ambient air quality measurement (e4)

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EXPERIMENT 5 : COAGULATION & FLOCCULATION (SECTION 06) 1

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

POLLUTION CONTROL & CHEMICAL REACTION

ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COAGULATION & FLOCCULATION (E5)

No of Experiment 5

Group Number 5

Section 06

Group Members Mohd Haiqal BinAbd Aziz

(A12KK0085)

Muhammad Afiq Bin Zubir

(A12KK0096)

Zainul Abidin Bin Lukman

(A12KK0159)

Nur Atikah Binti Mohd Rosely

(A12KK0096)

Date of Experiment 25 September 2014

Date of Submission 25 September 2014

Marks obtained

Lecturer’s Name Dr. MOHD. JOHARI KAMARUDDIN




ABSTRACT

Ambient air quality is an important concern since it can cause serious health

problem if the quality drop below the safe level. The objective of this experiment to

determining the concentration of suspended solid in UTM’s ambient air and comparing it

with the standard Malaysia total suspended particle (TSP) value hence determine it safety

level. From the experiment the concentration of suspended solid value is 50.33 g/m3

which is 116.15% compare to standard Malaysia TSP value. Although there is a slight

increase, the quality of ambient air in UTM is still in the safe level.




2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Ambient Monitoring is the systematic, long-term assessment of pollutant levels

by measuring the quantity and types of certain pollutants in the surrounding, outdoor air.

Emissions Measurement is the process of monitoring particulate and gaseous emissions

from a specific source.

Air quality monitoring is carried out to assess the extent of pollution, ensure compliance

with national legislation, evaluate control options, and provide data for air quality

modeling. There are a number of different methods to measure any given pollutant,

varying in complexity, reliability, and detail of data. These range from simple passive

sampling techniques to highly sophisticated remote sensing devices. A monitoring

strategy should carefully examine the options to determine which methodology is most

appropriate, taking into account initial investment costs, operating costs, reliability of

systems, and ease of operation.

The locations for monitoring stations depend on the purpose of the monitoring. Most

monitoring networks are designed with human health objectives in mind, and monitoring

stations are therefore established in population centers. Many governments (local,

regional or national) give specific guidelines on where to monitor within these areas -

next to busy roads, in city center locations, or at a location of particular concern (e.g., a

school, hospital). Background monitoring stations are also established, to act as a

"control" when determining source apportionment.

Emissions Measurement is the science of characterizing and measuring air pollutant

emissions. The measurement of both type and quantity of these contaminants is an

important part of obtaining the data needed to implement a meaningful control program.

The process of monitoring particulate and gaseous emissions from a stationary source is

often referred to as source sampling or source testing.

Once data are collected from a monitoring system, they must be stored in data

management systems and databases. Subsequently, the data must be retrieved and




analyzed to see what they reveal about the effectiveness of regulatory standards, the

accuracy of modeling, impacts on health endpoints, and as an overall way of assessing.

from thousands of monitoring stations. AQS also contains meteorological data,

descriptive information about each monitoring station (including its geographic location

and its operator), and data quality assurance/quality control information.

Concentration of suspended solid in air:

High concentrations of suspended solids can lower water quality by absorbing light.

Waters then become warmer and lessen the ability of the water to hold oxygen necessary

for aquatic life. Because aquatic plants also receive less light, photosynthesis decreases

and less oxygen is produced. The combination of warmer water, less light and less

oxygen makes it impossible for some forms of life to exist.

Suspended solids affect life in other ways. They can clog fish gills, reduce growth rates,

decrease resistance to disease, and prevent egg and larval development. Particles that

settle out can smother fish eggs and those of aquatic insects, as well as suffocate newly-

hatched larvae. The material that settles also fills the spaces between rocks and makes

these microhabitats unsuitable for various aquatic insects, such as mayfly nymphs,

stonefly nymphs and caddis fly larva.

In other to identify and distinguish the concentration of suspended solid in

UTM’s ambient air with the standard Malaysia TSP value (43 μg/m3) in 4 hour, an

equation is used in this in experiment.

Where, the equation was given by:

Concentration of suspended solid in air = 106 (W2 – W1 )

W2 = Weight of filter paper after sampling, g

W1 = Weight of filter paper before sampling, g




Q = Volumetric flow rate inlet air HVS, m3/hour

t = Time for sampling, hour (4 hours)

106

= Conversion from g to μg

The suspended solid in ambient air is measure by utilizing the High-Volume Air

Sampler (HVS) as shown below in Figure 2.1

Figure 2.1: High Volume Air Sample




4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 4.1: Result of the experiment

Weight of filter

paper before

sampling, W1

Weight of filter

paper after

sampling, W2 W2 – W1 Time, t

Volumetric flow

rate inlet air

HVS, Q

(g) (g) (g) (hour) m /hour

2.84 2.82 0.02 4 75

Location of the experiment: Area around pollution control laboratory

Weather condition during experiment: Sunny with no wind

Sample calculation:

Weight of filter paper before sampling, W1 = 2.84g

Weight of filter paper after sampling, W2 = 2.82g

Net weight = W2 – W1

= 0.02 g

Concentration of suspended solid in air = 106 (W2 – W1) / Q x t

= 106 0.02 g hour

75 m3

4 hour

= 66.67 µg / m3




Percentage concentration of suspended particle values obtained from the standard value

= Concentration of suspended solid in air x 100

Total suspended particle

= [66.67 /43.33]*100%

= 153.87 %

From the experiment conducted, the concentration of suspended solid in ambient

air around pollution control laboratory is 66.67g/m3. The value obtained from this

experiment is higher compare to the total suspended particle standard for Malaysia. There

are too many different chemical substances that can contribute to air pollution. Among

the many types of air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and organic

compounds that evaporate and enter the atmosphere. Air pollutants commonly come from

both natural and human. Humans contribute substantially more to the air pollution

problem other than anything else.

The results might have some errors because:

a) The time to conduct the experiment is only 4 hours. Shorter time will not give the

accurate result.

b) The time conduct the experiment only during day.

c) The result may not accurate because the experiment only done once.

d) The weight of filter paper after sampling may be decrease during the filter paper

being transfer from HVS to the weighing scale.

Total suspended particle (24 hours) 260.00 µg/m

Total suspended particle (4 hours) 43.33 µg/m

Concentration of suspended solid in air (4 hours) 66.67 g/m3




In order to improve the result, some recommendation were proposed which is:

a) The experiment must be conducted longer for example 24 hours

b) The experiment is repeated for at least 3 times to get the average result.

5.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the concentration of suspended solid in ambient air around

pollution control laboratory is 66.67 g/m3 for 4 hours. The value obtained is higher than

the total suspended particle standard for Malaysia(43.33 µg/m3) by 66.17%. it can be

concluded that the air at the laboratory were polluted.



6.0 REFERENCES

Davis. Cornwell, McGraw-Hill, I ntroduction to Envir onmental Engineeri ng, 1998.

Gerard Kiely, “Environmental Engineering”, 1996, McGraw Hill.

Ian C. Shaw and John Chadwick, Taylor & Francis, Principles of Environmental

Toxicology, 1998.

Maketab Mohamad, Mohd Rozainee Taib, Mohd Rashid Mohd Nor (2001), ― Ujikaji-

Uj ikaj i M akmal Kawalan Pencemaran ‖, UTM

ambient air quality measurement (e4)

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