american history honors the great depression, roosevelt and the new deal

8/3/2019 American History Honors the Great Depression, Roosevelt and the New Deal

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C H A P T E R 2 2

The Great Depression Begins


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The Election of 1928

Prohibition plays a majorrole Herbert Hoover Republican

Favored a ban on liquorsales

Landslide victory becauseRepublicans took credit forthe prosperity of the 20s

Alfred E. Smith Democrat

Opposed ban on liquor

1st Roman Catholicnominated for president

Caused him to besmeared


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The Long Bull Market

Stock market wasestablished

System of buying asselling shares

The 1920s Bull market Period of rising stock

prices

Stock prices generallyreflected the stocks true

valueAmericans invested

heavily


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The Great Crash

1929, stock prices 1st

begin tofall Lack of new investors

Caused the Bull Market to end

Investors began to sell theirstock Caused a further plummet

Black Tuesday October 29, 1929

Stock prices fellWeakened the nations banks

Banks had invested theirdeposits in the stockmarket

When banks collapsed,depositors lost their savings
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The Roots of the Great Depression

Overproduction Economist agree it was the key

cause of the Depression

Americans could not afford tobuy all the goods produced

Sales decrease, workers laidoff

Uneven distribution ofwealth

2/3 of the nations familiesearned less than $2,500 a year

The top 5% of Americanhouseholds earned 30% of thecountrys income


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The Roots of the Great Depression

The Loss of Export Sales Hawley Smoot Tariff

Raised taxes on imports,so foreign countries didthe same

Mistakes by the FederalReserve

Federal Reserve Boardlowered rates

Should have raised theminstead

Market contracting


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The Depression Worsens

Thousands of banks close 1,352 banks closed

High Unemployment Bread lines

Soup kitchens Hoovervilles Home lost

Shanty towns

Hobos

Homeless Americanswho wandered aroundhitching rides onrailroad cars


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The Depression Worsens

Dust Bowl In 1932 Farmers on the

Great Plains loose theircrops

The soil dried up Drought stretched from

the Dakotas to Texas

Wind storms coveredeverything in dust


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Escaping the Depression

Walt Disney Snow White

1st feature-lengthanimated film

Films show vision of better

life Mr. Smith goes to

Washington

Wizard of Oz

Gone With the Wind

Radio Lone Ranger

Soap Operas
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The Depression in Art

Arts emphasize traditionalAmerican Values Thomas Hart Benton

Grant Wood

Novelist John Steinbeck

The Grapes of Wrath

Oklahoma family fleeingthe Dust for California

William Faulkner Exposed hidden attitudes of

Southern Whites andAfrican Americans


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Grant Wood

American Gothic (1930)

Art Institute of Chicago


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Grant Wood

Van Antwerp place


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Thomas Hart Benton

People of Chilmark


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Thomas Hart Benton

Cut the Line 1944,depicting the launch of aU.S. Navy Tank LandingShip


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Thomas Hart Benton

Parks, the Circus, theKlan, the Press


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Promoting Recovery

Hoovers conferences Held series of conferences

Pledges and resolutionsfailed

Introduced public works Provide Jobs lost in the

private sector

Republicans blamed forDepression

Lost majority in the houseof reps.


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Pumping Money Into the Economy

Hoover sets up NationalCredit Corporation(NCC) Tried to rescue troubled

banks using money from

New York bankers Was not enough to help

Congress sets upReconstruction Finance

Corporation (RFC) Make loans to banks,

railroads, and agriculturalinstitutions


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In an Angry Mood

Bad economy leads toviolence Looting, rallies, hunger

marches

Creditors foreclosed on amillion farms

Farmers destroyed crops toreduce supply, so price wouldgo up

Bonus Army Thousands of WWI veterans

came to Washington in 1932

to lobby Congress to passlegislation giving veterans theirpromised bonus early

Left peacefully after the Senatevoted the new bonus bill down


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C H A P T E R 2 3

Roosevelt and the New Deal


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Roosevelts Rise to Power

The Election of 1932 Herbert Hoover

republican

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democrat, New YorkGovernor

Won popularity byhelping peopleeconomically

Polio Married to Eleanor


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Roosevelt is Inaugurated
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Roosevelt is Inaugurated

March 1933 Roosevelt inaugurated

Unemployment continuesto rise

People began convertingtheir money into gold

They fear the goldstandard will beabandoned

Bank runs increase Governors declared

bank holidays toprevent this
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The Hundred Days Begins

March 9 June 16, 1933 The beginning of the New Deal

Congress passed 15 major acts

New Deal Advisers Favored government

intervention in the economy

Three main groups New Nationalism

Wanted government to workwith business

Distrust big business Wanted government

planners to run key parts ofthe economy

New Freedom Wanted government to break

up big companies


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Fixing the Banks and the Stock Market

Fight the Depression Roosevelt believed the First

thing to do was to restoreconfidence in the banks

Emergency Banking Relief

Act Solved the banking crisis

Issued licenses to banksthat federal examinersfound to be financiallysound

Fireside chats Roosevelt assured

Americans that the bankswere now secure


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Fixing the Banks and the Stock Market

Securities and ExchangeCommission (SEC)

regulate the stockmarket and preventfraud

Federal Deposit InsuranceCorporation (FDIC)

Provided governmentinsurance for bankdeposits up to a certain

amount


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Managing Farms and Industry

Agricultural AdjustmentAdministration (AAA) Tried to help farmers by

paying them not to growcrops

National IndustrialRecovery Act (NIRA) Set up codes for fair

competition

National RecoveryAdministration (NRA) Organization that ran the

NIRA


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Providing Debt Relief

Home Owners LoanCorporation (HOLC)

Lengthened the mortgagerepayment term

Lowered rates for theemployed

The Farm CreditAdministration (FCA)

Established to helpfarmers refinance theirmortgages


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Spending Relief Programs

Civilian ConservationCorps (CCC) Gave unemployed men

(18-25) work with thenational forestry service

Employed 3 million men Public Works

Administration Began a series of

construction projects,creating additional jobs

Civil WorksAdministration (CWA)


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Challenges to the New Deal

Support fades in 1935 Deficit spending paid for the

new deal

There was no budget

American Liberty League

Party organized to opposethe New Deal

Huey Long

Left wing Democrat

Wanted government toshare the wealth of the rich

Take property from therich and divide amongstthe poor


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Challenges to the New Deal

The Townsend Plan Idea of Dr. Francis

Townsend

Left-wing, former publichealth official

Its goal was to free upjobs for the unemployed

Encourage people to retire

Proposed the government

to pay retirees $200dollars a month


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Launching the Second New Deal

New plan Speed up recovery

Provide economic security

Works ProgressAdministration (WPA)

Spent $11 billion creatingjobs

The Federal Number Oneprogram

Employed people in the arts

The Supreme Courts Role Schechter v. U.S.

Struck down the NIRA

Deemed it constitutional


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The Rise of Industrial Unions

National Labor RelationsBoaard (NLRB) Organized factory elections by

secret ballot to determine ifworkers wanted to form aunion

Committee for IndustrialOragnization (CIO Set out to organize all skilled

and unskilled workers in theautomobile industry

The United Auto Workers(UAW)

Became one of the mostpowerful unions in the U.S.


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The Social Security Act

Became law in 1935 Framers of the SSA saw it

primarily as an insurancebill

Workers earned the rightto receive benefits becausethey paid premiums

Provide security for theelderly, unemployed, and

the needy Left out many farmers and

domestic workers


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Roosevelts Second Term

The Election of 1936 Roosevelt won in one of thebiggest landslides in Americanhistory Historic Realignment From Rep. to a Demo.

Majority Largely due to Afr.Americans

The Roosevelt Recession Decrease in government

spending

Triggered a new economicdownturn in 1937

Rise in unemployment Social Security decreased pay

checks
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Roosevelts Second Term

Court-Packing Plan A ploy by Roosevelt to

replace Supreme Courtjudges

He feared they woulddeem New Deal programsas unconstitutional

Serious mistake

It appeared to interfere

with Constitutionsseparation of powers


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The Last New Deal Reforms

The National Housing Act Established the U.S. Housing

Authority

$500 million to subsidizeloans for builders willing to

buy slums and build lowcost housing

Farm SecurityAdministration

Gave loans to purchase farms

Fair Labor Standards

Child labor abolished

Protected workers


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The Legacy of the New Deal

The Broker State Mediating role

Working out conflictsamong different interests

Governments New Role Safety net

Protection againsteconomic disaster


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Allegory of The Wizard of OZ

http://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.html

In May of 1933, under Roosevelt's NewDeal, the Agricultural Adjustment Act(AAA) was passed in hopes of maintaininga balance between production andconsumption of commodities. Farmersdemanded (1) higher prices for their crops,(2) the opportunity to refinance loans over a

longer period of time and (3) cash relief topay off their debts. The ultimate intentionof this act was to help the farmers get backon their feet. By the late 1930's, however,the farmers were still suffering. VictorFleming's The Wizard of Oz(released in theUnited States in 1939), therefore, addresses

both the social as well as the politicalatmosphere in America. The film was a

response to the insufficiency of governmentaction (demonstrating sympathy for thefarmers) and was also a positive lightdirected at technological progress.

The film has two settings. The first, the Gayle

farm in Kansas, is filmed using sepiatone. The second, the Land of Oz, is filmedusing the breakthrough technology ofTechnicolor. The two colors serve not only todistinguish between Dorothy's reality and herimagination, but also to vividly contrast theworld of policy makers and the world of

typical Americans. The drab sephia tonereinforces the bleak life that Americanfarmers sustained during the Depression,while the vibrant colors reflect the wealth andprosperity of Washington, D.C. The magicalmetropolis is emblematic of the glitter thatWashington received in its successes, whilethe brown and dusty farm house is symbolic

of the drab life of typical Americans in thewest. Therefore, Fleming, like Baum,expresses negative feelings towardsgovernment. The "Wizard" is a bumbling, oldman, trembling and hiding behind a curtainand whatever gains are made in Washington,D.C. are certainly not "coloring" the dust-

ridden farmers.
http://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.htmlhttp://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.htmlhttp://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.htmlhttp://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.htmlhttp://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.htmlhttp://students.ou.edu/G/Marion.W.Garrett-1/film.html


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The fact that the book was made into a movie

(a very innovative concept in 1939) is a verypositive perspective on technology. In fact,the film itself is very supportive oftechnological breakthrough. First of all,Glenda, The Witch of theNorth, is the kindand loving witch, who is ultimately Dorothy'ssavior. Secondly, changing the slippers fromsilver to ruby transform the story from onebased on Populism to one focused onprosperity and progress. Thirdly, in thescene just before visiting the Wizard, Dorothyand her new friends pay a visit to the "Washand Brush Up, Co.", where the Scarecrow isre-stuffed, the Tin Man is buffed andDorothy, Toto and the Lion are permed. Thisscene is absolutely an optimistic illuminationof technological progress. Finally, and mostsimply, the use of Technicolor to depict theland of Oz was called a "Technicolor

Triumph". Therefore, the promise of bothfilm and world technology is celebrated.

american history honors the great depression, roosevelt and the new deal

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