american politics in the 1790’s
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American Politics in the 1790’s. Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans. Who were the leaders?. What were the issues?. Growth of Political Parties. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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American Politics in the 1790’s
FederalistsVersus
Democratic-Republicans
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Growth of Political Parties
Who were the leaders? What were the issues?
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THE ELECTION OF 1796 Vice President John Adams (left) against former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (right), former friends now turned bitter political enemies.
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Total Number of Electors 138
Total Electoral Votes Cast 276
Number of Votes for a Majority 70
1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union)
Candidate State Party Electoral Votes
Percent
John Adams Massachusetts
Federalist 71 51.4%
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia Democratic-Republican
68 49.3%
Thomas Pinckney
South Carolina
Federalist 59 42.8%
Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican
30 21.7%
Samuel Adams
Massachusetts
Federalist 15 10.9%
Oliver Ellsworth
Connecticut Federalist 11 8.0%
George Clinton
New York Democratic-Republican
7 5.1%
Other - - 15 10.9%
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1796 Election Results
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JOHN ADAMSstubborn,
insecure, but high-minded
Protect American interests but pro-British
How do you follow George Washington?
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JOHN ADAMSPresidential Issues
◦ XYZ Affair◦ Quasi-War against
France◦ Alien and Sedition
Acts◦ Kentucky and
Virginia Resolutions◦ What do you do
when your Vice-President is working against you?
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War between France and England
Adams supported British (Federalist stance)
Jefferson supported French (Democratic-Republican stance)
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XYZ AffairAmerican diplomats
in Paris to negotiate◦ John Marshall◦ Elbridge Gerry◦ Charles Cotesworth
Pinckney3 unnamed French
agents (X, Y, and Z) solicited bribes from Americans
Had to pay to see French diplomats
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XYZ Affair
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XYZ AffairA British cartoon shows the United States (the young lady in the feathered Indian headdress) being accosted by impertinent and avaricious diplomats representing Revolutionary France.
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Results of the XYZ AffairCongress (controlled by Federalists)◦Cut off trade w/France◦Used privateers to attack French ships
◦Unofficial allies with British◦Waged undeclared war with French
◦Need to strengthen defense
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Beginnings of the U.S. NavyNavy Act of 1794
◦ 6 frigates built (Mediterranean)Navy (part of Department of War)
◦ Large 44-gun frigates planned. More heavily armed and faster
Marines deployed on ships◦ Tradition of British
Protect Captain and officers from crew Provide musket fire
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Quasi-War on The High Seas
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Operations of the Quasi-WarMain theater: West Indies
◦ U.S. vs. French◦ U.S. uses British ports◦ Most of French fleet blockaded in
EuropeU.S. naval funding increased in
1799◦ Shipbuilding increases size of Navy
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
Used by Adams/Federalists to retaliate against Jefferson/Republicans
Satiric portrayal: first fight in Congress: Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold
Lyon later prosecuted under Sedition Act
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Acts June, 1798 ◦ Naturalization Act = longer residence for
citizenship◦ 5 years to 14◦ president has power to expel/incarcerate
foreigners (anti-French)Sedition Act July, 1798
◦ crime to publish criticisms of government (anti-Dem.-Rep.)
◦ Allowed arrest and/or imprisonment of anti-Federalist publishers
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The Alien and Sedition Acts
Constitutional or Unconstitutional?Could Dem.-Reps. Challenge in the
courts?◦ No concept of judicial review yet◦ Most federal judges were Federalist
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The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,1798
Jefferson and Madison: Sedition Act violates 1st Amendment
States can nullify federal law if unconstitutional
Jumpstarts Jefferson’s bid for president
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The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,1798
Kentucky◦ “unauthoritative,
void, and of no force”
Virginia◦ States have right
to refuse to enforce unconstitutional federal laws
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THE ELECTION OF 1800John Adams (left) and Thomas Jefferson (right) squared off for the presidency for a second time in 1800. It was the first and only instance in American history when a sitting President and Vice President ran against each other.
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Election of 1800
John Adams Thomas JeffersonFederalist partyEnded quasi-warJefferson: a pro-
French radical
Democratic-Republican (Republican) party
Critical of Adams for◦ Alien and Sedition
Acts◦ Increased taxes for
undeclared war
Candidates did not campaign!
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BRANDING JEFFERSON AS A DANGEROUS RADICALA Federalist cartoon depicts Thomas Jefferson was an enemy of religion, lawful government, and the Constitution, who wanted to import a French-style revolution and reign of terror to America.
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FEDERALIST ATTACKS GET PERSONALThis anti-Jefferson cartoon highlights the rumors that the Virginia politician kept a black mistress (Sally Hemmings, his slave and also his wife’s half-sister)
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THE CAPITAL MOVES SOUTHJohn and Abigail Adams become the first occupants of the “executive mansion” in 1800
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Total Number of Electors 138
Total Electoral Votes Cast 276
Number of Votes for a Majority 70
1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)
Candidate State Party Electoral Votes
Percent
Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-
Republican 73 52.9%
Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 73 52.9%
John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%
Charles Pinckney
South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%
John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%
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1800 Election Results Tie – Thomas Jefferson and Aaron
Burr . . .◦House of Representatives decides◦Each state gets one vote◦candidate with majority became
president◦House voted 35 times without a winner◦Alexander Hamilton convinces states to
support Jefferson
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1800 Final Election Results After 36 Ballots
(In the House of Representatives!!) 1 vote for each State
Candidate
State Party Votes Percent
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
Democratic-Republican
10 62.5%
Aaron Burr
New York
Democratic-Republican
4 25.0%
Blank ------- 2 12.5%
Thomas Jefferson becomes President
Aaron Burr becomes Vice-President
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1800 Election Results Why would Hamilton (who hates Jefferson)
support him?Democratic-Republicans take control of
both House and Senate1796
◦Federalists have both houses and the presidency1800
◦Republicans have both houses and the presidency
Adams doesn’t stay for Jefferson’s inauguration
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1800 Election Results
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The “Revolution” of 1800?
New Republic ◦ Weathered international storms
French Revolution Napoleonic Wars
◦new spirit of nationalism◦ Party system
legitimate dissent (“the loyal opposition”) Established pattern for diffusing/limiting
political unrestPrecedent of peaceful transfer of
power from one party to anotherDid we pass the first, big
Constitutional test?
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The Twelfth Amendment
Electors cast one vote instead of two
President/vice-president on same ticket
President/vice-president cannot be from same state