All organisms are made up of All organisms are made up of Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

We all share a common organic biochemistry!

Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of Carbon!

Organic Chemistry vs. Inorganic Chemistry

C, H, O, N, P, SC, H, O, N, P, S All Elements

Large # of AtomsLarge # of Atoms Small # of AtomsSmall # of Atoms

Associated with LifeAssociated with Life Associated with Nonliving Associated with Nonliving

NaCl

Introduction to Organic Molecules“Biochemistry”

• All organic molecules contain the element CARBON

• All organic molecules can only be made by living things, hence term “BIO” (= living) chemistry.

• Most Organic molecules are called the “macronutrients” because they are needed in large quantities by the body.

• The main organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

• Vitamins are also organic molecules but they are needed in small quantities, hence the term “micronutrient.”

Organic Molecules Are Held Together by COVALENT BONDS

- “Co” means share and “valent” refers to valence or “outer” electrons. Therefore, valence electrons are shared.

- Opposite of ionic bonds: in ionic bonds, electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form charged ions.

- Carbon has four outer or valence electrons:This is Carbon’s Lewis Dot Diagram.A Dot diagram only shows the valence electrons…These electrons form Covalent bonds with other atoms.

Covalent Bonds form when BOTH atoms need to gain electrons to

become stable:-Hydrogen needs to gain 1 more electron to

complete its shell (2)-Carbon needs to gain four more electrons to

complete its shell (8)-Since both want to gain, they will share electrons

to become stable:

http://ithacasciencezone.com/chemzone/lessons/03bonding/mleebonding/covalent_bonds.htmCovalent bond animation

1. How many valence electrons in a hydrogen atom? _________________

2. Hydrogen needs ______ more electron (s) to become stable.3. Carbon has ______ valence electrons.4. Carbon atoms require ______ more electrons to become stable.5. The lines in the molecule to the right of the diagram above

represent ________ bonds.6. Each line in the molecule to the right represent ______ electrons

(how many)?

Carbon can form many bonds!Carbon can form many bonds!

Can store/release lots of energyCan store/release lots of energy

Carbon can build large Carbon can build large moleculesmolecules

The compound methane contains one carbon bonded to four hydrogen's.

The compound ethane contains two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms.

CH4 C2H6

MoleculesMolecules contain 2 or more atoms bonded contain 2 or more atoms bonded together!!!together!!!

Most organic molecules are Most organic molecules are MacromoleculesMacromolecules (Really (Really Big!)Big!)

Macromolecules are formed Macromolecules are formed by……by……

PolymerizationPolymerization

MonomersMonomers PolymersPolymers

-Process called -Process called Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis-Many bonds formed by removing water-Many bonds formed by removing water-Energy Stored-Energy Stored

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/condensationpolymer.htmlAnimations of Deyhdration Synthesis

PolymersPolymers MonomersMonomers

Process called Process called HydrolysisHydrolysisBonds broken by adding waterBonds broken by adding waterEnergy is releasedEnergy is released!

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=7&debug=0Animations on hydrolysis!!!

Examples of Organic Compounds

Glucose

Lipid

protein

Vitamin C