almen sproglig viden og metode (general linguistics) clm, engelsk introduction to the study of the...
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Almen sproglig viden og metode(General linguistics)
CLM, engelsk
Introduction to the Study of the English Language
tt
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The position of English
• Where does it come from as a language?– Older forms of English
• Where has it gone?
• How has it come to be as it is?– Varieties of Modern English
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Basque
Finno-UgrianWest
NorwegianFaroeseIcelandic
Eastern
Burgundian †
Gothic †
Northern
East
Danish Swedish
Western
Anglo-Frisian
English
Frisian
Germanic
IndoEuropeanLowGerman
Yiddisch
Southern
Middle High German
HighGerman
German
DutchWestFlemish
Plattdütsch
Africaans
Schwytzertütsch
Italic
Latin
French Spanish
Slavic Hellenic ...
… †
Italian ...
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Old English(Caedmon’s Hymn, ca. 735)
Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard,Now shall-we praise heaven’s guardian,
metudæs maecti end his modgidanc,The-Lord’s might and his mind,
uerc uuldurfadur; sue he uundra gi-huaes,work of-the-wonderfather; such-as he of-wonders of-each,
eci Dryctin, or astelidæ. eternal Master, the-beginning made.
He aerist scop aelda barnumHe first created men’s for-the-children
heben til hrofe, haleg scepen.heaven for roof, holy creator.
Tha middungeard, moncynnæs uard,Then mid-earth, mankind’s guardian,
eci Dryctin, æfter tiadæeternal Lord, after ornamented
firum foldu, frea allmectig.for-men the-earth, ruler allmighty.
Now let us praise the power, vision, and creation of God, for how he ordained the origin of every wonder.
First He created heaven as a roof for the children of men.
Then the Almighty ornamented the earth for mankind.
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Middle English(The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, ab. 1375)
Þus com, lo, Engelond in-to Normandies hond:And Þe Normans ne couÞe speke Þo bote hor owe speche,And speke French as hii dude atom, and hor children dude also teche,So Þat heiemen of Þis lond, Þat of hor blod come,HoldeÞ alle Þulke speche Þat hii of hom nome;Vor bote a man conne Frenss me telÞ of him lute.Ac lowe men holdeÞ to Engliss, and to hor owe speche ute.Ich wene Þer ne beÞ in al Þe world contreyes none Þat ne holdeÞ to hor
owe speche, bot Engelond one.Ac wel me wot uor to conne boÞe wel it is,Vor Þe more Þat a mon can, Þe more wurÞe he is.
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Middle English(The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, ab. 1375)Þus com, lo, Engelond in-to Normandies hond:And Þe Normans ne couÞe speke Þo bote hor owe speche,And speke French as hii dude atom, and hor children dude also teche,So Þat heiemen of Þis lond, Þat of hor blod come,HoldeÞ alle Þulke speche Þat hii of hom nome;Vor bote a man conne Frenss me telÞ of him lute.Ac lowe men holdeÞ to Engliss, and to hor owe speche ute.Ich wene Þer ne beÞ in al Þe world contreyes none Þat ne holdeÞ to hor owe speche, bot Engelond one.Ac wel me wot uor to conne boÞe wel it is,Vor Þe more Þat a mon can, Þe more wurÞe he is.
Thus came England into the hands of Normandy; and the Normans knew only their own language and they spoke French as they did at home, and they taught it to their children, so that lords from this land that came of their blood all held to the language that they brought with them from home; for unless a man can speak French they pay little respect to him. But common people stick with English, and just to their own language. I think that there is no country in all this world that does not stick with its own language, except England. But it seems to me that it is good to know both, for the more a man knows, the worthier he is.
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English
• one language?
• or many?
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NorthAmerica
RSA
India &SEA
AUS
NZ
The Expansion of English as Official Language
EastAfrica
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Map showing where Modern English is coming from (Loanwords)
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Turkish Loanwords in English:
yoghurt from yog- 'knead, churn', bosh 'nonsense' < bos, 'empty' Jannissary < yeni c, eri 'young soldiers' Pasha < pas,a 'roughly, Field Marshal' uhlan <oghlan 'boy, servant' huzzah! may be of Turkish origins. sultan
bey roughly ’governor’
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landscape
yacht
dock
Brooklyn
deck
brandy
gas
knapsack
skipper
sketch
dock
Dutch Loanwords in English
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Scandinavian loanwords in English
lawwindowilllooselivedietakeeggbread boththey, them
etc. etc. etc.
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chapati
cheroot
coolie
corundum
curry
ginger
madras
mandala
mango
mulligatawny
orange
pariah
patchouli
poon
tatty
vetiver
Tamil Loanwords in English
candy
catamaran
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avocadocacaocannibalcanoechipmunkchocolatechilihammockhominyhurricanemaizemoccasinmoosepapoose
Native American Indian Loanwords in English
pecanpossum,potatoskunksquawsuccotashsquashtamale (via Spanish)teepeeterrapintobaccotoboggantomahawk
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Language as a means communication
• A model of communication
• Language and languages– Language system and language use
• The creativity of language
• The constraints of the Code– Information packaging– Grammaticality and meaningfulness
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Channel
Channel
A model of communication (After Roman Jakobson)
Context
Code
Message
Thought
Interpretation
Sender Receiver
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Production and InterpretationTo communicate a thought by means of language, the sender must draw on three sources of information:
• his knowledge of the context of situation• his knowledge of the language that serves as code• his knowledge of how to encode the message, given
context and code
To interpret a message coded in a language, the receiver must also draw on three sources of information:
• his knowledge of the context of situation• his knowledge of the language that serves as code• his knowledge of how to decode the message, given
context and code
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Language and Languages
”(Human) languages can differ from each other without limit and in unpredictable ways”
Martin Joos, American linguist (1959)
Human languages are essentially the same
The Language Instinct – Steven Pinker (Booktitle, 1995) Read it!
Features characteristic of all (and only) human languages• The ability to tell lies• The ability to speak about situations distant in space and time• ……
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Language system and language use
Langue et parole – Ferdinand de Saussure (1916)
Competence and performance – Noam Chomsky (1965)
Langue is an abstract system of signs – parole is the system in use
Language is an innate system of knowledge - performance is putting that knowledge to use
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The creativity of language
’Everything can be said – and everything can be understood’
• The ’double articulation’ of language
• The principle of semantic compositionality
More characteristic features of human language:
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Double articulation English has 45 phonemes, i.e. distinct spech sounds; among them, in random order:
/t//k//h/ /i//æ/ /n/ /Ɔ//s/ /z//đ/ …../Ə/
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Double articulation
/đ
æ t/
/s æ t/
But it often only takes one phoneme to distinguish between words:
/k
æ t/
/h æ t/
’cat’
’sat’
’that’
’hat’
/t//k//h/ /i//æ/ /n/ /Ɔ//s/ /z//đ/ …../Ə/
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Double articulation
/đ
æ t/
/s æ t/
/k
æ t/
/h æ t/
’cat’
’sat’
’that’
’hat’
First articulation: the level of phonemes
Second articulation: the level of words
/t//k//h/ /i//æ/ /n/ /Ɔ//s/ /z//đ/ …../Ə/
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Semantic composition
hat cat sat that on the
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Semantic composition
hat cat sat that on the
that cat sat on the hat
The meaning of a sentence is computed from the meanings of• the words it contains• the rules by which it is composed
*cat sat the that on hat
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The Constraints of the Code on Communication
The organization of content (’meaning’): Information structure
The organization of expression (’form’):Grammar
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Describing a situation…
What’sgoing onhere?
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… like this
He swam across the
river
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He swam across the river
Information packaging
agent: he did something
means: by using the river
act: type ’swimming’
manner: by swimming
result: he came to be at the other side
direction: from one bank to the other
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He swam across the river
Information packaging
agent:
means:
act:
manner:
result:
direction:
Han svømmede over floden
Il a traversé le fleuve à la nage
He crossed the river by swimming
?Han krydsede floden ved at svømme
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Grammaticality and information packaging
He swam the riveragent:
means:
act:
manner:
result:
direction:
*Han svømmede floden
The grammar of English allows moreways to package infomation than thegrammar of Danish
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Grammaticality and meaningfulness
Hun må kunne tale engelsk*She must could speak English
Hun kunne tale engelskShe could speak English
???Min skrivemaskine kan tale engelsk???My typewriter can speak English
?Min computer kan tale engelsk?My computer can speak English
A well-formed sentence is both grammatical and meaningful
This is a matter of difference between the grammars of Danish and English
This is as odd a thing tosay in English as in Danish
This is as questionable inDanish as in English
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The components of language study
Sound
MeaningGrammar
Lexicon
Morphology
Syntax
Pragmatics
Semantics
PhoneticsPhonology
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Politiken, Oh Danmark, 9.2.03
EN HÅRD NEGLEn 32-årig mand er stadig i livsfare efter at være blevet stukket ihjel uden for sin lejlighed i aftes.
(TV-Avisen)
MEN ALDRIG OM SØNDAGENEkstra hjælp lørdage – vi søger 2 personer, der ken- der hinanden hver anden lørdag.(Annonce i Ugeposten Helsinge)
LIGE NOGET FOR EN KONSERVATORHan er udstoppelig på kon-traangreb.(Berlingske Tidende)
JO – FOR IKKE AT SIGE UMULIGTEr det ikke en forældet ind-stilling at give arbejdet alt og familien resten.(Nyhederne i TV2)
DE SKU JO GERNE FØLE SIG HJEMMETo voldsramte kvinder har i årevis levet med bank, hash-misbrug og overgreb på fa-milien. Krisecentret gav dem håb og et spark frem-ad.(Grønlandsposten)
Semantisk
Syntaktisk
Leksikalsk
- fonologisk
Logisk
Pragmatisk -
Idiomatisk
Linguistic intuitions
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That’s all for now !