American ImperialismPlease pick up Class Notes #22 and binder check rubric and take out Homework 14 to keep for class

Take out Focus 25 and take the next 10 minutes to share and copy down information with your table team (keep the chart and map in front of you, along with Homework 14, for todays lesson)

We will: *map/describe expansion of American interests overseas from 1853 to 1905*analyze motives for Americas imperial expansion and explain how it happened*examine how TR promoted national interests

American ImperialismManifest Destiny and Beyond (1845-1909)What is imperialism? Does it fit with American values?

Reviewing Manifest DestinyJohn L. OSullivan coined the phrase (1839), arguing that it was Americas manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given usWithin four years, President James K. Polk (Democrat) made the dream a reality by:1. annexing the Republic of Texas (1845),2. negotiating with the British for control of Oregon south of the 49th parallel (1846)3. provoking a war with Mexico (1846-48) that ended in U.S. victory and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), which ceded one third of Mexico to U.S.By 1849, the U.S. extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Eyeing Mexico and the CaribbeanDemocratic Party elements were disappointed that the U.S. didnt annex all of Mexico in order to expand slave territory; the Gadsden Purchase (1853) added southern Arizona and New Mexico to make way for a railroadSouthern slaveholders planned an expedition to seize Cuba in 1854 - called off when anti-slavery Northerners protested; Ostend Manifesto (1854) still called upon the U.S. to seize control of Cuba using any means availableBetween 1853-60, William Walker, a Southern adventurer, led several military expeditions attempting to take over several Central American countriesU.S. quietly supported the Mexican government in the Franco-Mexican War (1861-67); rejected French occupation of Mexico and provided money and arms after the end of the Civil War

Reaching Out in the Pacific1853-54: Commodore Perry forced the opening of Japan to trade with the U.S.; helped contribute to the Meiji Restoration and Japans modernization1867: Secretary of State Seward purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million (derided as Sewards Ice Box)1887: American planters (the Hawaiian League) forced King Kalakaua to accept a new constitution; U.S. Navy obtained basing rights at Pearl Harbor1893: Hawaiian League toppled Kalakauas sister, Queen Liliuokalani, and established the Republic of Hawaii

Mahan and Sea PowerAlfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) influenced the views of expansionists, who argued that America must build a large ocean-going naval fleet in order to effectively promote its international commercial interests and assert its newfound powerCentral thesis: Great Powers require a strong industrial economy matched with naval power: he who masters the sea, masters the situationMahan praised the British as an excellent example of how to combine military and economic strengthAmericas navy was woefully inadequate in the early 1890s (smaller than Chiles navy); Mahans work prompted a warship building program and calls for annexation of Hawaii

Motives of ImperialismProponents of American expansion in the 1890s offered several reasons for doing so:1. promotion of U.S. commercial interests2. survival of the fittest U.S. must join the race for territory or lose out to other aggressive powers, such as Britain, Japan, and Germany3. U.S. need for naval bases in the Caribbean and the Pacific and a canal through Central America4. expansion of American ideals the white mans burden (as best expressed by Senator Albert Beveridge); a logical extension of Manifest Destiny and exceptionalismhttp://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=118047&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=380200&sceneclipskeyindex=-1

The War Drums of EmpireBy early 1898, war fever in the U.S. erupted after the mysterious explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor (February 15)The major New York newspapers (Pulitzers World and Hearsts Journal) beat the drums of war against Spain and sold newspapers recounting horrific stories of Spanish oppression against Cuban nationalistsYELLOW JOURNALISM!!!Despite the efforts of Speaker Thomas B. Reed (R-ME) and others, Congress declared war against Spain (April 25)

The Spanish-American War (1898)http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=118047&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=380200&sceneclipskeyindex=-1

Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, a disciple of Mahan, had already issued orders to the U.S. Asiatic Squadron, under the command of Commodore George Dewey to sail for Manila BayDewey steamed into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet within a day (April 30)U.S. naval forces also blockaded Cuba, stranding the Spanish army American forces, including TRs Rough Riders, finally defeated the Spanish and forced their surrender

The Anti-Imperialist LeagueMany Americans resisted the imperialist urge and fought to stop expansion, based on a range of reasons, including:1. fear of abandoning American ideals2. unproductive foreign wars3. fear of an American empire becoming un-American in cultural make-up due to large numbers of prospective non-white citizensThe Anti-Imperialist League (founded in 1898) became active in opposing annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines; included such national figures as Grover Cleveland, Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, and Samuel Gompershttp://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=118047&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=380200&sceneclipskeyindex=-1

War in the PhilippinesBy 1899, Americas empire expanded to include Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, a protectorate over Cuba, and the Philippines (which was annexed over anti-imperialist protests)Emilio Aguinaldos Filipino nationalist movement felt betrayed and went to war against the U.S. occupationThe Filipino-American War (1899-1902) resulted in the loss of thousands of lives, and the commitment of 125,000 U.S. troopsAguinaldo eventually surrendered and called on his followers to declare loyalty to the U.S.

An Open Door to ChinaBy 1899, most major European powers had obtained trading concessions in China, prompting Secretary of State John Hay to issue the Open Door note, requesting open access for U.S. trade in ChinaHays focus was to secure American trading interests (a realist goal) by invoking free trade (an idealistic principle)America later joined with other major powers in crushing the anti-Western Boxer Rebellion in 1900 but also asserted U.S. determination to protect Chinas territorial integrity against foreign encroachment

Before we leaveKeep Focus 25 in your binder for the binder check on Thursday, March 20

Turn in Homework 14

The unit test and binder check will still be on Thursday, March 20

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