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Amines and Heterocycles McMurry: Chapter 24

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Page 1: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amines and Heterocycles

McMurry: Chapter 24

Page 2: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Introduction to Amines and Heterocycles

Amines and heterocycles (cyclic amines) are ammonia derivatives many of which are found widely in living organisms:

Introduction to Amines and Heterocycles

derivatives, many of which are found widely in living organisms:

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Page 3: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Colourful Amines and Heterocycles

Nature has inspired chemists to duplicate natural dyes and create new synthetic ones to introduce colour to our world:

Colourful Amines and Heterocycles

create new synthetic ones to introduce colour to our world:

King George VI

N

O HN Br

- purpura molluscs

NHBr

O

purpura molluscs

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Page 4: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Heterocyclic Amines

Heterocycles are cyclic compounds containing at least one h

ete ocyc c es

heteroatom:

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Page 5: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Heterocyclic Amines

Heterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful biological activity and in widely used pharmaceuticals:

ete ocyc c es

useful biological activity and in widely used pharmaceuticals:

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Page 6: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Nomenclature

Amines are named by added the suffix –amine, but in more l d h i b i b icomplex compounds, the amine can be an amino substituent 

or an aniline derivative:

22

2

Complex compounds are treated as alkanamines with simpler alkyl groups on the amine identified with the locant “N”:alkyl groups on the amine identified with the locant  N :

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Page 7: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Take‐Home: Nomenclature

Draw the following compounds:

a e o e: o e c atu e

• 4‐bromo‐N‐isopropyl‐3‐methylaniline

• (R,E)‐oct‐6‐en‐3‐amine

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Page 8: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Structure and Propertiesp

Alkyl amines have an sp3‐N with approximately tetrahedral Th N H i i i h d b digeometry. The N‐H groups participate in hydrogen bonding:

Small amines have a bad odor resembling fi h/d i t i lfish/decaying material:

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Page 9: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Basicity of Alkyl Aminesy y

Amines have a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen that make h b h b i d l hili ithem both basic and nucleophilic in nature: 

Nucleophilic amine:Nucleophilic amine:

Basic amine:ammonium salt

ammonium salt

The relative base strengths of amines are calculated 

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gusing the pKa of the ammonium salt!  

Page 10: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Basicity of Aminesy

ammonium salt

( d)k j b (NR ) Low pKa (strong acid)weak conjugate base (NR3) …

High pKa (weak acid)strong conjugate base (NR3) … g p a ( )g j g ( 3)

stronger base weaker basestronger base                                                weaker base10

Page 11: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Explaining Relative Basicity of Aminesp g yAmides are non‐basic and non‐nucleophilic due to resonance with the carbonyl:with the carbonyl: 

Aryl amines are less basic than alkyl amines due to electron delocalization into the aromatic ring:

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Page 12: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Basicity of Aryl Aminesy ySubstituents on the aromatic ring varies the amine basicity:Electron donors: increase basicityElectron donors: increase basicity 

‐ adds electron density to nitrogenElectron withdrawing: decrease basicityElectron withdrawing: decrease basicity 

‐ withdraws electron density from nitrogen 

strong base weak basestrong base                                              weak base12

Page 13: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

IR Spectroscopy of AminesN‐H stretch: 3500‐3300 cm‐1

R NH h 1 b d hil RNH h 2 b d

Spect oscopy o es

• R2NH have 1 band while RNH2 have 2 bands • sharper and less intense than O‐H stretch

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Page 14: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

NMR Spectroscopy of AminesNMR Spectroscopy of Amines13C NMR: 

• Carbons attached to amines are deshielded and are found between 30‐65 ppm.

1H NMR: • RNH: variable chemical shift (1.0‐4.0 ppm, broad singlet)• R2CHNH: deshielded and found in the 2.0‐3.0 ppm range 

2

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Page 15: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Synthesis: SN2 ReactionsAmines are good nucleophiles, so they readily participate in SN2 reactions with alkyl halides:

y N

SN2 reactions with alkyl halides: 

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Page 16: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Synthesis: SN2 Reactions

How can SN2 reactivity be limited? U l f i i i lk l i

y N

Use a large excess of amine to maximize monoalkylation:

H th i S 2 ti it b d d tili d?How can the excessive SN2 reactivity be made and utilized? If the quaternary salt is desired, use excess alkylating reagent:

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Page 17: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Alkyl Amine Reactivity: Hofmann EliminationAmines (like alcohols) can be eliminated to give alkenes. Just like H2O is a better leaving group than –OH the amide ion (–NH2)

y e eact ty: o a at o

H2O is a better leaving group than  OH, the amide ion ( NH2) must be converted to a better LG for elimination to occur:

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Page 18: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Alkyl Amine Reactivity: Hofmann EliminationElimination of the ammonium salt is promoted by silver oxide, which exchanges the iodide ion for a hydroxide ion Then an E2

y e eact ty: o a at o

which exchanges the iodide ion for a hydroxide ion. Then, an E2 reaction occurs to give the less substituted alkene due to sterics: 

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Page 19: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Synthesis Problems*

Predict the products of the following Hofmann elimination reactions:

2 2

2 2

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Page 20: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Synthesis: Azidesy

Azide ions (‐N3) are useful alternatives to NH3 since they only d S 2 i i d b d d 1° iundergo SN2 reactivity once and can be reduced to 1° amines: 

4 22

2

3

NNalkyl azide

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Page 21: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Synthesis: Gabriel Synthesisy y

The Gabriel synthesis of 1° amines utilizes phthalimide lk l i d i id h d l ialkylation and imide hydrolysis steps: 

N

phthalimide

2

2

2

2

2

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Page 22: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Take‐Home Mechanism ProblemDraw the imide hydrolysis mechanism:*Hint: an imide is just like 2 amide functional groups! 

a e o e ec a s ob e

j f g p

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Page 23: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Amine Synthesis: Reductive AminationyReductive amination is another common amine synthesis which involves converting an aldehyde or ketone to an iminewhich involves converting an aldehyde or ketone to an imine and then reduced it with sodium cyanoborohydride:

HN

O NaBH3CN OH

HCNB H Na

H

O 3

very slow

NH NaBH3CN NH2

H very fast23

Page 24: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Synthesis ProblemsSy t es s ob e s

Complete the following Gabriel synthesis:

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Page 25: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Take‐Home Synthesis Problemsa e o e Sy t es s ob e sPredict the starting material or product in the following reactions:

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Page 26: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Aryl Amine Reactivity: Diazonium SaltsWhen aryl amines are treated with nitrous acid (made in situ), the reaction produces very useful and reactive intermediates

y e eact ty: a o u Sa ts

the reaction produces very useful and reactive intermediates called diazonium salts:

l f lk l b d h26

Diazonium salts from alkyl amines cannot be used since they spontaneously decompose! 

Page 27: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Diazonium Salts in Sandmeyer Reactions

Diazonium salts are useful because they can be replaced with a 

a o u Sa ts Sa d eye eact o s

variety of substituents including halides in Sandmeyer reactions:

The mechanism is believed to occur via radical intermediates.

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Page 28: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Diazonium Salts in SEAr Reactions

Diazonium salts also couple with phenols and anilines in an S Ar reaction to give azo compounds:

a o u Sa ts SE eact o s

SEAr reaction to give azo compounds: 

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Page 29: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Chemistry ConnectionsyAzo Compounds: Keeping Things Colourful!

Azo compounds have extended conjugation so theyAzo compounds have extended conjugation so they absorb in the visible region, which we perceive as colour:

•Small structural changes to the azo compound allows a variety of colours to be made.•These compounds are used widely as dyes (called azo p y y (dyes) for textiles, paint, food, cosmetics, and indicators.

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Page 30: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

In‐Class Synthesis Problem

Predict the products of the following reactions:

C ass Sy t es s ob e

2

2 2

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Page 31: Amines & Heterocycles - University of Toronto · PDF fileHeterocycles are found in many natural products that exhibit useful ... Azo compounds have extended conjugation so they

Take‐Home Synthesis Problem*

Propose a synthesis for the following compounds using benzene 

a e o e Sy t es s ob e

and phenol as your starting materials:

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