all c are sp 3 hybridized
DESCRIPTION
Alkanes. C. H. n. 2n+2. all C are sp 3 hybridized. bonds. n. root. suffix. formula. 3 prop ane C 3 H 8 4 but ane C 4 H 10 5 pent ane C 5 H 12. 6 hex ane C 6 H 14 7 hept ane C 7 H 16 8 oct ane C 8 H 18 9 non ane C 9 H 20 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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all C are sp3 hybridized bondsC
3 prop ane C3H8
4 but ane C4H10
5 pent ane C5H12
6 hex ane C6H14
7 hept ane C7H16
8 oct ane C8H18
9 non ane C9H20
10 dec ane C10H22
n root suffix formula
1 meth ane C
nH
2n+2
H4
2 C2H6eth ane
Alkanes
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Alkanes
CH4 16 -164C2H6 30 -88.6C3H8 44 -42.1C4H10 58 -0.5C5H12 72 +36.0
compound m.w. b.p.(Co)
n = 1-4 gasesn = 5-15 liquidsn > 15 solids
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Alkanes
IMF = q1q2
____
rn = 1-4 gasesn = 5-15 liquidsn > 15 solids
q # electronsinstantaneous dipole moments
LDF
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Alkanes
m.w. b.p.
IMF = q1q2
r
____
compound
72 36.1
72 27.9
72 9.5
structural isomers
r same formula different shape
branching
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Reactions of Alkanes
combustion
__ C3H8 __ CO2 + 45
exothermic reactioncombustion with insufficient O2
__ C3H8 + __ O2 __ CO + __ H2O3 47/2
improperly vented spaces and cigarettes
+ __ O2 __ H2O3
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Reactions of AlkanesSubstitution
step 1 Cl2 2Cl.h
initiation
step 2Cl.+ CH4 CH3
. + HClpropagation
step 3CH3
.+ Cl2 CH3Cl + Cl.propagation
step 4Cl.+ Cl. Cl2
termination
get a mixture of chlorinated methanes
of halogens
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Halogenation of Alkanes
CH3Cl chloro methyl chloride
CH2Cl2 chloromethane methylene chloride
CHCl3 chloromethane chloroform
CCl4 chloromethane carbon tetrachloride
all liquids at room temperature methane is gase- rich Cl increases LDF
methane
di
tri
tetra
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Nomenclature
1. Pick longest C chain as parent2. Number C beginning at end with first branch3. Identify branching substituents Assign each a number4. Use commas to separate numbers
hyphens to separate numbers from names5. Alphabetize substituents
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NomenclatureStructural isomers of C5H12
I.
I. pentane
II.1 2 3 4
II. butanemethyl2-
III.
III.
1 2 3
propanemethyldi2,2-
1
2 3 41234
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NomenclatureR = “alkyl” group
primary carbon1o
secondary carbon
2o
tertiary carbon
3o
quaternary carbon
4o
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Nomenclature“common” names to learn:
propyl alphabetized as i
butyl alphabetized as i
butyl alphabetized as b
butyl alphabetized as b
iso
iso
sec-
tert-
H