are taken in the society. In the 17 -19th centuries approximately 1000 projects of such languages were created, but only a few of them were used really ( esperanto, volapūc and etc.). There are divided apriore artificial languages, that is to say languages, which do not depend on natural languages and aposteriore languages formed on the basis of natural languages and mixed languages. Principally, in the 18 -19th centuries apriore languages were created, substantiated by the classification of logic concepts (as so - called phylosophic language) or in other way motivating the ratio between a sign and meaning (e.g. projects of artificial languages substantiated by sound symbolism). The basis of such creation of languages was an idea of direct relation between a word and a concept, contents and phenomena. Sparsely apriore artificial languages were created with a free ratio of signs and phenomena, e.g. projects of the numeration of concepts were created. According to expression itself artificial languages were rather different and parallel in systems of written - sound, general languages (pozilales). There were projects of writing, having sound expression (pozigraphe), languages of gesture and etc. At the end of the 19th century a range of semiotic artificial languages became narrow and approached to the range of natural languages (Советская энциклопедия, 1990).

"Volapūc" was the first artificial language, which was realized in contact (M.Šlejer, 1879, German). It belongs to a mixed type. Words of natural languages (English, German, France, Latin) are exchanged there and loose their identity (e.g Engl. word>vol, speak> pūc, it follows, that "volapuc" means international language). Aposteriore languages took the shape of more wide use, creating the Esperanto language (1887, Poland), which is up to now the mosty used artificial language. Ido language (reformed esperanto), Latin - sino - flexione (created by the Italian mathematician J.Peano, 1903), occidental (1921- 1922, E. Vale, Estonia), interligva (created by association of International subsidiary of language in 1951, directing by A.Goud, USA) and etc. (Советская энциклопедия, 1990) were less popular languages.

Various symbolic scientific languages (mathematics, logic, linguistics, economics chemistry and etc) and languages of the intercourse of man - computer (languages of algorythme or programming operating systems and control of data base and etc.) are called specialized artificial languages. Formal way of description where rules of reorganization, their alphabet (vocabulary) and formation of phenomena (formulae) are assigned as features of general specialized artificial languages. Not taking the way of formal description of these languages, it is not a closed system, because rules of word and phenomena formation allow filling up themselves self. Therefore as in a

natural language way the number of formed texts and vocabulary are potentially infinitive.

In the 16th century in Europe the outset of specialized languages, using the first time symbols of mathematical operations can be considered. In the 17 -18th century a language of differential - integral counting was created, but in the 19 -20th - the language of mathematical logic. In 1930 - 1940 the elements of symbolic languages of linguistics were created. Languages of symbolic science are formal systems assigning to show knowledge and to make its use. Those functions are realized in these languages which are not in natural languages (e.g. means of logic withdrawal).

The development of the type of a language computer - man began in the forth decade, turning up electronic counting machines. First of all languages were created describing the process of counting and the data in a binary system. In the fifth decade systems (assemblers) of symbolic usage of codes were created, but in 1957 the language of programming – Fortran was created. In 1960 a group of European scientists suggested the language Algol - 60. Descriptive objects are described in a descriptive part with which operations will be carried out in the part of procedural operations. Operations are assigned in the shape of operators (sentences) in languages of programming; they include operands (quantity and constants) and symbols. In this way symbols mean arithmetical, logic, symbolic and other operators. In languages of programming, special grammatical constructions of grammar exits to set logic operations, cycles, operators, functions, inferior programs. There are thousands of languages of programming and their versions (dialects).

The knowledge of artificial languages allows the understanding of the main laws of formation and functioning of languages and such functions of languages as commune fitness, stability and convertibility and the conscious influence upon a language, formalization and optimisation of a language too.

The modelling of the rules of economics is the creation of the text of economics. Vocabulary of economics is used for the creation of the text in which categories are formed according to the degree of abstraction. Categories are united with a text, using corresponding methods. The language of economics is got near to natural, general language, if modelling of the text uses categories of low level or converse, near to an artificial language.

Mathematical structures In the first stage of formation structuralism was related to mathematics.

The representatives of structural linguistics (Gumauskaite V., 1997) thought, that the main relations between units of a language can be expressed with the aid of mathematical formulas. They compared linguistics with mathematics

which is not interested in physical nature of the analysed object itself, thinking about linguistic theorems which can be proved.

Structuralism limits oneself to social (the same as economics) and humanitarian science, while a spreading conception of structure is taken as a basic idea of transformation and precedence of interelement relations. Structuralism seeks to reveal structures of logical - mathematical type, allowing to utilize strict, deductive methods related to formalization and mathematisation in economics and other areas of science. The transfer of basic principles of mathematical structures to the area of social (economics too) sciences indicated one of the possibilities of intimacy of social and natural sciences in the area of methadologic science.

The concept of a set which was gradually formed from customary images about totality, class and family and etc., is one of the basic concepts in modern mathematics. First of all a set is a fundamental category of theory of sets and one of the basic concepts of modern mathematics in general. Adapting this concept to various branches of mathematics it became possible for the first time to systematize mathematics on a united basis. Approximately 75000 categories of economics are known and the number of relations between them formed a set. So, it is necessary that one can systematize not only mathematics, but also economics.

At present the tread is noticeable to systematize mathematics not only on structural, but also on a categorical basis. Quickly developing objects of research of theories of categories are not only structures themselves, but also interrelations, functions and acts of correlation which basic structures are received with its help. Linguistics of computers

A man invented electronic equipment, facilitating arithmetical counting. Soon it was discovered that these machines can easily make the decision of a creative task related to the knowledge of a man. Facts were accumulated, special programs to computers were created and new artificial languages were built for the treatment of accumulated knowledge. This process induced the origin of a new science, so - called "artificial intellect".

In time many theoretical researches of "artificial intellect" took the shape of practical adaptation. "Artificial intellect" realizes precise, mechanical operations, recognizes shapes, leads the research under complicated conditions, creates poems, analyzes prose etc. One of the basic problems of "artificial intellect" is for a computer to understand the language of a man. This problem is ascribed to the area of linguistics of computers (Анисимов А.В., 1991).

Linguistics of computers tries to find useable algorithms and to adopt a computer for the communication of a man with a computer in the language of a man. At this point a computer can rule other mechanical equipment. Thus, discovering successful realization of the project of linguistics, a man will be able to rule complicated technical objects of aid, of order, of voice or of a language of a man text. Modelling of the rules of economics will facilitate and speed up. The world of man, the world of words and the world of technology will merge.

Many systems of programming were created with the help of which a man can commune with the bases of data and the systems of expert in a natural language. Already in 1970 substantiated intercourse with the bases of data became possible with created American system LIFER. Later in the market of computers other more flexible systems appeared, still unfortunately providing limited interface (connection) of a language of a man with a computer. As a limited number of categories is used in the first stage for modelling of the rules of economics, that aforementioned system would be able to aim in modelling. In 1980 companies in the USA were founded which created and sold interfaces with the bases of data language of a man and the systems of expert too. Desiring to create an automatic system of translation, work is actively executed. The system SYSTRAN is used in air military forces in the USA, translating approximately 100 000 pages of a text per year. Analogical system is created also in Europe. The expenses of this project amount to 160 mln. dollars.

It is natural that specialists of "artificial intellect", knowing perfectly a computer and languages of programming, with big energy try to solve the problem of a language. As it would be, the technology of the identification of a language is a very tempting thing. The search of algorithm of a man's language was executed and very complicated programs of the understanding of a language were created for a very narrow round of special areas, partial translation and many other programs were realized.

Today systems of the identification of a language act in automatic operators of telephones, for which a text can be dictated; surely effective aid is given to people with feebleness. A system is used in industry, economy. But in the meanwhile the possibilities of systems of the identification of languages are very limited. They are unable to understand the meaning of the conversation. It is necessary to teach them, but it takes a lot of time. Surely not soon we will able to model and to get proper work with the aid of these systems.

So, a final decision was not found, examining the problem of understanding a language. A language and a man are so strongly related, that

scientists must study the question of the apprehension of the world of a man. But that is the area of phylosophy. Specialists of computers worked with mythology. Works of Platone, I.Canth, L.Hydeger, M.Fuc and many other classics of phylosophy are studied in different scientific centers of the world. A need for a computer to understand a language of a man led to the eternal subject of the phenomenon of a man. Who we are? Where are we from? Where are we going?

Let’s try to consider at the human speech and computer’s problem deeper, to evaluate singleness and principles of a text.

Actually, computer’s teaching to consort the human speech is really a complex proposition, associated with the deep penetrating into the principles of the contemplation and language. To teach a computer to understand a human speech is the same as to teach it to feel the world around it. Many scientists think that it is impossible from the point of the principle. However, a man and his electronic creation convergence is already seen, just nobody can say how it will finish. In any case, the person who is trying to model the linguistic associate with the computer is beginning to understand himself much deeper.

The analysis of the texts from the position of algorithmic processes allows ascertaining the tendencies and the regularities. There are programs which are generating the text. We can hope that automatic generators of the text will be found (Анисимов А.В., 1991). While there aren’t such of this kind, the person can model the text, request computer services.

THE MODELLING OF ECONOMIC HYPERTEXTS. The authors are already working with the texts of economics (Тихомиров В.П., Хрусталев Е.Ю., 1997). They understand the modelling of the regulations of the economics in their own way. The amount of the information grows from the point of view of the circulation of the system of economics, but the structure of the system and the technology of the treating of information are always complicated. These factors increase the production of the work, aiding to integrate the economics as the complicated information system. The importance is stipulated by the creation of information model and the forcing of the methods of the research and the effective equipment of the programs, fixed for the service of the creation model. The growth of the technical possibilities of a computer and the languages of programming, enable to work with the base of information. The origin is influenced by the development of the intellectual information technologies. One of the most important and mostly used the technology of computers is the treatment of the texts that are formed in a natural language.

Hypertext (indirect text) is a new type of the information model, which structure presents the ramified (reticular) shape of the constructions, which are formed of the information fragments prepared in a special way. They are bound among themselves in some cases of semantic relationships.

Using the language of Beaks let’s describe the structure of a hypertext. The hypertext in general shape will be presented in this way: The hypertext = (the thesauri of the hypertext) (the information of the text) (the list of the general themes) (the alphabetical dictionary) Hypertexts originated without the help of a computer are used for long time, but the hypertext technology can be used very widely just from the point of the originated program equipment and is ensured by the work with the massif of the information of hypertexts. The creation of automates and treatment systems of hypertexts is devoted to the information modelling of the creation of economics and for the creation of various types of the analytic complex of registers. The hypertext in its possibilities and structure is close to the intellectual systems, working with the new bases. Besides, the hypertext has a good developed usage interface and the possibility to replenish or modify the news bases too. The hypertext is a booster or a catalyst of subscriber’s mental activities. The economic foundation of the research is the formation of the economic improvement problem class. The problems can be solved using the model of the hypertext. There are a lot of categories of economics, and the contacts among them and the number of these categories are near infinity. So there is a question how to reduce this set in the first approaching and to investigate the main categories. Which categories are the main? I think those which often occur in the texts of economics. Such categories are often found in the dictionaries. The civilized nations have fermentative dictionaries of vernacular (Тихомиров В.П.). Are those dictionaries coinciding with each other? Will the category of economics, which is in the first place in one dictionary in accordance with frequency, be the first in the next? The Lithuanian, Russian and English dictionaries were often investigated as well as general or economic language dictionaries. Frequency of 400 categories was examined. If was observed that the frequency of categories coincided, or it was different. If was established that for some categories there was no coincidence (e.g. in one dictionary it was shown, in other there was nothing). The coincidence of other categories is little, because the place in dictionaries occupied by them is different. However, it was established that the frequency of about 30% of

economic categories in different dictionaries discerns not so much. Namely those categories were inserted into the stepped system of economic categories. What are the reasons of discretion? First, in different dictionaries the same category is determined differently. If the category has a little bit different meaning, so in the text it is used differently. Fermentative dictionaries are made on the basis of these texts. Second, frequency depends if the text is in a general language or economic. Third, frequency depends on dictionary publishing years, because were used different economic categories at different time. If a dictionary is in many languages, so frequency depends on mistakes of translation from one language to another. Resuming I’d like to repeat that frequency of about 30% of economic categories in different dictionaries discerns not so much. Namely these categories were inserted in to the stepped system of economic categories.

2. The stepped system of economic categories There are a very large number of economic categories, but the number of categories connections is bigger. In order to modulate the economic rules, it is necessary to systemize economic categories. The systematization is made on the basis of a category abstraction level (Jakutis A., 1989; Jakutis A., 1995; Jakutis A., 1996). Economic categories are different: some of them are abstract, other- specific, some - academic, and other - popular. They are such, because for text construction the modulation of different abstract level economic categories is used. The categories according to abstract level can be divided into steps. Such stepped system of economic categories will be shown in this monograph. Why the stepped system of economic categories is made instead of cycling, or some other configuration system? Because, sociality is formed and hierarchic structure from the president to a prisoner or a tramp study system is also stepped: from the first class to a professor or academician. The decimal number system is also stepped from zero to endlessness. A wish to bring together the economic language similar to a number system made the author design the stepped system of economic categories. Bigger libraries made the rubric [Jurgaitiene J., 1994] of information searching. The hierarchic representation of the conceptions is the main principe. There are wider and narrower rubrics. The wide rubrics show to the more common conception rubric. Those rubrics are useful, when exact subject search is not satisfied. More narrow rubrics show general rubric volume and help to find a more narrow conception which means rubric (if it’s necessary for exact search). When hierarchic connections exist it is easy to find the most wide (abstract) and the most narrow (specific) rubric. The information search in the Internet or other databases is made on the hierarchic conception basis. The most important reason for the stepped category system construction is the possibility to modulate a needed degree of economic texts using a computer. It also decreases the size of the search because connections between various stepped categories are exempted. Aligning economic categories to the steps it is needed to systematize social, juridical, philosophical, political, management and other categories.

2.1. Comparison of frequentative dictionaries There are many economic categories and the number of connections between these categories is close to the infinite. Due to this, a question how to lower this set with first approach and analyze to only important categories arises. Which categories are to be considered important? Surely those found in economic texts frequently. Such categories could be found in frequentative dictionaries. Civilized countries have frequentative dictionaries of their native language (Aлексеев П. М., Частотный словаръ, 1986, 1977, 1993, Журавлев Л. А., 1980). Do these dictionaries coincide with each other? Will an economic category, which is first in one dictionary according to frequency, be first in another? In aspiration to answer these questions frequentative general and economic Lithuanian, Russian and English dictionaries were analysed. The frequency of 400 categories was analysed. It was observed if the frequency of categories was concurrent and if it differed, how big the difference was. It was established that some categories are not concurrent because in one dictionary they are shown and in another they aren’t. Concurrent of frequency of other categories is poor due to their different placement in dictionaries. But it was established that about 30 percent of economic categories frequency in various dictionaries differ very little. This is why these categories were listed in the stepped system of economic categories. What are the reasons of frequency incompatibility? Firstly, the same category is defined differently. If a category has a slightly different meaning so it is also used differently in the text. And frequentative dictionaries are compiled according to these texts. Secondly, frequency depends if the analysed text is general or economic. Thirdly, it depends on a publishing date of an economic dictionary for there was supremacy of different economic categories at different period of time. There is the influence of translation error on frequency, if a dictionary is multilinguistic. There is a fragment of categories chosen from frequentative dictionaries analysed in the monograph (Žilinskienė V., 1990). But a fragment could be chosen from other relevant sources, such as constitution (LR Konstitucija, 1993), encyclopedias (Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija, 1984-1989; Mūsų Lietuva, 1984) and other. Research showed that lists of economic categories indicated in frequentative dictionary (Žilinskienė V., 1991) and in the Constitution of the Lithuanian Republic (LR Konstitucija, 1993), are not concurrent. Categories found in IX section “ Finance and state budget” of the Constitution of the Lithuanian Republic (e.g. bank, property, budget, income, wealth, levy, loan, etc.) are also found in a frequentative dictionary but they are scattered in different places. There are many other economic categories that are not mentioned in the Constitution of the Lithuanian Republic and also which are also commonly used. So, if other criteria are chosen for the compilation of a fragment of economic categories, a different list of economic categories will be obtained. While compiling a fragment in this monograph it was based on frequentative dictionaries. Other research (a researcher) can choose another principal of fragment compilation. To sum up, I will repeat once again that about 30 percent of the frequency of categories in various dictionaries

slightly differ and these categories were listed in the stepped system of economic categories.

2.2. List of economic categories Referring to the results of frequent dictionaries analysis, there are categories inserted in the list of analysed economic categories which are bold in section 2.3. The list begins with the category “accept” and finishes with the category “agriculture”. There are 178 categories that were inserted into the list. There are common categories in the list that consist of one word, but inevitably there are complex categories in the list also. The latter are often used in the speech of economics and it is impossible to explain some occurrences of economics without them. In the dictionaries of economics approximately every fifth category is a complex one. There is a wider selection of the common economic categories because most of the complex categories consist of two or more common categories, so it is inexpedient to repeat the same category. The authorial and citation determinations of the categories are presented further. In the determinations mostly used and mostly applied categories of economics are underlined. The determinations are formed based on the following sources: (Aнлo-pyccкий cловарь по экон. и финансам, 1993; Auštrevičius P., Pupkevičius D., Treigienė D., 1991; Большой экон. Словарь, 1994; Buračas A., 1994; Dabartines lietuvių k. žodynas, 1993; Epingas R.C., 1993; Kristoferis P., 1994; Лопатников Л.И., 1996; Рынок: бизнес, коммерция, экономика, 1994; Рыночная экономика: словарь, 1995; Словарь- справочник по совр.эконом., 1996; Терминология рыночной экономики, 1994; Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985).

2.3. The determination of economic categories In this chapter there are the determinations of the chosen categories. In the determinations economic categories are underlined. There is a number of used literature sources referred in square brackets. The number at the end of the determination designates the number of underlined economic categories. Repeated categories in the boundaries of given determination are not calculated into the number of underlined categories. If the determination is totally equal to the determination given in literature source,* it is marked with the inverted commas*. If there was reconstruction made in the determination, it is not marked with the inverted commas. If modelling the determination wasn’t based on a literature source, it is marked with [-]. A Accept – approval with the other side’s offer to compile the contract under the directed conditions (Jakutis A., 1998) –1. Accumulation – one of money functions (Ekonomikos teorijos terminu žodynas, 1991)-1. Article - the produced thing [-]-1. B Bank- the institution which gives the credits, mediates, carries out operations concerned with money [-]-3. Bank’s credit - the terminate loan of the bank (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-2. Bankruptcy - incapacity liquidates the debt (Auštrevičius P., 1991) -1. Budget - issued money has conform to get in future [-]-1. Buyer – the subject, who is buying something for money (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Buying – acquiring for money (Jakutis A., 1998)–2. C Capital –production of equipment (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Capitalization – changing cash returns to the capital ( Auštrevičius P., 1991)-2. Changes – changing of various work results (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Centralization - the unity of the leadership or governing in one places (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Circulation - buying and selling exchange (Jakutis A., 1998)-3.

Calculation - the collection and systematization of information (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Caution - the saving of the thing (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Clear receipts - the money received all payment (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Company - few joined economic subjects (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Contribution – savings, money (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Costs – expenses (Dabartin4s liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993)-2. Customer – person who uses services (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Commerce – operations of the trade (Dabartin4s liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -1. Compensation – payment for losses (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Competition – situation in a market when there are a lot of buyers and sellers (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Credit – giving of loan (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Creditor – country which gives loans (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-1. Credit insurance – kind of insurance when a creditor insures given credits against not giving back the debt (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-1. Complimentary – disability to cover debts in payment time (Auštrevičius P., 1991) -2. D Debts - having of the debts [-]-1. Deficit - the market situation when the demand of the resources or goods breaks their offer, and defilation – diminution of common prices level of goods and services (Auštrevičius P., 1991) -3. Deposit - money to believe a financial negotiator (Auštrevičius P., 1991) -2. Depositor - a person believed his money to a financial negotiator [-]-2. Dipole - the market situation when in one market two sellers exist (Auštrevičius P., 1991) -2. Disposition - wealth regulation (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Diversification - the extension and diversity of the nomenclature extension of the produced goods (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Division of labor - the distribution of action among people (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Dynamic efficacy - the innovation orientation by the course of the biggest result (Jakutis A., 1996)-0. Demand – size of the goods and services, which buyers would like and are able to buy (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Distribution – division trade (Dabartines liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -0.

E Economics - the economic action when using various resources the needs of people are satisfied (Ekonomikos teorijos terminų žodynas, 1991)-4. Efficiency - the lever of various resources usage ensuring the maximum produce of the product (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Elasticity - the quantities change percent of the demand or offer when the prices change one- percent (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Employer – a person who gives work (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Enterprise - independent economic unit (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Estimation - establishment of the commodity and favor price [-]-3. Exchange - the place in which the agreements are made (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Expenditure - spent money (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Export - goods and favors removed abroad, their quantity and value (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Estimation – fixed value [-]-1. Exchequer – financial outcomes of State (Dabartines liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993)-1. F Financial negotiator - financial organization which buys other obligations of the debts for the means which are got having, sold their obligations of the debt (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-5. Fond - the money which is devoted to some purpose (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -1. Free market – not controlled changes of operations in market economy (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. The favor – the service, the assistance (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -0. G Goodness - the thing or offer satisfying human needs (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Guarantee - deposit, assurance (Частоmный словарь руccкого языка, 1997)-0. I Import - goods and services brought from abroad (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Inflation – decadence of the purchasing power of the monetary unit manifested by rise of the common price lever (Jakutis A., 1998)-3.

Interdiction - the assurance of the possible loss payment, paying the contributions (Dabartines liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -4. Interest - this, what’s interesting [-]-0. Investment - the investment of the means into the branch of economics (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Industry – the production of raw materials, energy, production means and consumer goods (Jakutis A., 1998)-4. Incomes – payment which is given for performed work (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Interest – the tax for an agreement to delay the tax (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-2. Income – received money [-]-1. L Labour - a human action which needs physical and intellectual force (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Labour change - the day’s period at the end of which workers change (Jakutis A., 1996)-1. Labour discipline - the compulsory appointed order observance of labour (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Labour means - a thing, an implement (Jakutis A., 1998)]-0. Labour object - into what human work is directed (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Labour payment - money paid for work [-]-3. Labour place - the arrangement of industrial devices (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Labour rate - the rapidity of transaction (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Labour sources - physical and intellectual human abilities which can be used in economic action (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-1. Level of living – total conditions of human existing and labor corresponding the reached level of production (Ekonomikos teorijos terminu žodynas, 1991)-2. Loan – lending of money (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. License – permission for some activity (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Loss – damage, detriment (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -0. M Manufacturer – person making goods (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Market of the sources - market of buying and selling of economic sources (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-5. Means – sources of money (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Money – universal equivalent (Jakutis A., 1998)-1.

Money turnover – the money moving from the bank’s publisher’s to the people who pay and invest and backwards (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-4. Material goods – goods necessary for living (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Monopoly – the situation in market when goods and services are provided by one producer (Jakutis A., 1998)-4. N Negotiation - wanting to compile a contract negotiating (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993))-1. O Oligopoly – market in which a large part of supply is from a few big enterprises (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Organization – economic system (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993)-1. Overcoming – the possibility to change property to money (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. P Payment - the estimation of work (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Personal receipts - the receipts which one part earned and another paid, shaped like a tax (Jakutis A., 1998)-4. Personal savings - the difference of personal receipts in cash and expenditures (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-2. Present - day obligations- the debt which has to be returned in a short period (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-1. Production - the creation of useful things for the existence and development of the people (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Productions means - labor means and labor objects, which are participating in the production process (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Publisher – who publishes money [-]-1. Patent – the document guaranteed by the copyright security for the inventor in the State which handed hit (Jakutis A., 1998)-0. Profit – money gained in business (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Purchasing power – the quantity of goods which can be bought (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-2. Price – value in money (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Price levels – medium price size in one of the markets (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-2. Paying – giving money for goods or performed work (Jakutis A., 1998)-2. Payer – a giver of money for goods or services [-]-2.

Profit – welfare (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) -0. Profitability – characteristics reflecting got profits of goods or services (Jakutis A., 1998)-3. Property – wealth (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. R Rebuilding - renovation of the physical characteristics of wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -0. Retail price – the price of goods or services for consumer wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -3. Rent – arrangements to use temporarily property wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -1. S Sources - everything what is used for satisfying the needs of people (Jakutis A., 1998) -1. Shortage – when outcomes exceed incomes [-]-2. Supply – extend of goods and favors, which sellers would want and are mighty to sale it wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -4. Subsidy – state support means [-]-1. Seller – the subject who delivers goods for money wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -2. Sale – consignation for the money [-]-1. Substitutes – goods changing each other wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -1. T Taxation - the established of the tax size [-]-1. Technical work - the action technically in any part of time wealth (Jakutis A., 1998) -0. Term of payment- the established time for the payment operation to end (Jakutis A., 1998) -0. Turnover - the circuit of capital (Ekonomikos teorijos terminų žodynas, 1991)-1. Tax – a fee, paid to state or organization (Jakutis A., 1998) -2. U Unemployment – when some people of working age people can’t find a job (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. W Worker - person capable to work (Jakutis A., 1998)-1.

Worker - person, who is rendering physical and (or) intellectual work (Jakutis A., 1998)-1. Warrantor – person who takes responsibility for other person’s debt engagements (Auštrevičius P., 1991)-1.

2.4. The establishment of category levels and the stepped system of economic categories

The number of economic category is established according to several

stages (Biekša R., 1998; Jurgaitienė J., 1994; Matijoškaitė D., 1993; Nastajūtė I., 1998; Paulikas V., 1994; Petkevičienė A., 1995; Petuchova K., 1996; Skirkevičiūtė J., 1998). 1. Find the definition of the examined category. 2. Pick out (underline) economic categories in the definition and then find their definitions. 3. In this way we pick out and collect the definitions and economic categories until they all are explained and there is no unexplained categories i. e. until the circle is closed. 4. The number of economic categories found during the examination of the selected category shows its level number.

Let’s illustrate with an example. Commodity- a product produced for exchanging. Exchange - the changing result of a different form of work. Production - the creation of things necessary for the development and existance of mankind. Product - a thing. Work - purposive activity of a person, which requires physical or (and) mental power. As we see, all economic categories are definite. Form a table which will show the level number of “commodity”. STAGE NUMBER

ECONOMIC CATEGORY

CATEGORY NUMBER

0

Production, product, work

3

1

Exchanging 1

4 Commodity 1

The conclusion is: the category “commodity” belongs to the fourth level.

If in the economic category definitions the underlined categories are repeated for several times, we can include them in to the level number of investigated category. We will investigate this in chapter 2.8.

Not all the time we will get not spasmodic stagger of the investigated category. In the investigated example there are not the second level and the third levels. In such case we need to do the second and more iteration until all levels which belong to the investigated economic category will be located in turn without any jump and we will get good-looking stairs. In the second and the further iterations we shall make restructuring in the earlier definitions. 1. If the definition which we have is extended, we take only the general definition, but we can’t distort the sense of the category, e.g. Means - monetary reserves (money, credits). So we take: Means - monetary reserves. If the definition is formed of two parts, and one of them is of economic character but another – general, so we take the first because we investigate economic categories, e.g. Capital – means of production; wealth, value. We take the definition without ‘wealth, value’. We have to pick out economic categories from definitions only so that the sense won’t suffer. E. g. commodity – a product produced for market and selling. We took: commodity –a product for market. Connecting two (or more) definitions e.g. Product – an article, a thing. Article –a produced thing. Instead the category ‘article’, which is in the first definition, we write its definition and we get: product – produced thing. In the second addition the examples how with several iterations to form the optimum stagger economic categories system are presented. There is another method (Petkevicienė A., 1995) to establish the number of economic category level. Four levels establish the number. The first three stages conform to the named before. The 4th stage. We investigate the levels of categories which are bigger to one unit than the biggest level number of economic category. Refering to this method before the investigated the category ‘commodity’ depends to the second level because the biggest number ‘1’ has the category ‘exchanging’. Other examples how to establish the level of category according to this method are presented in the first supplement.

According to this method during the investigation of category level number there isn’t any jump between levels, i.e. empty intervals without category. The stagger system of economic categories forms 5-7 levels in this case. There are positive moments. It reached lucky chosen definitions to count the levels of economic categories. Further the stagger system of economic categories is presented, which is mentioned in 2.2. It is formed based on the latter method. Zero level Payment term Damage Stock-taking Service Done the work Patent Reserve Means Reconstruction Product Centralization Requirement Labor Risk Means of labour Certificate Division of labour Wear Labour speed Agreement Dynamic efficiency Economy Elasticity Riches Production Use Interest Value License Land First level Accept Payment Commodity Employer Contractor Employee Reproduction Worker Reserve Work discipline Hiring Work object Specialty Work place Construction Product Length of building Producer Technology Wealth Economy Supply Economic activities Capital Customer Client Consumer

Exchange Social capital Unemployment Stuff Second level Exchange Material wealth Labour shift Usefulness Disposition Property Subversivication Incomes Efficiency Substitute Export Industry Production media Market Enterprise Consumer goods Import Universal equivalent Compensation Third place Company Money Free market Savings Monopoly Holder Lease Debt Oligopoly Fourth level Expenditure Payment Contribution Seller Incomes Resale Price Loan Accumulation means Buying Liquidation Buyer Means Subsidy Tax Deposit Fifth level Personal incomes Retail price Circulation Demand Clear incomes Interest

Inflation Supply Investment Profit Competition Trade Credit Account

So the economic category abstraction level or the number of stage is established by few methods. It is iteration procedure. Which method is optimum? It depends on the method of accommodation area. The practical use of the method will be discussed in the 5-th monograph.

2.5. Stability of the system By changing the given category definition, the number of level that is the place in economic category system could be changed. So the level economic category system stability isn’t absolute and it’s different from the number level in which ‘five’ always is between ‘four’ and ‘six’. Or can absolute unstable exist? Maybe category definition presented by one of dictionary authors permits to attribute it to category system beginning, or the same category definition formulated by another author puts it at the end of the system? With this end in view find the answers to this question. Different and the same category definitions were examined and their sequence was established (Motiejunaitė I., 1994). It was established that primary level categories are the most stable. They are: product, work, service, barters, goods, production value and others. These categories form the base by establishing the number of other category level. Higher categories of the level aren’t so stable. Increasing the number of the level, stability is going down. It means that stability is going down concretizing economic phenomenon. Elementary level categories are the most abstract, for example a zero level categories are explained in general language words that is, in abstract words. When the levels go up, economic phenomena are detailed. By detailing variant “tree” branches will be found with which one may go one or another way. We get different descriptions, standpoints of the same phenomenon in a different corner. It is appreciated correct. But, from another side, instability, destabilization has minuses. If the same category can be treated various by then how to understand the government decision or Seym passed a law, normalizing our economic life? It causes discussions, controversy and courts. It’s necessary for society. Standard act must be estimated by synonymy so economic category must have standard definitions. The European Union scale approbate database exists in which we will find discussed, accepted and approbated determinations of technical terms so standard determinations exist. Economic category determinations have become standards. Their stability must be absolute at a given time. Of course, they must be changed, if it is necessary.

2.6. Synonym estimation Some of economic categories have their own synonyms. We can find them in dictionaries (Aнгло-русский синонимический словарь, 1988; Lyberis S., 1980; Немецко-русский синонимический словарь, 1983). It puts the question, if synonyms get into the same system level, or not? This question was analysed (Paulikas V., 1994; Petkeviciene A., 1995). It was the aim of economic category system made basing on a compactness principle. It consists of 6 levels: from 0 to 5. It is shown in chapter 2.4 Further the analyzed synonyms are presented. The number of a level is in brackets. Finance (5)-money (3). Supply (1)- resources (2). Reserve (1)-stock (0). Means ((4)-money (3). Property (2 - wealth (1). Consumption (0)- use (4). We see that synonym level numbers aren’t very different, except the last case. Correct projected in category of level economy system shouldn’t be synonym, because need try to get synonymy economy phenomenon or process definition.

2.7. System evenness Let’s examine the stage of economic categories system made of 145 categories (Petkevicienė A., 1995). Categories are divided into stages by the method counting all the categories which were used to explain the given category, except the repeated ones. The question arises, categories of which stage categories are used for defining the investigated category? For example, a complex category ‘stock company’ is the category of stage 26. In order to define it categories belonging to stages: 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,16,17,19,20,22,24,26 were used. We can see that this sequence of economic categories stages is not equal. 3, 5, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23 and 25 stages categories are missing. So there aren’t 8 stages of categories, in spite of that iteration procedures were used in order to eliminate this deficit. Iteration procedures gave their results; the lack of stages was reduced, but didn’t eliminate it. Having examined the last 144 categories in the same way the results are put in Table.

The evenness of the sequence of economic categories stages Number of Economic Sequence of categories stages Number of missing stage category stages 1 2 3 4 26 Stock company 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 8 14, 16,17,19,20,22,24,26 31 Share 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 12 14, 16,17,19,20,22,24,26 31 32 Stock capital 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13 13 14, 16,17,19,20,22,24,26 32 Stockholder 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 12 14, 16,17,19,20,22,24,26, 31, 32 0 Reserve 0 0 20 Company 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 7 16, 19, 20 14 Bankrupt 0, 1,2,4,6,9,10,11,12,14 4 7 Exchange 0, 1, 2,4,6,7 2 13 Balance 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13 3 17 Bank 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13 6

17 13 Circulation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13 4 0 Work 0 0 33 Dividends 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 12 14, 16,17,19,20,22,24,26, 31, 32, 33 19 Economics 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 7 16, 19 9 Export 0,1,2,4,6,8,9 3 17 Efficiency 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13, 6 16, 17 0 Flexibility 0 0 22 Finance 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 8 16,19,20,22 17 Funds 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13, 6 16, 17 21 Firm 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13 7 16,19,20,21 6 Production 0, 1,2,4,6 2 7 Means of 0, 1, 2,4,6,7 2 production 7 Producer 0, 1, 2,4,6,7 2 1 Product 0, 1 0 14 Payments 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,14 4 11 Expenditure 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 16 Resources 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16 6 20 Enterprise 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13 7 16, 19, 20 14 Contribution 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,14 4 10 Industry 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10 3 18 Investment 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13, 6 16, 18 15 Deposit 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,15 4 13 Inflation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13 4 0 Interest 0 0 11 Income 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 34 Primary capital 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14, 13

16,17,19,20, 22, 24, 26,31,33,34 1 Reproduction in 0, 1 0 a large scale

9 Import 0,1,24,6,8,9 3 12 Payment 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12 3 20 Innovation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20 7 15 Mortgage 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,12,13,15 5 19 Collection 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,19 7 11 Price 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 24 Capital 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,17,19 8

20, 22, 24 25 Capital accumulation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,17,19,20,22 8 24, 25 11 Accumulation means 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 18 Variable expenses 0,1,2,04,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,17,18 6 12 Expenses 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,17 6 1 Contract 0, 1 0 21 Concern 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20,21 7 2 Contract duration 0, 1, 2 0 11 Receipt 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 17 Coupon 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,14,17 6 13 Accumulation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13 4 21 Corporation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20,21 7 15 Course 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,15 5 13 Credit 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,12,13 4 18 Credit line 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18 6 13 Competition 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13 3 1 Compensation 0, 1 0 15 Traveler 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,15 5 14 Inquiry 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,14 4 18 Kliring 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18 6 20 Commerce 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,17,19,20 7 12 Consignation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12 3 22 Contrafaction 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20,22 8 18 Credit cart 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,17,18 6 0 Quality 0 0 7 Capitalistic building 0, 1, 2,4,6,7 3 16 Means 0,1,,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16 6 7 Expenditure of time 0, 1,2,4,7 3 20 Free market 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20 7 0 Licence 0 0 17 Liquidation 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,14,17 6 12 Liquidity 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,12 4

4 Lising 0, 1,2,3,4 0 13 Latent demand 0,1,2,4,6,,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 2 25 Broken demand 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,19,20,23, 9 line 25 23 Local estimate 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13016,19,20,21, 7 22, 23 2 Exchange 0, 1, 2 0 11 Payment 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 13 Tax 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13 4 11 Exchange means 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 21 Macroeconomic 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,21 8 20 Microeconomic 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20 7 21 Market research 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,20,21 7 12 Retail price 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12 3 8 Monopoly 0,1,2,4,6,7,8 2 16 Duty 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16 6 8 Broker 0,1,2,4,6,7,8 2 20 Management 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,17,19,20 7 12 Monopsony 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12 3 25 National income 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,19,20,24 10 6 Utility 0, 1,2,4,6 3 19 Unproductive 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,16,18,19 6 Investment 3 Lease 0,1,2,3 0 2 Property 0, 1, 2 0 15 Shortage economics 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,15 5 1 Imperfect competition 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,16 5 0 Loss 0 0 5 Net 0,1,2,4,5 1 17 Bond 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,17 5 15 Option 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,15 5 23 Oligopoly 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,16,19,20 8 8 13 Oligopoly 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 2 0 Product 0 0 34 Profitableness 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,16,17,19,20 12 22,24,26,31,32,33,34 11 Incomes 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 14 Interest 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,14 4 12 Demand 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 2 12 Seller 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3

11 Selling 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 5 Substitutes 0, 1,2,4,5 1 13 Loan 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,12,13 4 0 Service 0 0 12 Supply 0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 2 19 Profit 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13,16,17,19 7 11 Buyer 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 11 Buying 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 10 Money 0, 1, 2,4,6,8,9,10 3 0 Need 0 0 9 Industry 0,1,2,4,6,7,9 3 4 Commodity 0,1,2,4 1 13 Trade 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13 4 1 Reproduction 0, 1 0 4 Market 0,1,2,4 1 6 Deal 0, 1,2,4,6 2 13 Savings 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,13 4 14 Account 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,14 4 12 Debt 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,12 4 11 Subsidy 0, 1,2,4,6,8,9,10,11 3 0 Contract 0 0 1 Asset 0, 1 0 7 Economy 0, 1, 2,4,6,7 0 15 Deposit 0,1,2,4,6,8,9,10,12,15 6 9 Universal equivalent 0,1,2,4,6,8,9 3 0 State 0 0 0 Consumption 0 0 8 Value 0, 1, 2,4,6,8 3 0 Value 0 0 Are there a lot of stages missing? It depends on the category we are investigating. After we grouped them according to the lack of stages, such results appeared.

Lack of stages The number of economic stages

The evaluation of the results

0 27 The best 1-2 16 Good 3 29

4 17 5 9 6 16 7 17 Middle 8 7 9 1 10 1 12 3 The worst 13 2

Approximately four stages are missing for every economic category. Having analyzed the existing economic categories, it is obvious that if the stage is higher, more stages are missing. It means that for stages of a higher number there is a need of more iteration, if we want to reach the continuous stage of categories system. In the stage categories system from 26 to 31 stages there is a break, because there were no categories of stages 27-30 while projecting this system. As it was mentioned iteration procedures reduced, but not eliminated the lack of stages. In addition 2 the iteration procedures are shown which eliminate the lack of stages completely and you can get the optimum of stage system economic categories.

2.8. Estimation of repeated categories

Creating the system of stage economic categories there is a question if we should calculate the repeated categories while determining the number of a stage of a given category? In order to answer this question two stage systems were created (Jurgaitienė J., 1994) referring to the same initial list of economic categories. Comparing these systems the conclusion is that the system involving the repeated categories faces more blank gaps. It means that these stages don’t include any economic categories. This has been proved by concrete examples (Motiejunaite I., 1994). While this system is too much enlarged and incompact, I would suggest refusing it and using the system created not including the repeated categories.

2.9. Analysis of zero - stage categories We can’t find economic categories in the definitions of zero stage categories. Words of a common language or categories of other scientific branches define

them. Zero stage categories are fundamental concepts while other categories are defined using these concepts. Concepts in the definition of zero stage categories could be defined by other concepts of a common language but it’s not a goal of this monograph. There are less words of narrow specialization than the ones of a common language. Zero stage categories are the basis for an economic language, but they are not fundamental ones in other scientific fields or a common language. Fundamental categories are the most abstract concepts. We could confirm this if we assume the abstraction as the formation of real notions (concepts) in delimitation way, using or realizing the part of conformable data. Delimitation – is simplifying, schematizing when dissociation is from the secondary factors, details (Кондаков Н.И., 1954). Rise occurred from abstract to concrete when more difficult economics concepts are created from zero stage categories. This is the scientific research method when theoretic tough advance to reproduction of thorough occurrence. A “tree”, system of stage economic categories obtained where it is shown what a concrete category consists of. According to the tradition of dialectics abstraction is “poorness” of knowledge and concrete is fullness, pithiness (Кондаков Н.И., 1954). Concrete economic category is synthesized from plenty of definitions. There is another standpoint to abstraction (Философский энциклопедический словарь, 1989). Abstraction is formation of reality notions (concepts) in a delimitation and addition way using or realizing just a part of lots a conformable data and adding new information that is not clear according to given data. Adjusting delimitation and addition stands exposed active, creative standpoint of abstract cognition. As it was mentioned above, delimitation is simplifying, schematizing, and addition converts reality objects into more complex, theorizes. If categories of zero stage are defined as categories of the first or higher stages, basis categories will be concrete and the top of hierarchy is abstract, it is poorly perceived. The first definition of abstraction is being used in this monograph. The authors of Western Europe use this definition as well (Кондаков Н.И., 1954) . Summary. Formation principles of stage economic systems of categories are presented in the second chapter of the monograph and the methods of realization by the mentioned principle are shown fragmentally as well. A fragment of economic categories is selected on the basis of frequentative vocabularies of economic categories. The definitions of economic categories selected from dictionaries by the procedure of iteration were improved and in chapter 2.3 supplied as created by the author. In chapter 2.4 the original method of determining economic categories stages is supplied. For the current categories fragment a stage economic categories system is formed. The

stability of this system was investigated and a conclusion about the standard economic categories system project is essential. The investigation of stability was supplemented by the evaluation of synonyms. The evenness of economic categories system was discussed and related to the repeated categories estimation question. The analysis of basic, zero stages categories was made. Suggestions. 1. To improve stage system of economic categories using iteration procedure. 2. To project and approbate standard economic categories system as the basis of the improved system.

3. Modelling and identification of economic regulations Are economic laws of the republic of Lithuania prepared perfectly? Let’s analyze Lithuania’s enterprises law (Valstybinės įmonės istatymas, 1995), the first section “Common regulations”. We will find 15 economic regulations in five paragraphs. Common and compound economic categories are used to model these regulations. 21 economic categories are used. 20-law categories are used as well. If we are going to use 10 categories to model one regulation, then we can make 225 million regulations from 40 categories. As it was mentioned above there are 15 regulations in the law. How were those regulations selected? Are those regulations the most important? Nobody answers these questions for us, consumers of laws’. Modelling of economic regulations enables to answer these questions. Economic categories are primary information for modelling. Their classification is discussed in the second chapter of this work. What types of regulations will we get in a modelling process? How should we model? What method should we use? Besides economic categories other non-economic categories are necessary for modelling. What categories should be? What regulations are formulated? What results of modelling are received? Can we identify a modelling text of other authors? What kind of regulations do they model? You will find the answers to these questions in the third chapter of the monograph.

3.1. Types of economic regulations Economic categories are interdependent. Modelling, searching connection between categories, turns to conformable results: economic regulation. Regulations can be of various types: principle, law, characteristics, criterion, limitation, canon, dogma and so on. Definitions are the main point of the enumerated types. Axiom is initial regulation of a deductive system, accepted without evidence and concludes evidence basis of other regulations, it goes without saying (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Law is indispensable and constant connection among occurrence (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993). Definition is exact, logical discussion, the establishment of concept contents. (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) Characteristic is distinctive, exceptional, specific feature (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993). Canon is a universal rule, standard (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985).

Postulate is regulation accepted without evidence, as one of axiom methods well-founded science theory initial preconditions (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Dogma is regulation, opinion and theory without proof or practical verification considered as unquestionable truth. (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985) Principle is the main idea of some theory, idea of concept, initial proposition (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Compound category is the sum of two or more categories. Criterion is the basis of estimation, measure (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Limitation is the establishment of limits. Fact is a real, unmade-up event, incident, occurrence of firmly established object (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Generalization is the formulation of conclusions from separate cases and facts (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) . Tendency is appropriate direction the process is going on (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Theorem is theoretical regulation which rightness can be or is logically proved on the ground of earlier established science regulations (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). This is the main type of economic regulations. We can see that meanings of axiom, postulate and dogma are almost the same. Many definitions of other types of regulations are related. This connection is considerably identifying economic regulations, that is, analysing the economic text and determining the type of economic regulations presented in the text. We will discuss this question widely in 3.5 section “Identification of economic regulations” While analysing the types of economic regulations, I would offer to put them systematically that the consumer could see investigation character of the systematic material.

3.2. Methods of modelling Search of connection between categories reflecting economic occurrences and processes is fulfilled using special methods. They are: observation, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, genetics, verification, paradox and other methods. Definitions define the main point of methods. Observation is purposeful, planned apprehension of reality corresponding to tasks of some activities. (Dabartinės liet. kalbos žodynas, 1993) Analysis is the expansion of the whole into parts. (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985) Synthesis is joining of parts of elements, objects to the whole. (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985) Induction is reasoning where separate facts switch to more general ones (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Deduction is receiving of conclusions from the preconditions according to logical laws and rules (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Genetics is the method of occurrence origin, research of evolution. Verification is practical checking of connection. “Branches and limits” are economic texts received when other categories are joined to the basic category using some methods. Analogy is reasoning where similarity of the objects by one type of identification causes the conclusion that those objects could be similar by another identification as well (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985). Paradox is reasoning which proves rightness and erroneousness of regulation. (Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, 1985) These are the main methods used for modelling of economic regulations. It’s obvious, that other laws of logic – associative disjunction and conjunctions of double and triple denial, sufficient basis, commutativity, identity, syllogism, negation of qwonters etc. (Кондаков Н.И., 1954) could be used modelling economic regulations. Laws of logic are laws of human thinking. These laws arose in the consciousness of humans as a result of observations. Practical activity of humans, repeated milliard times, formulated logical figures in the consciousness which became axioms. Logic laws are not laws of existence directly. German logician G. Klaus was right: he said: “logical laws are not existence laws though they are based on existence laws” (Anzenbacher A., 1992). Logic laws are abstract from reality. Long time ago science knew four logic laws. Aristotel found free laws of human thinking: identity, contradictoriness and the third one elimination, and later – German philosopher and mathematician K. Leibnic formulated sufficient ground law. All our thoughts obey these laws; that doesn’t depend on concrete content of thoughts. If we don’t follow some law in the run of reasoning, we won’t get the

right result of reasoning – the conclusion. Laws of formal logic contradictory and sufficient ground are named “the greatest rudiments”. Humans can perceive, research activities of these and other logic laws, but they can’t change or remove them, otherwise the process of thinking would change and people couldn’t understand each other. We can find the main logic laws in traditional logic which is the first step analysing formal logic. Next is mathematical logic which uses symbolism for expression laws. Where is the power of knowing laws? As specialists of computers affirm formal nature of logic laws enables to model the operations of logic using computers. Computers can model a perfect diagram of logic. Logic laws are partial, derivative knowledge laws. We can get them using earlier found and confirmed truth. In a concrete case there are no experiments and practical activities, but the application of laws and rules of logics to right thoughts. But thinking is not just the revealing of truth using other truths. The truth, from which another truth is deduced, on of ground the logic laws, is the main point of knowledge as a result of practical activity, economic occurrences and processes. Scientific literature of logic is wide and many-sided. Besides the works analysing pure logic (Асмус В. Ф., 1947; Гегель, 1970-1972; Кондаков Н.И., 1954; Месыков В.С., 1992), we face the publications that discuss the possibilities in logic application to other research fields. They are: mathematics (Griniuvienė L., 1997), algebra (Алгебра и логика: журнал, 1992), informatics (Lassaigue E., 1996), computer science (Бузук Г.Л., 1995), science methodics (Бачманов В.С., 1969), thinking formalization (Бирюков Б.В., 1977; Борисов В.Н., 1967), cybernetics (Бирюков Б.В., 1978), semantics (Бессонов А.В., 1985; Целищев В.В., 1984; Философия, логика, язык, 1987), linguistics (Проблемы значения в лингвистике и логике, 1963). Economics is a wide application field for logic. (Jakutis A., 1992) Mathematical logic, the second stage after traditional logic to the formal logic, using mathematical methods and mechanism of special symbols, investigates thinking with the help of formal languages. The great mathematician and logic scientist of these days S.K. Klinis, agrees with this definition who writes in a Russian book that mathematic logic is the logic which develops with the help of a mathematical method. Traditional logic it is the science about the knowledge of transformation laws. The initiator is a big thinker of the antique Aristotel (384 –322). Creating the bases of logic science Aristotel followed a lot of works of his associates. It is obvios that separate problems were analysed (induction, solution, the provement of the rule and so on) in Greek thinker’s works V-VI. There was a lot of philosophy (Heraclit, Demokrait, Platon and so on), history (Herodot, Fukidid, Ksenofontas and so on), medicine, natural science. All gave valuable data for the science about thinking logic to begin.

Formal logic - is science about the laws of knowledge transformation received from earlier determined and adapted truths, without referring to every concrete case experience and only using thinking laws and rules. Formal logic which investigates a thinking process dissociates from concrete content of correct reasoning, provement of concepts and investigates common methods of relations between thoughts(what is important in modelling economic regulations) seeking for truth.(Кондаков Н.И., 1954). Analysing other methods of modelling I offer to investigate the selection criteries of separate methods and to form the optimum list of methods. Modelling by such methods, the text would become more understandable and approachable for the community.

3.3. List of non-economic categories necessary for modelling We need subsidiary words and their combinations modelling economic regulations. They are collected from the modelling of economic regulations (Petuchova K., 1996). Words and their combinations of this list can be found in the definitions of economic regulations or they are used making once, doubles, triples and so on. This list should be continued and supplemented, it’s volume directly influences on the quality of modelling results. A B Acquire Biggest Aim Basis Adjust Become stable C Become more frequent Change D Consequence Development Condition Decrease Create Diminish Can use Depend E Disappear Exist Demand Estimation Direct Expand Determine Extend Dictate Establish Dispose Effective F Ensure Fluctuate G Freedom Get I Grow Increase Give Implant Ground Introduce Go up Implanting L Invariable Liberty Intermediate M N Maximum Number Minimum Negatively Mean Necessary Mediate P O Possibility Own Prevail

Q Pay in Quantity Part R Progress Renew Principle Reflect Prompt Rise Permit Review Predetermine Reduction S Reason Survive Replace Support Raise Stengthen Reach Stem Regulator Scheme Result Slow down V Suitable Value Serve Valuation

3.4. Modelling run and results Results of modelling economic regulations are economic regulations. Results arise in modelling run. First of all economic categories are analysed by one. It is observed how economic occurrence named after the given category alters with regard to the space and time. For example, inflation in history run has a tendency to grow and become stable and sometimes it disappears, passes to deflation. That’s why the concept “inflation changes in time run” is formulated. The type of this concept is characteristic. Occurrence is analysed by the observation method. Analysing the category “capital” from the definition we can see that “capital grows in time run”. This law is got by the method of analysis. Having analysed the categories by one, we start to analyse the connection of pair categories. Analysing “inflation” and “amortization” by a genetic method became clearer that changes of amortization cause changes of inflation. When amortization slows down, with old equipment less and worse production is made. The amount of money getting into circulation is not decreasing. Inflation is growing. Formulated law “Slowing down of amortization is increasing inflation” is modelled using a genetic method. Let’s analyse other categories related to inflation. Let’s analyse 30 categories distributed into 10 blocs by 3 categories. 3 categories altogether with category “inflation” make up four. Those four categories will be analysed as ones, then their even relations will be modelled. The results will be presented in Tables

1-10. After that four categories including “inflation” will be analysed according to other sections while modelling the doubles, triples and fours (Tables 11-16). Market-Share-Dividends-Inflation Table 1 No

Category Regulations of economic combination

Types of regulations

Used methods

1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 Market Place where deals take

place freely Definition

Observation

2 Share Owner’s property in the company

Definition

Observation

3 Dividends

Payments for shareholders

Law Observation

4 Inflation Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 M-A Market share Compon

ent Synthesis

6 M-D Dividends set in the market

Law Genetic

7 M-I When there is an inflation market changes

Characteristic

Observation

8 S-D Shares give dividends Law Genetic 9 S-I Inflation values shares Law Genetic 10 D-I Inflation increases

dividends Law Genetic

Tax-Debt-Economic-Inflation Table 2 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 T Changes in time run Characteristi

c Observation

2 D Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

3 E Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 T-D Avoiding of taxes

increases debt. Law Genetic

6 T-E Stable economics – stable taxes

Law Genetic

7 T-I While inflation is increasing taxes increase

Law Genetic

8 I-D Inflation diminishes debt

Law Genetic

9 E-I Inflation ruins economic

Law Genetic

10 D-E Big debts ruin economics

Law Genetic

Bond-Capital-Utilitarianism-Inflation Table 3 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 B Changes in time run Characteri

stic Observation

2 C Grows in time run Law Observation

3 U Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 B-C Growth of bonds

number increases capital

Law Genetic

6 B-U Utilitarianism stimulates collection of

Law Genetic

bonds 7 B-I Inflation devaluates

bonds Law Genetic

8 C-U Growth of utilitarianism increases capital

Law Genetic

9 I-C Inflation values capital Law Genetic 10 U-I Utilitarianism

stimulates inflation Law Genetic

Capital-Market-Capitalism-Inflation Table 4 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 C Grows in time run Law Observ

ation 2 M Grows in time run Law Observ

ation 3 Ca Changes in time run Characte

ristic Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 C-M Capital market Compou

nd category

Synthesis

6 C-Ca Capital – base of capitalism

Principle Analysis

7 I-C Inflation values capital Law Genetic 8 C-M While capital is

increasing market enlarges

Law Genetic

9 M-I High level of inflation destroys market

Law Genetic

10 I-Ca Inflation is a phenomenon of capitalism

Law Genetic

Unemployment-Population-Consumption-Inflation Table 5

1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 U Changes in time run Characteri

stic Observation

2 P Grows in time run Law Observation

3 C Grows in time run Law Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 U-P Growth of

unemployment decreases population

Law Genetic

6 U-C Growth of unemployment decreases consumption

Law Genetic

7 U-I Growth of unemployment decreases inflation

Law Genetic

8 P-C While population is increasing consumption decreases as well

Law Genetic

9 P-I High level of inflation stops population growth

Law Genetic

10 C-I Growth of consumption causes inflation

Law Genetic

Money-Emission-Subsidy-Inflation Table 6 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 M Changes in time run Characteris

tic Observation

2 E Carried out irregularly Characteristic

Observation

3 S Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 M-E Money emission Compound

category Synthesis

6 M-S Amount of money causes quantity of subsidy

Law Genetic

7 M-I Money surplus causes inflation

Law Genetic

8 E-S Emission increases possibility of subsidy

Law Genetic

9 E-I Surplus emission causes inflation

Law Genetic

10 S-I Inflation diminishes subsidy

Law Genetic

Internal Costs-Amortization-Direct Costs-Inflation Table 7 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 IC Changes in time run Characteris

tic Observation

2 A Becomes stable in time run

Law Verification

3 DC Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 IC-A While amortization is

increasing internal costs decrease

Law Genetic

6 DC-IC Direct costs change while internal ones change as well

Law Genetic

7 IC-I Growth of internal costs causes inflation

Law Genetic

8 A-DC While amortization is increasing direct costs

Law Genetic

increase 9 A-I Slowing down of

amortization increases inflation

Law Genetic

10 DC-I Growth of direct costs causes inflation

Law Genetic

Investment-Losses-Deposits-Inflation Table 8 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 I1 Grows in time run Law Genetic 2 L Changes in time run Characteris

tic Observation

3 D Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

4 I2 Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 I1-L Unprofitable

investments Compound category

Synthesis

6 I1-D Decrease of investments stimulates growth of deposits

Law Genetic

7 I1-I2 High level of inflation hinders to invest

Law Genetic

8 L-D Deposit can be unprofitable

Characteristic

Observation

9 I1-L Inflation causes losses Law Genetic 10 D-I2 Inflation devaluates

deposits Law Genetic

Sanctions-Taxes-Assets-Inflation Table 9 1 2 3 4 5

Once 1 S Changes in time run Characteris

tic Observation

2 T Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

3 A Grows in time run Law Genetic 4 I Changes in time run Characteris

tic Observation

Doubles 5 S-T Avoiding of taxes

incurs sanctions Law Genetic

6 S-A Sanction for assets Compound category

Synthesis

7 S-I Inflation can be stopped by sanctions

Characteristic

Observation

8 T-A Tax of assets Compound category

Synthesis

9 T-I Growth of taxes stimulates inflation

Law Genetic

10 A-I Inflation values assets Law Genetic Dividends-Bonds-Value-Inflation Table 10 1 2 3 4 5 Once 1 D Changes in time run Characteris

tic Observation

2 B Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

3 V Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

4 I Changes in time run Characteristic

Observation

Doubles 5 D-B While dividends are

increasing the number of bonds diminishes

Law Genetic

6 D-V Value of dividends Compound category

Synthesis

7 D-I While inflation is increasing dividends diminish

Law Genetic

8 B-V Value of bonds Compound category

Synthesis

9 B-I High level of inflation devaluates bonds

Law Genetic

10 V-I Inflation is the raise of value

Definition Observation

Taxes-Personal Income-Free Trade-Inflation Table 11 1 2 3 4 5 Doubles 1 T-PI While taxes are

increasing personal income diminishes

Law Genetic

2 T-FT Growth of taxes limits free trade

Law Genetic

3 T-I While taxes are increasing inflation increases

Law Genetic

4 PI-FT While personal incomes are increasing free trade prospers

Law Genetic

5 PI-I While inflation is increasing personal incomes diminish

Law Genetic

6 FT-I While inflation is increasing free trade diminishes

Law Genetic

Triples 7 T-PI-

FT While taxes are increasing free trade and personal incomes diminish

Law Genetic

8 PI-FT-I

While inflation is increasing free trade and

Law Genetic

personal incomes diminish

9 FT-I-T While inflation and taxes are increasing free trade is in agony

Law Genetic

10 I-T-PI While inflation and taxes are increasing personal incomes diminish

Law Genetic

Fours 11 I-T-PI-

FT Growth of taxes and inflation decreases personal incomes and limits free trade.

Law Genetic

Production-Market-Inflation-Unemployment Table 12 Doubles 1 M-P While market is

enlarging production increases

Law Genetic

2 P-I While production is increasing inflation diminishes

Law Genetic

3 P-U While production is decreasing unemployment grows

Law Genetic

4 I-M High level of inflation makes narrow market

Law Genetic

5 M-U While market is increasing unemployment diminishes

Law Genetic

6 I-U While inflation is increasing unemployment diminishes

Law Genetic

Triples 7 M-I-P While the market is Law Genetic

narrowing inflation and production diminish

8 M-P-U While the market is narrowing production diminishes and unemployment grows

Law Genetic

9 P-I-U While production is increasing inflation and unemployment diminish

Law Genetic

10 M-I-U While the market is decreasing inflation and unemployment is increasing

Law Genetic

Four 11 M-I-U-

P Increasing market stimulates production, decrease of inflation and unemployment

Law Genetic

Inflation-Value of Share-Utility-Capital Table 13 Doubles 1 I-VS Inflation diminishes

value of share Law Genetic

2 I-U Inflation is useless Law Genetic 3 I-C Inflation values capital Law Genetic 4 VS-U Value of share shows

its utility Characteristic

Observation

5 C-VS An increase of capital raises value of share

Law Genetic

6 U-C Capital is useful Law Analysis Triples 7 I-VS-U Inflation diminishes

value of share and is useless

Law Genetic

8 I-VS-C Inflation values capital and this is what increases value of

Law Genetic

share 9 I-U-C Inflation values

capital, which is useful Law Genetic

10 VS-U-C

Value of share reflects capital, which is useful

Law Genetic

Four 11 I-VS-

U-C Value of share reflects capital which is useful and inflation values capital

Law Genetic

Production-Inflation-Market-Monopoly Table 14 Doubles 1 I-P While inflation is

increasing production diminishes

Law Genetic

2 M-P Market defines production

Law Genetic

3 Mo-P Monopoly stabilises production

Law Genetic

4 I-M Inflation takes place in the market

Law Observation

5 Mo-I Monopoly can increase inflation

Characteristic

Observation

6 Mo-M Monopoly forms market

Law Genetic

Triples 7 I-M-P Growth of inflation

makes market narrow and diminishes production

Law Genetic

8 Mo-P-I Monopoly stabilizes production and regulates inflation

Law Genetic

9 Mo-P-M

Monopoly stabilizes production and forms market

Law Genetic

10 Mo-M- Monopoly forms Law Genetic

I market and regulates inflation

Four 11 Mo-M-

I-P Monopoly forms market, regulates inflation and stabilises production

Law Genetic

Unemployment-Reproduction-Costs-Inflation Table 15 Doubles 1 I-U While unemployment

is increasing inflation diminishes

Law Genetic

2 I-R While inflation is increasing reproduction diminishes

Law Genetic

3 I-C Growth of costs causes inflation

Law Genetic

4 U-R Diminution of reproduction causes growth of unemployment

Law Genetic

5 U-C While unemployment is increasing costs can decrease

Characteristic

Observation

6 R-C Growth of costs causes diminution of reproduction

Law Genetic

Triples 7 I-U-R Unemployment and

inflation diminish reproduction

Law Genetic

8 I-U-C While unemployment is increasing and costs are decreasing inflation diminishes

Law Genetic

9 U-R-C Growth of costs causes diminution of reproduction and growth of unemployment

Law Genetic

10 R-I-C Growth of costs causes inflation and diminution of reproduction

Law Genetic

Four 11 R-I-C-

U Growth of costs causes inflation, diminution of reproduction and growth of unemployment

Law Genetic

Unemployment-Capital-Costs-Inflation Table 16 Doubles 1 I-U Unemployment is

increasing inflation diminishes

Law Genetic

2 I-C Inflation values capital Law Genetic 3 I-Co Growth of costs causes

inflation Law Genetic

4 U-C Growth of capital diminishes unemployment

Law Genetic

5 U-Co Unemployment can diminish costs

Characteristic

Observation

6 C-Co Costs of capital Component

Synthesis

Triples 7 I-U-C Growth of capital

diminishes unemployment and inflation

Law Genetic

8 I-U-Co Growth of costs causes Law Genetic

inflation and diminishes unemployment

9 U-C-Co

Growth of capital diminishes costs and unemployment

Law Genetic

10 C-Co-I Inflation values capital and costs

Law Genetic

Four 11 C-Co-

I-U Growth of capital costs causes inflation and diminishes unemployment

Law Genetic

The results are: 118 laws, 3 definitions, 36 characteristics, 7 compound parts and 1 principle. While reading even and bigger connections of categories are made in the third column than in the continuous text, we have to admit that inflation is analysed in a correct level. The quantity of the text would be better, if we align these categories into stages, put regulations of other type in text and align their priorities (in the beginning of the text should be preconditions, axioms; in the middle – laws, characteristics; in the end – conclusions).

3.5. Identification of economic regulations Modelling of economic regulation, their run, methods and results were discussed above. We know how to model, to make a text. But there are a lot of texts made by other authors. What kind of texts, what kind of regulations figure in them? Having analysed the text of the lecture “Forms of business organization”, we find that the text is made of 47 laws, 37 definitions, 17 principles, 29 characteristics, 24 axioms, 18 canons, 10 postulates and 8 criterions. We couldn’t identify such regulations in other economic texts. We can find facts, formulas, graphs, paradoxes, preconditions and conclusions and so on in the texts. How should the regulations be aligned in a correctly prepared text? The investigation fulfilled by experimental methods shows that in the beginning of the text axioms, preconditions, principals and definitions should figure. The middle part of the text should consist of characteristics, laws, criterions and restrictions. In the end of the text conclusions, new laws and principals must figure. The identification of economic regulations is not sufficiently discussed. There is an offer to investigate the extract of a concrete text and to write how and what regulations are included. How to optimise the text laying it out into stages? For example, in the additions supplied stage system formation and optimal stage categories system formation are useful for the investigation of the definitions.

4. Possibilities of modelling economic regulations using a computer

There are a lot of economic categories and numbers of their combinations. Therefore modelling of economic regulations is the process which requires a lot of work. A computer can facilitate modelling. A man foresees the main principles of work. He knows which part of work can be done by a computer with the minimum interference of a man and which part he has to do himself. It’s just a counting and information processing machine and a man is a thinking human being. We can model economic regulations using a computer as well. A computer can find the main combinations (according to given indications), systemise heaps of combinations, find necessary information quickly, group regulations, register already analysed ones and save them in the memory. Therefore the creating of modelling program is a long process. Of course it would be perfect if a computer modelled economic regulations by itself, but for that it’s necessary to have powerful program provision which is impossible to get because nobody has it. But there are separate elements which we can use. Texts processors EDIT, WIN WORD, NORTON COMMANDER and others. Algorithms of modelling economic regulations are made for a certain situation. One of such algorithms will be shown further. The use of a computer allows saving of time with regard to the operations which order of the performance is determined in advance (arithmetical actions, calculation of statistics, data sorting, performance of their actions, taking information from the libraries and locating it there, apportionment of indication determined in advance, comparison, presentation, other actions). The biggest part of time should be devoted to the creation of program equipment. Having created it we should file the information and correct it, improve the created program according to the results, seeking for more precise results. Situations could be modelled using a computer, create new regulations and use them for further activity as well as for modelling of an intermediate product which allows to create the final one. It is necessary to verify (to check) the results of such modelling while the separate connection among the categories could be nonessential, but revealed as the result of such modelling and hiding the essential connection. The categories can influence one another (direct relation) or just one, or it can depend on the influence of the category which is unknown to us, or the existing relation could be considered as casual coincidence. A man can do such verifications, but the work will be more effective, if we use computers. Using a computer we can act in several directions. A computer presents the possible combinations of categories and performs accounting of the rejected,

analysed and being analysed combinations. It also presents variants of possible relations among the categories in the regulation. A computer is able to store the basic information (categories), additional words, modelling methods, regulation types database. It is useful to use such programs of database management as Delphi, Clarion, Oracle, FoxPro. A computer can store external database, i.e. a list of literature. While a special program dedicated to the modelling of regulations has not been created yet, this process could be simplified using standard means, firstly a text editor as far as the main information is words. The most popular text editors are Word, Dos-Edit, Works, NC, calculating program Excel. It is possible to use e-mail and network. Using this software we can: insert the text or call it out of database, edit it, sort, save, get into the monitor, printer, send to external database, use additional literature and information. A computer could be instructed to search for the information about the categories and their definitions in the given literature. There are some programs – dictionaries already created. Appropriate program should be created in order to work efficiently – the one that could easily find the required definition and create “tree” of its origin. The program of artificial intellect could fulfill such task. The computer giving the questions to the consumer would carry it out and the consumer will receive the answer in the monitor. The base of such information is database. It includes information about the categories (their definitions, structure), possible requests of consumers. Relations are indicated as well. The program of artificial intellect is self – teaching, thus the database is constantly changing, improving, looking for new and already corrected data. Text modelling possibilities using a computer are analysed in academic literature: Quantitative linguistics (Бондаренко А.Ф., 1982), its combinatory (Леконцев Ю.К., 1983) lead to linguistic automatisation (Котов Р.Г., 1987). Text construction, modelling using a computer is analysed in the publications: (Бондаренко А.Ф., 1982; Демьянков В.З., 1989; Котов Р.Г., 1987). Literature of computers’ science consists of theoretical, practical, informative and dictionary literature. More theoretical than practical questions are analysed in these publications: (Čaplinskas A., 1996; Informacinės technologijos, 1997) Practical questions (office work, texts redactors, data size) are analysed in these sources: (Aukštuolienė A., 1995; Born G., 1995; Čaplinskas A., 1996; Kanapeckas P., 1993; Lašinskas K., 1996).

4.1. The number of combinations of economic categories There are a lot of economic categories. Some can express one category. Therefore we can divide categories into different aggregative levels according to their degree of abstraction, according to how they are explained: common indications, categories made of these indications or very concrete blocks of categories. While investigating combinations which could consist of these categories to evaluate that the connections between them may be various, there are in a conclusion that there could be plenty of such combinations. If we accept these conditions that: 1) in the combination there is at least one economic category, 2) the given category in the combination is not mentioned for the second time, 3) there is n of categories; We will get that the number of combinations N depends on n according to the formula: N=2+2+...+2=2n-1, that is, if n=1, N=1; if n=2, N=3; n=3, N=7; if n=5, N=31; if n=10, N=1023; if n=100, N=1048575. So N grows according to the exponential law. It is problematic to make these combinations and to look them through in order to exclude the main ones and useless ones. While modelling economic regulations it is important to take into account the character of the relations between categories (type of economic regulation), it is important to remove possible conflicts. In order to illustrate the process and results of modelling economic regulations economic categories were chosen and combinations were made according to these limits: 1) In every regulation there is at least one economic category; 2) In one regulation the same category can be used only once; 3) Between two categories there is only one one-direction relation. The results of modelling are presented in the third chapter. All the regulations according to the number of categories they consist of are divided into four groups: once, doubles, triples, four. While analysing the process of modelling, that the regulations from one and two categories are made after the investigated change in time and space of these categories and all the relations between them (the indirect relations can stay not investigated). Making the regulations from three and four categories not all the relations are being investigated. To investigate all the relations is not a big problem. In this way in the regulations of three categories only one uninvestigated relation is left and in the regulations of four

categories there are three uninvestigated relations. The condition that between two categories only one one-direction relation exists is valid. The number of this relation (M) depends on the number of categories (m) in the regulation: M=m (m-1)/2 If we refused this limit and investigated all the invisible relations, in this case even regulation modelling of two categories would be problematic. Modelling economic relations it is very important to revel all direct relations and especially the relations between two categories (even relations), because these relations are the simplest ones and we can fulfill the detailed investigation at the least expenditure and more complicated relations (triples, four...) are made on the basis of even relations. As it was already mentioned, the number of regulations depends on the primary number of categories: N=2n-1 (it is based on the fact, that every category in the regulation can be or not be), that is why if there is a big amount of categories, the number of the categories which will be investigated is very big. For example, if in the middle size dictionary there are 5000 categories then the number of regulations (in case there is relation variety) will be 25000=101500, meanwhile there are only about 31,5 million seconds in a year and the century does not exceed more than 1018 seconds. It means that any formation of all combinations is impossible. On this background we can imagine what valuable are the works, economic laws and habilitation dissertations of economists Nobel laureates. They are just picked up of the context fragments which have nothing in common. While modelling the regulations of economics big attention should be devoted to the selection of the main categories, the possibility of possible tautologies to foresee in advance meaningless regulations. Meaningless regulations are such which one near another figure with the category of a very different degree of abstraction. While investigating the chosen categories we face a big amount of information, a great number of process, reorganization operations. In order to fulfill these operations correctly it is necessary to use a computer.

4.2. Functions of man and computer while modelling economic regulations A computer helps to save time of such operations for which the order was determined in advance (arithmetical actions, sorting of data and so on). Having appreciated the advantages of a computer, such main tasks and directions of activity are raised: 1) a computer supplies possible combinations of the categories and regulates the registration of rejected, being investigated in current time and already investigated combinations; 2) a computer supplies the variants of possible relations between categories in the regulations and regulates the registration of rejected being investigated and accepted variants; 3) a computer saves the main information, modelling methods, types of regulations databases; 4) a computer saves the information about the exterior databases; 5) a man puts the categories into a computer, forms their simple regulations (doubles). A computer models more difficult regulations; 6) a man must choose the most rational regulations, if there is need to initiate the regulation and to withdraw the results. One of the ways to make the modelling of regulations easier is the use of databases. For that we can choose FoxPro, Access, Oracle, Dbase or even Excel program packages. All of them work with databases and can more or less put my goal into reality. The first stage is to form databases for economic categories. There is a need to project the tables in which all the categories and definitions are being put. If there is a need for the consumer to be more convenient, enquiries are projected. They help to avoid mistakes. The characteristics of categories are being put in, the character of change in time and space (in particular situations even mathematical formulas can be used). The constant extension and the modification of databases are possible. There is a possibility not only to supplement the list of categories, but also to correct the parameters of existing categories according to the results of the work. After the databases are formed, the second work stage can be entered: there is a need to state the order of operating with categories and modelling of regulations. In every program package it is done differently. Here and there the work with consumers is organized in such a way that you need only to put the rules of forming regulations into a proper column. It is more complicated to fulfill this because you need to program the rules in the inner language package. One of the most complicated things is the coordination of word endings while forming the regulations. The problem is that in all the packages

the English language is used in which the ending does not depend on the case. For Lithuanians there exists a devoted cipher with the letters which are only in the Lithuanian language and long vowels, but there is a need separately to program the rules of stating word ending. While expressing the characteristics of categories using mathematical formulas and rules, modelling regulations, you operate with categories as if it was mathematic variable sizes and the same arithmetical and logical actions are done with them. After that we can take out new regulations according to the proved formulas of mathematic of interaction laws. A computer is only a counting machine, it cannot think independently; therefore “ones” and “doubles” must be formed by the specialist who has economic-mathematical education and he/she must put this information into databases. The program analysing existing ones and doubles can express thru one ever factor, thew that it would form triple. Now the program has to make the most complicated operation - it must supply already got mathematical and logical expressions in the text in an easily understandable form. The final result is new regulations with coordinated endings of all the words. Acting by such principle the program could be used for systemizing of existing information and for creating new information in any organization which supplies economic information.

4.3. Computer modelling of economic laws 4.3.1. Text editors For the lack of special program equipment the process of modelling can be facilitated with the help of standard programs, first of all of text editors, since a text is basic information. The editors DOC-Edit, NC-Edit, Word, Works, Excel are the most distributed. It is possible also to use electronic mail and network software. With the help of the above mentioned programs it is possible to carry out: 1. Input / conclusion of the text into / from a base / database, 2. Editing, 3. Sorting, 4. Storage, 5. Conclusion of the text to the screen, printing, dispatch on external databases, 6. Use of the auxiliary literature and other sources of information, During a number of years the original computer package of program equipment SIVE for the identification of a speaker, not having analogues in Europe was created to carry out phonetic examination. On the basis of the received diagrams and specific numbers the expert accepts the motivated decision with the proved conclusions what is impossible using other traditional methods and the carried out research does not depend on the contents of the text. 4.3.2. Opportunity of using a computer If not the expert of economics wishes to deepen into sense of category combinations, he frequently has not enough knowledge in the field of categories, formed of combinations. He searches in the literature of definition of categories and finds out that in definitions each second word is an economic category. Such search of information takes a lot of time. It is necessary to create the computer program for the simplification and acceleration of the search of information which arrangement would remind the structure of a genealogic a tree: primary categories (expressed in well known words) make primary concepts, from last - secondary, etc., up to the achievement of the level of economic categories. The user of such program for finding out the sense and meaning (importance) of the term would need only

to specify the appropriate word by the cursor, to press a key of "mouse" and to read the definition which appears on the screen. The mode can also be included in the menu in which on the screen in other colours (the terms which definitions in computer memory contain), that essentially will facilitate the search of information and will speed it up. It is necessary also to give the user an opportunity to cause on the screen all the "tree" to look at the origin of the term up to the most "root" concepts; to make a circuit of other categories on a sample of the given category; to allocate the definition of any term and also the structure and origin of the derivative. Such program would be very useful studying economics, but it is not enough for the persons educated in this sphere and also for those who are connected with the finance, bank business and e.g. By the consideration of interrelations of economic categories among other rules of laws, which are giving in to ordering, come to light. At the presence of valuable communication between the majority of categories it is necessary to use sets of elements of one system (covering, at least, basic economic categories) and dividing them to basic and derivative, it is clearer and more evident to present connections between variable, graphic means, e.g. In circuits connections between categories are designated by arrows. According to the above described the attitudes (relations) between variables can be expressed by mathematical formulas. It is feasible only after the research of plenty of categories. Thus, with the help of a computer it is possible: 1. To predict the development of economics summarizing the meanings dependent on variable 2. To look at the interrelations of changes in economy 4.3.3. EDIT There is MS-DOS 5.0 in a certain system. It is a textual editor EDIT, allowing simulating of economic situations. This editor also allows: - to edit to look through and to print texts, - to create and to edit groups of teams, - to write the texts of the programs. After call EDIT on the screen there is a greeting and explanation of the ways of reception of the information about the work with a given editor. The

pressing of key ENTER allows to familiarize with the instructions for use and pressing key ESC the editor is prepared for work with the texts. At the top part of the screen the menu of teams is located: File, Edit, Search, Option, Help. On the second line from above (we shall name it title) the name of an edited file is written. At the bottom part of the screen the condition of the editor at the concrete moment of work is described and it is underlined what keys can be used. At the right and bottom part of the screen the strips of displacement are located showing in what part of a file the work is conducted and used for the movement in the text. Other part of the screen (textual window) is intended for the accommodation of the contents of a file. The performance of teams can be carried out through the menu, combinations of keys etc. Each of the above listed teams has a lot of opportunities, with which it is possible to familiarize pressing simultaneously a key Alt and key with a symbol of the first (underlined) letter of the required team (F, E, S, O). In the list that has appeared on the screen the name of the first of opportunities and also the first letter in the names of each of the subsequent opportunities are always underlined. The team is carried out after pressing key ENTER or a key with a symbol of the first (underlined) letter of the name of function. If the name of function is written by a pale (usually grey) font, it means, that the given team cannot be executed. At attempt to make this function more active gives the signal (team, naturally will be distributed, will not be executed). By pressing key ESC the performance of a team interrupts and the output from the menu is carried out. The dots in the list of teams mean the presence of a window of dialogue which is used for input of the additional data (e.g. In the case of necessity to keep the typed text it is necessary to enter the name of a file) in which it is possible to carry out the input of the text, the choice of the function from the offered list and its activization. For the work in the windows of a dialogue keys Tab, Esc, Enter are the most important. Key Tab (tabulator) operates the cursor. Having placed the text in one part of a window, it is possible to proceed to other part by pressing key Tab. The parts are located cyclically, i.e. after passing the last; it is possible to get in first and to move further. The combination of key Shift + Tab moves the cursor in the opposite direction. Keys Esc interrupt the performance of a team. It is possible to press only once keys Enter in mode of operations of a window - when all the data entered and it is necessary to carry out a team. In the window of a dialogue the names of teams are made in inverted commas. Brighter inverted commas mean that the team will be executed after pressing

key Enter. It is possible to note the necessary team in the window of a dialogue, having pressed key Tab. If the first letter in the name of a team is underlined, this team is possible to be made active by simultaneous pressing of key Alt and the symbol of the underlined letter (irrespective of the situation of the cursor). Working with the editor it is possible also to use "mouse". In this case a cursor on the screen will look like a rectangular standard for a symbol of the size. The activization of a team is carried out by the left key of "mouse" at the moment of the presence (finding) of the cursor in the necessary place. The description of the technology of economic modelling further follows through the program editors WINDWORD or WORD FOR WINDOWS 2.0. A computer allows to type, to edit and to print the texts and also keeps them in memory. 4.3.4. WINWORD 1. Typing Way description "Mouse" the cursor is established on team File in the menu. Keys the pressing causes structure file on the screen Enter "Mouse" by the cursor get out team NEW Enter team NEW allows to create a new document. After the occurrence of the blinking cursor it is possible to begin typing. 2. Preservation of the text Way explanatory "Mouse" gets out team Save in the menu File Enter after pressing the document is saved up "Mouse" gets out team Save as Enter the document is saved up under other name 3. Listing of the text Way explanatory "Mouse" gets out team Print Preview in the menu File Кл. Enter the general view of the document before listing is shown

"Mouse" gets out team Print Кл. Enter the document is printed (number of a place and quantity (amount) of copies) is underlined. 4. Editing of the text Way explanatory "Mouse" gets out team Edit Кл. Enter the menu of a team Edit is caused "Mouse" gets out one of the teams: Repeat, Cut, Copy, Paste Кл. Enter the team is carried out. 4.3.5. WORD FOR WINDOWS 1. Typing Way explanatory "Mouse" made active the editor Word For Windows 2.0. "Mouse" opens a small window with the inscription Word For Windows (it

is possible to carry out by means of key Enter) By key Enter the editor Microsoft Word is made active (it is possible to

carry out by double pressing of the left key of a "mouse". "Mouse" developed (unwrapped) the menu of team File "Mouse" after a choice New opens a new file, where it is possible to type (collect) the text 2. Preservation of the text Way explanatory "Mouse" developed (unwrapped) the menu of team File "Mouse" after the choice of team Save occurs a window of dialogue (It is possible to execute by the combination of key Shift+F12) "Mouse" choice of the catalogue "Mouse" choice of subdirectory "Mouse" entered in line File name the name of the created file "Mouse" made active team Save Or ( Enter after pressing the team is carried out)

3. Text call - out on the screen Way explanatory "Mouse" in the menu of team File gets out a desirable file (search is

conducted changing the catalogues and types of disks) Enter occurrence of the lists of the documents "Mouse" choice of the necessary document Enter occurrence of the text on the screen 4. Listing of the text Way explanatory "Mouse" in the menu of team File gets out team Print. The text is printed. 5. Editing 5.1. The English text Way explanatory "Mouse" unwrapped the menu of team Tools "Mouse" made active Thesaurus, the program of editing English texts

is caused which checks the text, asks, whether it is necessary to replace words by other. It is possible to execute by pressing the combination of key Shift+F7.

5.2. The Lithuanian text Way explanatory "Mouse" made active the menu of team Tools "Mouse" by activization “Pataisymai” caused the editor of the Lithuanian texts. 4.3.6 Norton Commander For modelling economic situations in zone NC The order of actions (Petuchova K., 1996) is established by means which the modelling is carried out. Using only a keyboard applies an algorithm from eleven steps and using together a keyboard and a "mouse" - from eighteen steps.

4.3.7. MS WORD 2000 It is a convenient multifunctional editor accessible even at the beginning of cognition. The automation of actions, means for the check of the text in many languages and opportunity of updating material with the help of other programs very much facilitates the preparation of the documents for daily consumption (letters, notices, reports, forms etc.), and is connected with every possible project, and also the preparation of the texts for accommodation in the Internet. This editor is the most widespread in Lithuania, therefore the problems connected with information interchange, at the users be does not owe (Leonaviciene B., 1999). 4.3.8. Ways of editing a text Editing requires certain skills. The same result can be reached by various ways, the basic of which are described below. Management of the cursor. The cursor in a textual window specifies the place of introduction of symbols. Its rule on the screen can be changed by means of key - indexes or combination Ctrl+ necessary bottom. In the right part of a line of a condition there are two numbers divided by a colon, which show the situation of the cursor on the screen: the first number of a line, the second number of a symbol in a line. If keys Cap Lock or Num Lock are pressed, before these numbers there are letters C or N accordingly. Having pressed Cap Lock, key Shift, and having pressed Num Lock- to print figures it is possible to print in capital letters without help. Accommodation of the text. The text can be placed in any place of a window for that the cursor with the help of a "mouse" is established at the necessary place. To the right of the cursor the text is displaced to the right, and a new text is printed before the old. It is possible to print not displacing the old text. For this purpose we press keys Insert. The cursor thus from a blinking row turns to a blinking rectangular. It means, that at this place the new text will be placed, and the old will disappear. Repeated pressing of key Insert returns us to in the previous mode. Deleting of the text. The pressing of key Delete destroys marks more at the right of the cursor, and key Backspace - more at the left. The division of a line into two is carried out in two stages: 1. putting the cursor on a place where the second line should begin, 2. pressing key Enter

The connection of two lines into one is carried out: 1. putting the cursor at the beginning of the second line and pressing key Backspace; or 2. putting the cursor at the end of the first line and pressing key Delete Insertion of an empty line into the text: 1. put the cursor at the beginning of a line which will follow the empty, 2. pressing key Enter The combination Ctrl+Y is applied for the destruction of the whole line. Space. By pressing key Enter transfer the cursor into other line, under the beginning of the first. The text is typed from the first position. If after the transfer of the cursor in the following line we begin to print the text after pressing some times keys "blank", and then press Enter, in a line following the given, the cursor will appear under its beginning. It is very convenient when it is necessary to type the text in separate paragraphs. Tabulation. By pressing key Tab the space of the size of eight blanks. Moving a line we establish the cursor on the first position and we press key Tab. For the destruction of blanks in the beginning of a line we install the cursor in any place of a line and type (collect) a combination key Shift+Tab. If there are spaces in the text, the line will be displaced according to them, instead of standard positions. Before copying, cutting and cleaning fragments of the text it is necessary to mark them. For this purpose we establish the cursor at the beginning of a marked fragment we press keys Shift. We press cursor arrows and, not releasing them, are going along a line, while all fragment is not marked. The marked text is allocated with other colours (white on black background). It can be copied, cut, clean at and it is necessary to do immediately, because if we proceed to other fragments, the mark will disappear. The basic teams of the editor File, Edit, Search, Option, Help are supply everyone with the own menu. Team File is intended for the creation of a new file. A team Open (to open) causes an existing file from memory (used for viewing the catalogues and disks). In the window of a dialogue it is necessary to specify the name of a file, or it is possible to choose a file from the offered list. Team Save (keep)

transfers a file on a disk under the old name without the realization of a dialogue. The dialogue is necessary when the file does not have a name (it will be necessary to specify, as well as the catalogue, in which file the will be placed). Team Save (to keep) keeps a file under the certain name and is usually applied at the first record of a file on a disk. The name of a file is entered in the window of a dialogue, and also the name / number of the catalogue and disk where it will be placed. Team Print (to print) is used at listing both the text and its fragments. Team Exit finishes the work with the editor, thus it will be offered to the user to keep the document (if not teams Save or Save As) were used. Team Edit (to edit) contains four sub teams intended for work with blocks which can be carried out with the help of a "mouse" and a keyboard. Team Cut (to cut out) removes the marked text and temporarily keeps it in memory. This text can be cut in other place on a file by pressing key Shift+Delete. Team Copy (to copy) temporarily keeps the marked text in memory and is carried out by pressing Ctrl+Ins. Team Paste (to insert) replaces the marked text by the kept in memory by means of team Copy and is carried out by pressing key Shift+Ins. Team Clear (to erase) cleans the marked text from a file by pressing key Delete. Team Search (search) is intended for searches of the text and replacement it by another. In the window of a dialogue, there is line Find which is necessary to specify which text should be found. In team Change (to replace) there is line Change (to replace), which is necessary to enter the appropriate name. Team Find (to find) is used for the detection of the specified fragment. Team Repeat Last Find means, " to repeat last search " and there is no window of a dialogue (key F3) carried out by pressing. Team Options (parameters) establishes the cut works of the editor. Team Help Path (track of the help) specifies where the file of the auxiliary information Edit Help (Edit hlp.) is placed. 4.3.9 Algorithms and programs of economic regulations modelling At the beginning of creating a program it is important to prepare an algorithm which will help to make a program later. It is possible to model not only stable, natural regulations, but also those which change under some circumstances in time. Let’s analyse the concrete category “production”. According to the definition it is a process of creation products and services. Analysing the change of this process during some time

we will get the regulation: “the production changes in time”. This is the characteristic which was got by the method of analysis. But the production can increase or decrease during different periods of time and in different location. We create an algorithm: Production Changes In time Or Increases Decreases Algorithm for double: Production - a process of creation goods and services. Goods - products produced for the market to sell. The quantity of goods depends on the production size. This law is received by the method of analysis. Production In time Changes Or Increases Decreases Growing Decreases Quantity of goods According to those algorithms it is possible to create computer programs which could model economic regulations. The categories which are used for modelling are written into the memory of a computer. The method of analysis was used wishing to model regulations during the current moment, but other methods such as synthesis, “branches and limits” etc. can be used. Using computers the process of economical regulations modelling would become more effective because processing of information will be faster. Changing of the regulation data into mathematical formulas could be one of possible algorithms of regulations’ modelling. Then it is possible to deduce the new regulations using the proved mathematical laws. For example, we have three categories: Technology - the whole complex of production ways, means and knowledge about them. Effectiveness - relation between expenditures and results.

Time norm - time during which the employee (or a group of them) having certain qualification has to make the production unit or perform the production operation under certain organizational - technical circumstances. Computer can’t work (think) independently, therefore specialists of economics and mathematics have to create once and doubles units. This information must be placed into the database which can process it. In our case once units could be: Technology improves in time. Let’s give conditional limits of technology changes from 0 to 1, it means we have to mark: technology [0, 1]. Effectiveness increases in time. The same as technology - effectiveness [0, 1]. Time norm decreases in time. Time norm [0, 1]. Even relations of categories in pairs are created: Technology - time norm: The improvement of technology decreases time norm. Time norm=1-technology Technology - effectiveness: The improvement of technology increases effectiveness. Effectiveness = PC* technology, where PC - proportional constant. Effectiveness - time norm: Effectiveness increases when time norm decreases. Effectiveness=1-time norm. If we sum up the left and right sides of these three equations, we will get the transition from which the result is: The improvement of technology decreases time norm and increases effectiveness”. The described software will fit the organization which uses economic categories, modelling regulations, making some kind of economic decisions. For example, this could be educational, science institution which controls economic activity etc. One of the basic tasks would be the collection and saving of information. The most appropriate could be data base systems based on the client - server architecture (for example, ORACLE). In this case all the information would be stored in one powerful computer-server and an unlimited amount of consumers-clients could use it. The consumers who work not only in the same building, but also in different locations of the world could use the information at the same time (with the help of the Internet). In such database we can store: Economical categories Relation which describes how these categories relate to other ones, then a stage system of categories could be realized Economic regulations,

Information about external databases, Another useful information. Software is another important component. Having enough time and resources, it would be possible to create software for the modelling of economic regulations

5. The practical use of economic regulations modelling The theoretical possibility of economic regulations modelling was proved in the previous chapters of the monograph. The origin of idea was discussed, the conception was formed, the principals and examples of stage system formation of economic regulations and examples, were reveald the methods of economical regulations modelling and possibilities to model by a computer were described. The question is: What is it necessary for? The economic texts were created without this theory and now all libraries are full of them. Is it necessary to have a new mechanism to model those economic texts? I think it is necessary and that is why. The economic literature is incoherent, not systematized, full of internal conflicts. It is difficult to read it not only for dilettantes, but even for specialists of economics. Therefore it is necessary to have a system at is approach to economic texts. It is important to group them according to the stage of aggregation evaluating the category stages used in the text. We have to work in such a way with the texts modelled by other authors. If we model the texts according the methods presented in this monograph, we will get texts which will be grouped according to the aggregation level. There are a lot of economical problems in the life and we don’t find the solution in the current economic literature. Using the methods of economic regulations modelling we can describe, model problematic situation and find the best solution in the appropriate level of aggregation. The training process is a wide area of using economic regulations modelling. Going step by step from the general language to the most complicated economic conceptions, the modelling of relations between these conceptions allows to understand the current level of economics and to see the tendencies of economic development. Later we will present the possibilities of using economic regulations modelling more precisely. We will show how to use the methods of economic regulations modelling for the creation of economic dictionary, formation of economic texts, reviewing, changing the text. The use of modelling methods in the training process will be described, for example, for preparing home, semester or graduate paper work. The modelling of non-economic texts will be also described. The stage system of economic categories can be created according to different criteria (it was written in the second chapter of the monograph). In this case the version of stage system will be chosen according to the area of use.

Therefore, the practical use of philosophical training and computer science in economics enabled to form the methods of economic regulations modelling and to use them in the practice of economics.

5.1. The creation of an economic dictionary A lot of economic dictionaries are published. Most of them are created according to the same criteria: categories are written in an alphabetical order. By the way, frequentative dictionaries are created according to the criteria of frequency. At present there are no dictionaries created according to the level of aggregation of economic categories. The stage system of economic categories which is described in the second chapter of the monograph is the first attempt to present a new type of dictionary of narrow volume. Wishing to create a bigger size dictionary of stage economic categories it is necessary: a) to create a list of economic categories based on a frequentative dictionary; b) to create your own system of economic categories for each current category; c) to develop a final system with iterations until we get the perfect list of categories and their definitions; d) to evaluate and correct final definitions of categories according to the law and language science; e) to form the dictionary as the system of stage economic categories and approve it as system if a standard economic concepts in Lithuania. Therefore the idea of such a project of a dictionary is the creation of a stage system of economic concepts. The use of such system would help to search the relationships between economic processes because the size of searching will decrease. The method of the creation such dictionary is the optimisation of definitions of economic categories. The process of creation would be as follows: a computer specialist having economic education will enter the current category and all the economic categories which are necessary to create the previous one. After that he optimises this fragment with iterations and finally he determines the stage number of that category. The final result is corrected by a lawyer or a language specialist.

5.2. The creation of economic texts The theoretical aspect of the creation of economic texts was described in the third chapter of the monograph. Even and other relations of categories were presented. Now we give you the continuous text which is made of triples: “Dividends are growing, if there is inflation in the market. Market inflation makes shares more expensive. When economics declines, then inflation increases and debt decreases proportionally. When economics declines, then inflation and taxes increase. Utilitarianizm stimulates inflation and this is a reason of the bonds overturn. Also utilitarianizm stimulates inflation and this process devalues capital. Inflation makes the investment non profitable. Inflation decreases the number of deposits and investments.” We can see from this text how inflation is connected with different economic processes. The text would improve if the stages of categories were evaluated. The quality of the text depending on the stages of categories will be described in the next sections. The author used such method of economic regulations modelling creating different economic texts. The group members of the Lithuanian Institute of Economy and Privatization (the author of this monograph was also a group member) created “The law of state companies” according to that method. That institute prepared material for “The analysis of the activity of foreign companies in Lithuania”(Jakutis A., 1997), dedicated to the Lithuanian Government. One of the authors was the author of this monograph. The author used the method of economic regulations modelling creating other economic texts (Jakutis A., 1990-1998). Wishing to create an economic text it necessary to use the stage system of economic categories. In the beginning the abstract variant of the text is modelled using only categories of a zero stage. Then we go to the first, second…stages.

5.3. The review of economic texts It is possible to evaluate any of the modelled economic text of different authors according to the stage system of economic categories. For that economic categories are underlined in the text and then we decide to which stage they belong. We think that the text is good, if there is no big difference among the stages, it means that stages are arranged evenly. There is another text presented here (Epingas R., 1995) and the stage numbers of the categories which are in that text according to the stage system of economic categories (Petkeviciene A., 1995). “The origin of money (3) helps to develop the forms of goods (1) exchange (1). After the money (3) appeared, all the goods (1) are equalized to money (3), the value (0) of goods (1) is expressed in money (3). In such a way the goods (1) are given the price (4). The price (4) is a monetary (3) expression of the goods (1) value (0). Just because the goods (1) value (0) is expressed comparing it in the exchange (1) process, the changing of the exchange (1) proportions in all development stages of the value (0) can cause the deviation from the real change of goods (1) value (0). The proportions of exchange (1) depends on the goods (1) value (0) existing in the relative forms of value (0) and on the value (0) of goods (1) equivalent (2). The origin of the price (4) shows the later development of the conflicts. The conditions of every goods (1) exchange (1) depended totally on the circumstances, which defined the commodity (2) transactions (1) during the time when the general equivalent (2) didn’t exist. When money (3) and prices (4) showed up, the circumstances helped to make influence on the exchanged goods (1) value (0), because of which the exact deal(1) is, but the common production (0) and market(2) condition.. All participants of economic activity (1) are oriented to the delivery of different goods (1) and services (0) when the market (2) changes streams of goods (1) and resources (1). Both products (0) and resources (1) in the market (2) have monetary (3) evaluation, this situation encourages consumers (1) to use products (0) very economically and producers (1) - to use resources (1) economically Conclusion: There are such stage categories in the first paragraph: 3,1,1,3,1,3,1,0,3,1,4,4,3,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,2,0,4,2,1,1,2,1. In the second paragraph they are: 3,4,1,0. In the third paragraph they are: 2,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,2,3,1,0,1,1. We see that this text is not arranged. We also see a lot of big differences between the stages. The text is not successive.

Another example of reviewing is the economic part of the Lithuanian Constitution. The result is a pretty successive text according to the stage system of economic categories. One more example. Two texts which were created by two economists - the Nobel winners - P. Samuelson and F. von Hajek were compared. Aggregated, compact stage system of economic categories didn’t find differences: both texts were pretty successive. It was established that the text of P. Samuelson is a better quality than the text of F. von Hajek, using the stage system of economic categories which was made from 500 categories (Matijoškaite D., 1993). Stage economic categories system is used for reviewing and improving texts. There is precondition that in one economic precondition or in several of them, in one by one presented regulations must be the same or at least similar economic category stages and there must be no free place between them. In this chapter the analysis is done before and after optimisation. No. Elementary text Optimised text Source Medium

stage Deviation

Medium stage

Deviation

1 0,5 0 0,5 0 A.Jakutis, 1999 2 0,8 0,2 1 0 A.Jakutis, 1999 3 0,9 0,3 1,1 0,1 G.Konopliovas, 1995 4 0,9 1,15 0,8 0,65 A.Jakutis, 1999 5 1 0 1 0 A.Jakutis, 1999 6 1 0,3 1 0 V.Lukoševičius, 1997 7 1 0,9 0,42 0,57 A.Jakutis, 1999 8 1 1 0,75 0,5 A.Jakutis, 1999 9 1 1,2 0,38 0,47 A.Jakutis, 1999 10 1,09 0,54 0,6 0,47 A.Jakutis, 1999 11 1,09 0,82 1,15 0,62 A.Jakutis, 1999 12 1,10 0,84 1,125 0,0 A.Jakutis, 1999 13 1,10 0,4 0,7 0,47 T.Ivlinas, 1999 14 1,10 0,8 0,7 0,65 A.Jakutis, 1999 15 1,10 1,8 0,8 0,5 G.Konopliovas, 1995 16 1,15 0,93 0,72 0,44 B.Drilinga, 1997 17 1,25 0,77 1,3 0,9 V.Vtunskienė, 1997 18 1,4 1,5 1,9 1,88 E.Vilkas, 1980 19 1,5 0,8 1,95 0,65 L.Šečkutė, 1999 20 1,5 1,46 0,93 0,88 R.Kuvykaitė, 1997

21 1,5 1,58 0,2 0,32 T.Ivlinas, 1999 22 1,5 1,3 0,8 1,4 K.Glaveckas, 1991 23 1,5 0,8 2,1 0,55 O.Svogienė, 1996 24 1,6 0,9 0,68 1,3 A.Jakutis, 1999 25 1,8 0,7 1,75 0,37 Verslas,vadyba, 1997 26 1,8 1,43 1,6 1,42 R.Kuvykaitė, 1987 27 1,8 0,5 1,5 0,36 A.Jakutis, 1999 28 2 1 1,52 0,71 Verslas, vadyba, 1990 29 2 1,4 1 0,64 J.Gaidžiūnas, 1992 30 2,10 1,17 2,1 1,2 J.Bivainis, 1997 31 2,28 1,84 1,18 0,58 P.ir R.Vanakotai, 199832 2,28 1,84 2,28 1,84 P.ir R.Vanakotai, 199833 2,30 1 0,83 0,76 A.Jakutis, 1999 34 2,30 1,04 0,7 0,47 A.Jakutis, 1999 35 2,30 1,67 0,69 0,42 A.J.Isachsen, 1992 36 2,30 2,02 0,6 0,015 J.Bivainis, 1997 37 2,40 1,2 1,9 0,1 J.Griška, 1994 38 2,40 1,2 2 0 J.Griška, 1992 39 2,40 1,4 1,6 0,75 P.Auštrevičius, 1990 40 2,48 1,78 2,26 0,48 A.Žvirblis, 1992 41 2,50 1,5 1,6 0,68 A.Jakutis, 1999 42 2,59 0,43 2,14 0,028 A.Jakutis, 1999 43 2,60 1,16 0,43 0,48 P.ir R.Vanakotai, 199344 2,70 0,01 1,0 0,3 A.Garškienė, 1997 45 2,70 1,53 2,4 0,98 K.Antanavičius, 1993 46 3,0 1,5 1,2 0,02 A.Lyberis, 1980 47 3,05 1,55 2,47 0,69 Verslas,vadyba, 1997 48 3,58 1,8 2,5 0,42 A.Jakutis, 1999 49 3,70 0,52 3,6 1,6 A.Garškienė, 1998 50 4,0 0,3 4,1 0,9 Verslas,vadyba, 1997 51 4 4 2,7 3,38 S.Zaicevas, 1992 52 5,5 2,5 6,25 1,62 P.ir R.Vanakotai, 199853 6,6 2,6 8,7 0,42 A.Jakutis, 1999 54 13,4 3 2 2 A.Jakutis, 1999 Conclusions. Having analysed economic texts before and after optimisation we can see two the best (A.Jakučio and K. Antanaviciaus) and two the worst (P. and R. Vanakotai, R. Kuvykaitė) results of optimisation.

In several of the analysed texts economic categories were not successive, but after the optimisation even more successive text was approached. But there are extracts of the text in which there are different economic categories, big leaps of stages, therefore it needs optimisation. In the already optimised text there are no leaps there is just the sequence of the text.

5.4. The optimisation of economic texts If we see that the text does not meet the demand of even stages after the reviewing of the text, it is necessary to change it, it means to change economic categories and to eliminate big stage differences. After the changing of the text which was reviewed in the previous section, we got the new one: New text. The beginning of the general equivalent (2) helps more to develop the forms of goods (1) and exchanges (1). After the showing up of the general equivalent (2), all goods (1) are compared with it and the amount of the job (0) which is necessary to make goods (1) is expressed by the general equivalent (2). That is why the goods (1) get the expression of goods (1) value (0) of the general equivalent (2). The change in the proportions of exchange (1) can raise the deviations from the real change of goods (1) value (0) in all development stages of the value (0) forms, because the goods (1) value (0) is expressed by comparing it in the process of exchange (1). The proportions of exchanges (1) depend on the goods (1) value (0) in the value (0) form and also on the amount of job (0). The appearance of goods (1) value (0) of general equivalent (2) reflects the later development of conflicts which are related to it. The conditions of all goods (1) of exchange (1) totally depended on the circumstances which showed the transactions (1) of goods (1) when there was no general equivalent (2). When general equivalent (2) showed up not only conditions which were related to the transactions, (1) but also the general condition of the production (0) and product (0) exchange (1) sphere helped to influence the goods (1) value (0). All the members of economic activity are oriented to the delivery of different goods (1) and services (0) when the market (2) turns the streams of goods (1) and resources (1). Both goods (1) and resources (1) have the evaluation of general equivalent (2) in the market (2) and this situation encourages the customers (1) to use goods (1) economically and the producers (1) to use resources (1) economically. We see that the categories in the new text are arranged more evenly. Next we will present the fragment of another text (Nastajunaite I., 1998), discuss the rules of text optimisation and show the optimum variant of the text. “The counting rules of normative bank liquidity”. This normative is necessary to control the bank liquidity (to fulfill the bank obligations in time, totally and without any interruptions.

The indicator of bank liquidity - the relationship between the property of bank liquidity and the current bank engagement - can not be less than 30 %. N3=LT/EI x 100 % The liquid property of the bank consists of: money and noble metals; capital in the central bank for every request and the capital which will be returned in a month or earlier. clear capital in the branch banks for every request and the capital which will be returned in a month or earlier. clear capital in the banks and other financial institutions for every request and the capital which will be returned in a month or earlier. clear loans which will be returned in a month or earlier clear lease which will be returned in a month or earlier accumulated cash income which must be returned earlier than in a month debt securities of the exchequer other cash debt securities which will be bought earlier than in a month The current obligations of the bank consist of: debts for the request and fixed-term debts which must be returned earlier than in a month to the central bank, branch makes, other banks or other financial institutions; fixed-term deposits and letter of credits of the companies and organizations which must be returned earlier than in a month; 75 % of personal fixed deposits; current accounts and deposits for the request; issued debts securities which must be bought earlier than in a month; special lending fonds which must be returned earlier than in a month; paied but not registered share capital; other debts for the request which must be returned earlier than in a month; other reserves which must be paied earlier than in a month; fixed debts of the bank for the formation of the main capital which must be returned earlier than in a month; 5 % of obligations of not balanced bank which can increase the capital. The cash property is the difference between the property and its special delay. That is the primary variant of the text. The purpose is to find the optimum variant of the text. Optimisation is (lat. “optimus”-the best) the determination of the best variant of objects (plan, process) which are created, projected (Aukštuoliene A., 1995). Therefore, we solve the task and the purpose of its solution is to find the optimum variant of the current text: Ni -min, (N=1,2,…8; i=1,2,…180), where Ni - I number of stage category.

The stage system of economic categories which is presented in the second chapter of the monograph can be used as a standard system of concepts and used for reviewing and optimisation of the texts. According to this system dictionaries can be created, economic texts and laws can be written etc. The same or very close stage categories must be in the text, in one economic regulation or in regulations going one after another there can’t be big differences between the stages. In such a way it is important to change the economic categories of high stages to the lower ones, when you optimise the text and want to create the text which could correspond to the rules of a general language. Next, some possible variants of changes, synonyms are presented in the table dictionaries [Англо-русский синонимический словаръ, 1988; Cловаръ синонимов русского языка, 1985). The change of categories to a lower stage The categories of high stages

Stage number The categories of lower stages

Stage number

Circulation Fond Estimation Import Deposit Income Debt Costs Creditor Commerce Capital Loan Supply Bonus Reserve

6 5 6 6 7 5 4 6 6 7 5 5 6 7 1

Turnover Reserve Evaluation Import Contribution Income Debt Expenses The person who lends Trade Money Lent money Production Additional salary Reserve

2 0 1 1 5 2 3 5 4 6 4 4 0 1 0

Unchangeable categories. It was noticed that the frequency of the words in the text is very different. The dictionary of frequency can help to find how often those words were used. According to this dictionary we can evaluate the

language norms, their characteristics help to write the texts, to control the frequency of the words which are included in to the dictionary. Next we present the list of unchangeable economical categories which was created using dictionaries of frequency (Часточный словаръ современного русского языка, 1993; Журавлев Л. А., 1980). Only those economical categories are included in to the list which cannot be changed when the text is optimised. Those concepts are general. The list of unchangeable categories Turnover Bank Job Economics Product Obligation Organization Price Capital

Liquidity Rent Property Income Interest Money Good Trade Tool

Bonus Product Market Agreement Debt Economy Lack

Later it was noticed that the same economical category can be changed to the category of a lower stage or it can stay unchanged, if it is not necessary (for example, wishing to avoid big differences between some stages in one regulation). Some categories are given in the lists of changeable and unchangeable categories, for ex.: “capital”, “bonus”. “The counting rules of normative bank liquidity”. The optimisation of the text. Having analysed the counting rules of bank liquidity it was found that 19 economical categories share capital, account and others) We present the list of those categories. The stage number is in the brackets. Letter of credit (7) Share capital (1) Bank (7) Current obligations (4) Obligations (4) Debts (4) Deposit (7) Cash rent (2)

Liquidity (5) Income (2) Loan (5) Money (4) Reserve (1) Debt (3) Lending funds (7) Property (0)

Capital (1) Means (5)

Value (0)

Conclusion: stages fluctuate from 0 to 7. Suggestion: change these categories wishing to use the categories of lower stages: Liquid property of the bank. 5 regulation. Category “loan” (5) changes to complex category “lent money (4). Current obligations of the bank. 1 regulation. Category “debts”(4) changes to the category “debt” (3). Current obligations of the bank. 2 regulation. Category “deposit”(7) changes to the category “contribution” which is in the lower stage. But according to the situation that there is unchangeable economical category “a letter of credits” (7) in the same regulation (this concept is very often used in banking), the economical category “deposit” will not be changed wishing to avoid big difference among the stages. This category will also not be changed in the next regulation because of the text consistency. Current obligations of the bank. 5 regulation. Category “lending funds”(5) changes to the category “reserves” (0). Current obligations of the bank. 9 regulation. Category “reserves”(1) changes to the category “supply” (0). Other economic categories which are in the text are set in and not changeable. The counting rules of normative bank liquidity. Changed text Using the stage system of economic categories we got the optimum variant of the text. This normative is necessary to control bank liquidity (to fulfil bank obligations in time, totally and without any interruptions. The indicator of bank liquidity - the relationship between the property of bank liquidity and the current bank engagement - can not be less than 30 %. N3=LT/EI x 100 %, where LT - the liquid property of the bank. The liquid property of the bank consists of: money and noble metals, capital in the central bank for every request and the capital which will be returned in a month or earlier,

clear capital in the branch banks for every request and the capital which will be returned in a month or earlier. clear capital in the banks and other financial institutions for every request and the capital which will be returned in a month or earlier. clear loans which will be returned in a month or earlier, clear lease which will be returned in a month or earlier, accumulated cash income which must be returned earlier than in a month, debt securities of the exchequer, other cash debt securities which will be bought earlier than in a month. The current obligations of the bank consist of: debts for the request and fixed-term debts which must be returned earlier than in a month to the central bank, branch banks, other banks or other financial institutions; fixed-term deposits and letter of credits of the companies and organizations which must be returned earlier than in a month; 75 % of personal fixed deposits; current accounts and deposits for the request; issued debts securities which must be bought earlier than in a month; special lending fonds which must be returned earlier than in a month; paied but not registered share capital; other debts for the request which must be returned earlier than in a month; other reserves which must be paid earlier than in a month; fixed debts of the bank for the formation of the main capital which must be returned earlier than in a month; 5 % of obligations of not balanced bank which can increase the capital. The cash property is the difference between the property and its special delay. The textbook “ The basics of economical theory” (Jakutis A., 2000) was prepared changing the texts. The textbook was prepared according to the decision of VGTU Department of Economics (1995 06 22). The Council of VGTU and Department of Business Management agreed with this project. The Support Fund of Lithuanian Science and Education financed this project. The textbook was prepared by the group of professors and students of the Department of Business Management Therefore, economic texts are changed wishing to get an understandable text. Two more examples of text changing are presented in Appendix 3. The task can be formulated in a different way: try to use as higher stages as possible and get the text which can be understandable just to the specialists.

5.5. Practical use of a computer in a modelling process A Program is created program, which can make all possible combinations of economic categories. It helps to model economic regulations, because then we are not afraid that any relation (combination) will skip. The problem of the determination of stage categories is also very important. For this reason macro-command was made using Visual Basic program language. It works in Microsoft Excel program environment. Program works: The categories (column A, first position) are written in page “Sheet 1”. The numbers of other categories which are in the definition of certain category are written according to the numbering system. Then a “search” command is switched on. The results are seen in page “Sheet 2”. Here you can see the same numbered categories and them you can find other categories (their numbers) which are in the certain definition of the category from other categories. It would be good to input the descriptions of types of economic regulations and research methods. It will save some time and help in the modelling process. It would be good to write down common examples of types of regulations and simple example of economic regulations modelling with a computer. Creating the stage system of economic categories it is not necessary to pick economic categories and their definitions from the dictionary in the second and later iterations. It is very convenient to select the words and copy them in a new place optimising the definitions of categories. Later it is necessary to arrange the endings and tenses of the words. The possibility of using a computer for text change is obvious.

5.6. Modelling in a training process The result of economic regulations modelling is principles, laws, characteristics, criteria, limits etc. It was big achievement to find a law or to create a principle in the earlier stages of the science development. Nowadays the students are modelling easily using the methods, principles, laws of economic regulations modelling. They are students of VGTU, Department of business management, construction, environment and transport engineering, Lithuanian Academy of Law, Private Management School of Akelan, Alytus Higher Technical School, Vilnius Higher School of Cooperation, Buivydiskiu Higher School of Agriculture. The modelling of economic regulations is presented during the lectures; the practical training, home, semester and graduate work are organized. Master students are modelling economic regulations. Ph. D. students use the methods writing their works. The modelling of economic regulations is used preparing study programs.

5.7. Modelling of non – economic regulations We discussed modelling of economic regulations. What are the possibilities of regulations modelling in management, law and political science? They are pretty real. Then instead of economic dictionary we need to use other specific dictionary. That dictionary must be changed to the stage system of categories. The modelling methods would be the same as modelling the economic regulations. The modelling results would be the same: principles, laws, criteria, limits, characteristics etc. Therefore a modelling conception is universal and it can be used in different spheres. The presenters of media and other specialists who work with the texts could also be interested in it. Summarizing the material from the 5 chapter of this monograph it is important to state the following. We can have the accurate library with economic texts using methods of economic regulations modelling. There we can find a new economic dictionary which is arranged according to the stages of economic categories. There also would be economic texts sorted by the stages of categories, modelling methods and types of economical regulations. The library of economic texts would consist of the new or reviewed and changed texts. The creation of such a library is impossible without a computer. The modelling of economic regulations can be used in the training process, not only in the economics, but in other fields as well.

Conclusions The modelling of economic regulations has a strong philosophical foundation. Phenomenology and hermeneutics encourage to analyse economic texts. Neopositivism developed a logical analysis of the language. Analytical philosophy of the language is based on the categories which are arranged by stages. Semiotics analyses the order of relations between categories. Structuralism reaches the verification of regulations. Some problems arise during the modelling process of economic regulations. That is the problems of meaning and infinity. It is difficult to choose the concept for the modelling of economic regulations. Cybernetics helps to solve the existing problems. The union of natural and artificial intellect enables us to model economic regulations. As it was mentioned above the analytical philosophy of the language is based on the categories which are arranged by stages. The principles of stage system of economic categories and the methods of its realization are presented in the monograph. The fragment of economic categories is chosen basing on the frequency dictionaries of economic categories. The definitions of economic categories which were chosen from the dictionaries were optimised and presented in the monograph as the author’s definitions. The original determination methods of stages of economic categories are presented in the monograph. The stage system of economical categories was created for the fragment of the current category. The stability of this system is analysed and the conclusion is presented about the necessity of standard projecting of the system of economical categories. The analysis of basic, zero level categories is made. Having solved the question of systematizing economic categories it is necessary to find the amount of possible relations between categories. The search for relations is the modelling of economic regulations. The results of modelling are discussed. The types of economic regulations are presented. Methods of modelling are analysed. It was shown that the most difficult thing is to model the even relations of categories. The modelling of three units is more simple. The economic regulations consist not only of economic categories. The list of subsidiary words is prepared. The methods of modelling are made and the modelling results are discussed. The identification of economic regulations is analysed. After the solution of the systematizing of economic categories, the number of relations between the categories decreased, but there were still a lot of them.

A computer without a specialist still cannot model economic regulations. The functions of a man and a computer modelling the economical regulations were discussed.

The possibilities of the computer use were discussed. It was discussed how to use different editors for the modelling of economic regulations. It was proved that the algorithm can be created for the modelling of economic regulations. The theory of economic regulations modelling can be used in practice. A new type of methods how to create the dictionary was presented. The theory was used for the preparation of different economic texts. It was shown how to use the theory of economic regulations modelling for reviewing and changing of the texts. A practical example of the method how to use a computer for modelling was presented. The modelling of economic regulations was successfully installed in a learning process. The modelling theory can be used not only for the modelling of economic regulations, but also in law, political science etc.

Suggestions Phenomenology and hermeneutics, neopositivism and analytical philosophy of the language, semiotics, enabled to format the conception of economic regulations modelling. However, the author of this monograph does not want to state that his conception is optimal and the studies in this area must be finished. On the contrary, deeper studies of philosophical literature, a dialog between an economist and a philosopher can create new conceptions. Trying to continue this job it would be good to improve the stage system of economic categories and create a perfect stage dictionary of economics. The dictionary should be approbated as the standard system of economic categories. The theory of economic regulations modelling is presented in the monograph.

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