amazing geology volcano.pdf

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JUNE 20, 2014

What causes tsunamis?

tsunamia very long and/or high sea wave or coastal serge of water caused by an earthquake or

other disturbance.

Tsunamis are caused by displacement of the earth's crust under an ocean or body of water of any

size. They can be generated by earthquakes, volcanic explosions, or underwater landslides. When

the solid earth moves, the water above it also moves with it. Tsunamis are the result of both the

initial shock waves and the following motion of the water readjusting to a stable pool (sea level).

Tsunamis can travel great distances throughout the world's ocean. Their energy is dissipated when

they approach shorelines where they come onshore as a great surge of water, with or without amassive "tidal wave" crashing onshore. Although most tsunamis are small (barely detectible), some

modern tsunamis have reached inland elevations many hundreds of feet above sea level.

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Showing posts with label volcano. Show all posts


2/22

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!"#$%&'(: Tectonic, volcano

Map showing locations of tsunami-generating earthquakes

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JUNE 11, 2014

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Amazing Green Obsidian

Green Obsidian Volcanic glass

Glassy texture indicates instant cooling

Size: 10 cm


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The Difference between Rocks and

Minerals .

mineral A naturally occurring,

homogeneous inorganic solid

substance having a definite chemical

composition and characteristic

crystalli...

Cross Section Interpretation

Exercise

Using the laws of original

horizontality, superposition, and

cross-cutting relationships interpret

the order of the formation of

feature...

Types of Unconformity

Four types of unconformity: Angular

unconformity: younger sediment lies

upon an eroded surface of tilted or

folded older rocks. The...

Lena stone forest

One of the cool natural breath-taking

places in Russia are the Lena stone

forest or Lena Stone Pillars

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3/22

!"#$%&'(: Igneous, volcano

JUNE 10, 2014

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!"#$%&'(: tourism, volcano

Spectacular Neon Blue Lava Pours From Indonesia's Kawah Ijen

Volcano At Night (PHOTOS)

You've heard of "red hot" and "white hot" to describe searing temperatures. But what about

"blue hot"?


JUNE 9, 2014

Watch the Most incredible volcano footage ever.

Amber

Argentina

Researches

17

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4/22

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MAY 15, 2014

Mud volcano

Preachers Rock,

Red tourmaline

Lena stone forest

Azurite

The Differencebetween

Rocks and

Minerals .

Cross Section

InterpretationExercise

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5/22

Mud volcano or mud dome are used to refer to formations created by geo-excreted liquids and

gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Hot water

mixes with mud and surface deposits. Mud volcanoes are associated with subduction zones and

about 700 have been identified. Temperatures are much lower in these processes than found at

.igneous volcanoes


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7/22

The mud produced by mud volcanoes is most typically formed as hot water, which has been heated

deep below the earth's surface, begins to mix and blend with various subterranean mineral deposits,

thus creating the mud slurry exudate. This material is then forced upwards through a geological

fault or fissure due to certain local subterranean pressure imbalances. Mud volcanoes are

associated with subduction zones and about 1100 have been identified on or near land. The

temperature of any given active mud volcano generally remains fairly steady and is much lower

than the typical temperatures found within igneous volcanoes. Mud volcano temperatures can

range from near 100 C (212 F) to occasionally 2 C (36 F), some being used by tourists as

."popular "mud-baths


8/22

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!"#$%&'(: sedimentary, volcano


MAY 14, 2014

Sulfur Mining

On Earth, elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the

world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire; such volcanic deposits are currently mined in

Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. Such deposits are polycrystalline, with the largest documented single

crystal measuring 22!16!11 cm.Historically, Sicily was a large source of sulfur in the Industrial

.Revolution


9/22

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Sulphur Mine, Kawah Ijen Volcano, Java, Indonesia

A man carrying sulfur blocks from Kawah Ijen, a volcano in East Java, Indonesia, 2009


MAY 6, 2014


10/22

A Surtseyan eruption

A Surtseyan eruption is a type of volcanic eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes. It is

.named after the island of Surtsey off the southern coast of Iceland

These eruptions are commonly phreatomagmatic eruptions, representing violent explosions caused

by rising basaltic or andesitic magma coming into contact with abundant, shallow groundwater or

surface water. Tuff rings, pyroclastic cones of primarily ash, are built by explosive disruption of

.rapidly cooled magma


11/22

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!"#$%&'(: Geology, tourism, volcano


APRIL 22, 2014

Niijima island

Japans Newest Island Is Now Eight Times Bigger. Previously called Niijima island keeps on

.growing, and it has now taken on a cartoonish look

The volcanic island that first broke above the Pacific Ocean on November 20 has merged with a

...neighboring uninhabited island called Nishino Shima as it continues to expand


12/22

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APRIL 12, 2014

Blue Lava Flows From Kawah Ijen

Blue Lava Flows From Kawah Ijen - Indonesia's Deadly Acid Volcano

In 2008, Grunewald learned about the Kawah Ijen, Indonesia's deadly acid volcano and he decided

to photograph and create a documentary about one of the most beautiful and dangerous volcanoes

.on this planet


13/22

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Lava


14/22

Lava refers both to molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption and the resulting rock

after solidification and cooling. This molten rock is formed in the interior of some planets,

including Earth, and some of their satellites. The source of the heat that liquifies the rock within the

earth is geothermal energy. When first erupted from a volcanic vent, lava is a liquid at temperatures

from 700 to 1,200 C (1,292 to 2,192 F). Up to 100,000 times as viscous as water, lava can flow

great distances before cooling and solidifying because of its thixotropic and shear thinning

.properties

Pahoehoe lavameaning "smooth, unbroken lava"), also spelled pahoehoe, is basaltic lava that has a smooth,

billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid

lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in

.geology by Clarence Dutton

metre (33 ft) high fountain of p"hoehoe lava, Hawaii, United States-10


15/22

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Block lava flows are typical of andesitic lavas from stratovolcanoes. They behave in a

similar manner to !a!"flows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be

covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidified lava instead of clinkers.

Like in !a!"flows, the molten interior of the flow, which is kept insulated by the solidified

blocky surface, overrides the rubble that falls o#the flow front. They also move much

.more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than !a!"flows

Block lava flows


APRIL 2, 2014

The Volcano Navbiotum


16/22

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The Volcano Navbiotum It is located on the southern shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya to the

north in the Great Rift Valley, a region with numerous volcanoes and stretches for 6000

.kilometers, from Mozambique to Syria


MARCH 27, 2014

Volcanic Bomb

A volcanic bomb is a mass of molten rock (tephra) larger than 64 mm (2.5 inches) in diameter,

formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption. They cool into solid

fragments before they reach the ground. Because volcanic bombs cool after they leave the volcano,

they do not have grains making them extrusive igneous rocks. Volcanic bombs can be thrown many

kilometres from an erupting vent, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight. Bombs

can be extremely large; the 1935 eruption of Mount Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5

6 m in diameter up to 600 m from the vent. Volcanic bombs are a significant volcanic hazard, and

can cause severe injuries and death to people in an eruption zone. One such incident occurred atGaleras volcano in Colombia in 1993; six people near the summit were killed and several seriously

.injured by lava bombs when the volcano erupted unexpectedly

Volcanic bombs are known to occasionally explode from internal gas pressure as they cool, but

contrary to some claims in popular culture (specifically, the 1997 film Volcano), explosions are

rare; in most cases most of the damage they cause is from impact. Bomb explosions are most often

.observed in 'bread-crust' type bombs


17/22

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Hotspots


18/22

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The places known as hotspots or hot spots in geology are volcanic regions thought to be fed by

underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the mantle elsewhere. They may be

unanimously hot, and provide a great deal of molten magma. They may be on, near to, or far from

tectonic plate boundaries. There are two hypotheses to explain them. One suggests that they are

due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary. The other

hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithospheric

.extension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths

.An example of mantle plume locations suggested by one recent group

Hotspot volcanoes are considered to have a fundamentally different origin from island arc

volcanoes. The latter form over subduction zones, at converging plate boundaries. When one

oceanic plate meets another, the denser plate is forced downward into a deep ocean trench. This

plate, as it is subducted, releases water into the base of the over-riding plate, and this water mixes

with the rock, thus changing its composition causing some rock to melt and rise. It is this that fuels

.a chain of volcanoes, such as the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska


MARCH 18, 2014

Volcanic Ash

Volcanic ashconsists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during.volcanic eruptions, less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter


19/22


20/22

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!"#$%&'(: Igneous, sedimentary, volcano

Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during.transport in pyroclastic density currents

Explosive eruptions occur when magma decompresses as it rises, allowing dissolved volatiles

(dominantly water and carbon dioxide) to exsolve into gas bubbles. As more bubbles nucleate a

foam is produced, which decreases the density of the magma, accelerating it up the conduit.

Fragmentation occurs when bubbles occupy ~70-80 vol% of the erupting mixture. When

fragmentation occurs, violently expanding bubbles tear the magma apart into fragments which are

ejected into the atmosphere where they solidify into ash particles. Fragmentation is a very efficient

process of ash formation and is capable of generating very fine ash even without the addition of

.water

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Igneous activities in sedimentary rocks

Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrusion into the overlying

rock. Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into

sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows blanket the

surface. Igneous intrusions such as batholiths, laccoliths, dikes, and sills, push upwards into the

.overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude


21/22

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!"#$%&'(: Igneous, sedimentary, volcano

A schematic geological cross-section of a sequence of sedimentary rocks that are later intruded by

.igneous rocks accompanied by volcanic activity

An originally horizontal sequence of sedimentary rocks (in shades of tan) are affected by igneous

activity. Deep below the surface are a magma chamber and large associated igneous bodies. The

magma chamber feeds the volcano, and sends off shoots of magma that will later crystallize into

dikes and sills. Magma also advances upwards to form intrusive igneous bodies. The diagram

illustrates both a cinder cone volcano, which releases ash, and a composite volcano, which releases

.both lava and ash


MARCH 6, 2014

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Ancient Volcanic Feature

An originally horizontal sequence of sedimentary rocks (in shades of tan) are affected by igneous

activity. Deep below the surface are a magma chamber and large associated igneous bodies. The

magma chamber feeds the volcano, and sends off shoots of magma that will later crystallize into

dikes and sills. Magma also advances upwards to form intrusive igneous bodies. The diagram

illustrates both a cinder cone volcano, which releases ash, and a composite volcano, which releases

.both lava and ash



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