alternative antriebe und kraftstoffe in der logistik

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Noche

Fakultät für IngenieurwissenschaftenAbteilung Maschinenbau

Transportsysteme und -logistikKeetmanstraße 3-9

47058 Duisburg

Telefon: 0203 379-2785Telefax: 0203 379-3048E-Mail: [email protected]

Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik Compare purification process of raw methane to achieve gas quality

standards for gas network usage in Germany

M.Sc Christian Jenne

Group :Gopala Krishna Nagulapalli, Ubaid Ur Rahman, Md Alamin

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Content

03.09.2014Compare purification process of raw methane

2Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik

1. Introduction

2. Quality standards for gas usage in Germany

3. Need of purification process

4. Major Technologies for purification

5. Comparing the technology

6. Conclusion

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1.Introduction

03.09.2014

3

• Natural Gas (Methane)?

• Origin and Background

• Why methane Gas?

I. Regional development

II. Eco-friendliness

III. Material flow at local level

IV. Stabilization of the energy system

V. Versatility of application

Alternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik

Compare purification process of raw methane

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1.Introduction (Cont.)

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4

VI. Methane gas releases 25% less CO2 when used than Oil,

30-35% less than Coal

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Introduction (Cont….)

18.04.23

5

Bio/Methane gas applications and usage (Germany)•Industrial Uses

•Domestic uses

•Distributed Generation

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Introduction (Cont….)

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Natural Gas usage in Germany (Some facts)In 2010 (99,500,000,000 Cubic meters)

•More than 70% Import

•Only 15% is from own

•Mostly from Russia (38%)

•Others from Norway

•Netherland

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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany

7Advance Planning and Scheduling

Technical definitions

•Gross calorific value (GCV)

•Wobbe Index (WI)WI= GCV/(√d*) *d is the relative density of natural gas

compared to air

Gas Properties

DVGW-Code G260 (Gas quality)

• Wobbe Index 13,6-15,7 kWh/m³ (group H)

• Calorific value 8,4-13,1 kWh/m³


Compare purification process of raw methane 03.09.2014

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2.Quality standards for gas usage in Germany(cont.)

8Advance Planning and SchedulingAlternative Antriebe und Kraftstoffe in der Logistik


MJ/ ,15˚c standard

atmosphere

Gross calorific Value Wobbe Index

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Denmark 40,2 46,0 51,9 55,8

Belgium 36,9 43,7 46,7 53,1

Ireland 36,5 47,2 45,7 54,7

Germany 28,58 44,67 43,63 53,47

Spain 34,95 45,18 45,67 N/A

The Netherlands 36,50 43,61 45,5 54,03

Italy 36,2 43,6 47,1 52,5

Quality specifications for pipeline natural gas

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18.04.23

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Gas Standards

DVGW-Code G260 (Gas quality)

• Wobbe Index 13,6-15,7 kWh/m³ (group H)

• Calorific value 8,4-13,1 kWh/m³

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18.04.23

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DVGW code G260 specification requirements

Name Symbol Unit Group L Group H

Wobbe Index Ws,n kWh/m3 10.5 to 13.0 12.8 to 15.7

MJ/m3 37.8 to 46.8 46.1 to 56.5

Nominal Wobbe Index value kWh/m3 12.4 15.0

MJ/m3 44.6 54.0

Variation range for local

distribution area

kWh/m3 +0.6 +0.7

kWh/m3 -1.4 -1.4

Gross Calorific value Hs,n kWh/m3 8.4 to 13.1

MJ/m3 30.2 to 47.2

Relative Density dn 0.55 to 0.75

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18.04.23

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Use of biogas in German gas Grids

•"DVGW" Worksheets

•Biofuel Quota Ordinance (BiokraftQuG)

•Biofuel Sustainability Ordinance (Biokraft-NachV)

•The German Biogas Register

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3.Need of purification process


Major processes in natural gas processing plant

•Gas-oil separators

•Condensate separators

•Dehydrators

•Acid gas removal units

•Nitrogen extractor or Nitrogen rejection unit

•Demethanizer

•Fractionators



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3.Need of purification process (Cont.)



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4. Major Technologies for purification


1. Absorption• Physical absorption: Pressurized water scrubbing• Chemical absorption: amine scrubbing

2. Adsorption: Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)3. Membrane technology: Gas permeation4. Cryogenic separation



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4. Major Technologies for purification (conti.)


Absorption :Physical absorption: Pressurized water scrubbing: •Removal of H2S and CO2•Most common solvent used is water for physical and for chemical amine • Efficiency of scrubbing depends on the solubility which depends on

•Pressure•Temperature• pH of water


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Absorption :Physical absorption: Pressurized water scrubbing:


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Absorption :Chemical absorption: Amine scrubbing: •Removal of H2S and CO2•Most common solvent used is amine for chemical • Efficiency of scrubbing depends on the solubility which depends on

•Pressure•Temperature• pH of water


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Absorption :Chemical absorption: Amine scrubbing:


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Adsorption :Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)•Adsorbents such as activated carbon and molecular sieves are used•Selectivity of adsorbtion is based on different molecular weight and molecular size• Adsorption is carried out at high pressure •Desorption is carried out at lower pressure

Advantages of PSA process•Simple & seamless operation•Consistent purity of gas is achieved•Clean process requiring very less floor area•Dry product gas is produced


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Adsorption :Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)


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Membrane technology: Gas permeation•Permeability of components through membrane depends•on partial pressure•High pressure is required•Some CH4 losses occur


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Membrane technology: Gas permeation


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Cryogenic separation:•Boiling point:

•CH4 : (-)160°C•CO2 : (-)79°C

• Separation of CO2 by converting to liquid form by way of cooling the biogas to Critical Temperature at Critical Pressure• Expensive, and hence not practical


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Cryogenic separation


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5. Comparing the Technology


Parameter Water scrubbing Organic physical

scrubbing

Amine scrubbing PSA Membrane

technology

typical methane

content in

biomethane [vol%]

95,0-99,0 95,0-99,0 >99,0 95,0-99,0 95,0-99,0

methane recovery

[%]

98,0 96,0 99,96 98 80-99,5

methane slip [%]

2,0 4,0 0,04 2,0 20-0,5

typical delivery

pressure [bar(g)]

4-8 4-8 0 4-7 4-7

electric energy

demand [kWhel/m³

biomethane]

0,46 0,49-0,67 0,27 0,46 0,25-0,43

heating demand and

temperature level

- medium

70-80°C

high

120-160°C

- -


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5. Comparing the Technology (conti..)


Parameter Water scrubbing Organic physical

scrubbing

Amine scrubbing PSA Membrane

technology

desulphurisation

requirements

process dependent yes yes yes yes

consumables

demand

antifouling agent,

drying agent

organic solvent (non-

hazardous)

amine solution

(hazardous,corrosive

)

activated carbon

(non-hazardous)

consumables

demand

partial load range

[%]

50-100 50-100 50-100 85-115 50-105

number of reference

plants

high low medium high low

typical investment

costs [€/(m³/h)

biomethane]

for 100m³/h

biomethane

10.100 9.500 9.500 10.400 7.300-7.600

typical operational

costs [ct/m³

biomethane]

for 100m³/h

biomethane

14.3 13.8 14.4 12.8 10.8-15.8


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6. Conclusion


Biogas upgrading is beneficial but its market is still relatively very small. In European region at present around 137 bio methane plants that employ main technologies: water scrubbing (WATS), pressure swing adsorption (PSA), chemical scrubbing (CHEMS), physical scrubbing (PHYS) and membrane separation (MEMS), Cryogenic separation

The most preferable technology is WATS with almost 40 % share, followed by PSA and CHEMS (both around 25 % share). The lowest share has MEMS with around 4 %. All five technologies are able to produce biome thane with required purity.


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6. Conclusion (conti..)


Fig : Amount of biogas upgrading plants in Europe


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03.09.2014


Fig: The types biogas upgrading technologies used in Europe


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03.09.2014


Water

Scrubbing

Absorption PSA Membrane

Separation

Cryogenic High Low

Gas Quality High High High High High High High

Gas Quantity High High Medium Low Medium High Low

Volume

Compact

Medium Medium No Yes No Medium Yes

Methane

efficiency

High High Medium Low High High Low

Emissions Low Low Medium Medium Low Low Medium

Waste

streams

Conti

nuous

Conti

nuous

Batch Batch Conti

nuous

Conti

nuous

Batch

Green best for small scale, Red best for large scale, Blue for both


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