American IndustrializationAmerican Industrialization

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution• Manufacturing of the Manufacturing of the

18th century– Hand tools and

small-scale manufacturing

• Agriculture centered Agriculture centered economy pushed by economy pushed by the Democratic-the Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

• Technology improvements create a shift toward large-scale production

Technology RevolutionRevolution• Spinning jenny

– Produces many spools of yarn

• Power loom– Wove & pressed thread into

cloth

• Water frame – Power machines in factories

• Advances made it possible Advances made it possible for any unskilled workers to for any unskilled workers to produce clothproduce cloth

• Patent LawPatent Law– Passed to protect rights of Passed to protect rights of

inventorsinventors

Free Enterprise and Factories

• Workers and Workers and machines together machines together under one roofunder one roof

• Samuel Slater– First successful water-

powered textile mill

• People leave farms to work in factories for wages on a set for wages on a set scheduleschedule

Free Enterprise and Factories• New England was

ideal American factories• Built near water for

power source

• Land was not Land was not beneficial to farming, beneficial to farming, people willing to people willing to work in factorieswork in factories

• Many fast moving Many fast moving riversrivers

• Near oceanNear ocean

• Economic system allowed competition– Minimum government Minimum government

interferenceinterference

• Free Enterprise– Competition, profit, private

property, & economic freedom

• Many people invested in industry during the War of 1812

• Businessmen built Businessmen built factories and grew factories and grew wealthywealthy

Free Enterprise and Factories

Impact on Cities• Industrial cities grew the

quickest– Most on rivers

– Needed water powerNeeded water power

– New England had many fast-New England had many fast-flowing riversflowing rivers

• City disadvantagesCity disadvantages– Waste disposal was an issueWaste disposal was an issue

• Threat of disease Threat of disease

– Fires were a constant threatFires were a constant threat

– Overcrowded living conditionsOvercrowded living conditions

• City advantagesCity advantages– Libraries, museums, shopsLibraries, museums, shops

– Jobs & attractions outweighed the Jobs & attractions outweighed the dangersdangers

Francis Cabot Lowell Francis Cabot Lowell builds a factorybuilds a factory in Massin Mass

Figured out how to work power looms in England (stole the technology like Samuel Slater)

So successful he built a factory town called Lowell

Lowell MillsLowell Mills

• Lowell mills Lowell mills employed farm girls– Lived in company-owned

boarding-houses– Worked 12 ½ hour daysWorked 12 ½ hour days

• Girls came because of high wages– Between $2 - $4 a weekBetween $2 - $4 a week– Some men making that in Some men making that in

factoriesfactories

• Older women supervised the Older women supervised the girlsgirls– Enforced strict rulesEnforced strict rules

• Steam powered factories eventually forced the mills to close (and others like (and others like them who used water power) them who used water power)

The Lowell Mills

• Factories did many tasks in one place– Increase efficiencyIncrease efficiency

• Interchangeable parts– Each part of a Each part of a

manufactured item was manufactured item was exactly alikeexactly alike

– Reduced prices

– Became the industry standard

Transportation Revolution• Robert Fulton

– Builds a boat powered by steam to transport people quicker

• Used to commercially transport people up the Hudson River New York New York City to upstate New YorkCity to upstate New York

• Roads built to connect cities

• States charged tolls or States charged tolls or fees to drive wagons on fees to drive wagons on the streets of crushed the streets of crushed stonestone

• Samuel Morse – Invents the telegraph

– Sends short pulses of Sends short pulses of electricity along a wire electricity along a wire that could be translated that could be translated into lettersinto letters

• Took seconds to communicate to someone in another city

Communication Revolution

• John Deere– Blacksmith by tradeBlacksmith by trade– Invents a Invents a lightweight plow

with a steel cutting edge– Designed for Designed for rich and heavy

Midwestern soil

• Cyrus McCormick– Invents aInvents a mechanical reaper

to cut ripe grain

• Threshing machine invented to Threshing machine invented to separate kernels of wheat from separate kernels of wheat from the husksthe husks

• New farm equipment opened New farm equipment opened new markets to grow foodnew markets to grow food

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing_machine

Person Invention Date

James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775

Samuel Slater First successful American textile mill 1793

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets 1793, 1798

Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807

Francis Cabot LowellFirst American textile mill to convert raw cotton to finished cloth in one building

1813

Peter Cooper American-made locomotive powered by steam 1830

Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836

Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844

Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851

Cyrus Field Transatlantic Cable 1866

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876

Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescant Light Bulb 1877, 1879

Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888

Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892

Orville and Wilbur Wright First Manned Airplane 1903

Henry Ford Model T Ford, Assembly Line 1908, 1913

Industrial Revolution’s Key Inventions