01 tchoundjeuzac indigenousfruittreedomestication-fara-aasw-accra july 2013

Tchoundjeu*Z,**Asaah,*E.;*Tsobeng*A*.;*Degrande,*A.*and*A7a,*J.*6th$Africa$Agriculture$Science$Week,$$

15$–$20$July$2013,$Accra$<$Ghana$

$

High;value*indigenous*fruit*trees*contribu7on*to*nutri7on:*Experience*from*West*and*central*Africa.*

ARTICULATIONS*1.  WHY INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES WERE SO

FAR NEGLECTED? 2.  CONCEPT OF TREE DOMESTICATION 3.  KEY INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES FROM WCA

REGION 4.  NUTRIONAL POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS

FRUIT TREES 5.  POTENTIAL ROLE OF IF IN POVERTY

ALLEVIATION, CC SUMMARY

21 countries 330 million people 1200 million ha

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF WCA REGION •  Smallholder farmers of this region relay on rain-fed

production systems and natural/traditional methods of soil fertility maintenance.

•  Farmers have limited access to markets. •  Huge potential to intensify and diversify productivity with

agroforestry as a primary delivery mechanism of multifunctional agriculture for food and export markets

•  Hosting the Congo basin forest so hot spot for

biodiversity, repository of important high-value indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants

Distribution of Area under Cultivation By Zone

5-year Average (2003-2007)

5*

Constant Fluctuation in cocoa 1960-2000

What$is$domesBcaBon?$

Resource identification

and characterization

Capture, selection and management

of genetic resources

Regeneration and management in

sustainable landuse systems

Ethnobotanic studies and socio-

economic evaluation.

Market research

Farmer preferences.

Market development

Assessment of adoption and

socio-economic impact.

Market expansion

Species selection

Germplasm collection and conservation

Genetic selection and

breeeding

Development of techniques to capture

genetic variation

Efficient resource capture.

Assessment of environmental

impact

SOCIAL SCIENCES

BIOPHYSICAL SCIENCES

ParBcipatory$Tree$DomesBcaBon$(PTD)$

Put$simply$PTD$refers$to:$•  $the$means$communiBes$select,$propagate$and$manage$high<

value$indigenous$fruit$trees$and$medicinal$plants$and$integrate$them$in$the$various$farming$systems,$

$•  Species$with$no$market$informaBon$systems$$•  species$which$are$mainly$selected$encompassing$indigenous$

knowledge$and$geneBc$selecBon$based$on$scienBfic$principles$$•  $a$strong$partnership$with$scienBsts,$civic$authoriBes$and$private$

companies.$$•  $PTD$is$a$farmer$driven$and$market$lead$process.$It$focuses$on$

species$farmers$consume$best$with$high$potenBals$for$local,$regional$and$internaBonal$markets$

$

How to multiply the selected species: rooting cuttings

GRAFTING TECHNIQUES •  No*new*secrets*but*skills*normally*reside*with*sta7on*or*research*staff*–  Farmers,*extension*services*need*the*techniques**

How to multiply the selected species: air layering

Creation of a cultivar

Earlier fruiting, smaller trees and uniform quality

Dacryodes edulis

KEY SPECIES UNDER DOMESTICATION

Gnetum africanum

SPECIES UNDER DOMESTICATION

Irvingia gabonensis

Ricinodendron heudelotii Kola nitida

Garcinia cola (Bitter kola)

Monodora myristica Afrotyrax lepidophyllus

Zanthoxylum macrophylla

Prunus. africana P. Johimbe cutting

E. chloranta for hepatitis A, B, D, E

Allanblackia*floribunda*

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

lauric

myristic

palmitic

stearic

oleic

C18:2

A llanblackiaPalm8oilPalm8kernelRape8oil

Noel*cul7var**(out*of*season*variety,*yield*US$20*per*tree*per*year)*

…*developing*elite*varie7es*

A young Allanblakia fruiting six years after planting

NUTRIONAL POTENTIAL

Dacryodes*edulis***•  D.$edulis$is$culBvated$for$its$fruit$<$rich$in$lipids,$

essenBal$oils,$vitamins$and$minerals.$$$

•  Can$be$eaten$raw,$cooked,$roasted$and/or$grilled.$

•  Fruits$are$highly$commercialized$with$transacBons$known$to$occur$both$at$naBonal$and$internaBonal$levels.$$

•  Fruits$generate$about$1$million$US$$annually$in$Cameroon.$$

•  InternaBonally,$the$fruits$are$exported$to$Europe$(Belgium,$France,$UK)$and$America$from$Cameroon,$$R.$Congo$and$D.R.$Congo.$

Snack$of$roasted$safou$$and$plantain$sold$in$

Cameroon.$

Fresh$safou$fruits$on$sale$in$Cameroon$

Irvingia(gabonensis*&*Irvingia(wombolu((•  Bush$mango$is$culBvated$for$its$fruit$$<$rich$in$

vitamin$C$and$the$kernel$rich$in$$lipids,$essenBal$oils,$and$minerals.$$$

•  Fruits$are$consumed$/$sold,$however,$the$$kernel,$fetches$prices$several$folds$that$of$fruits.$$

•  Fruits$are$highly$commercialized$with$transacBons$known$to$occur$both$at$naBonal$and$internaBonal$levels.$$

•  In$a$recent$review$on$non<Bmber$forest$products$in$Cameroon,$Ingram$and$Schure$(2010),$reported$that$US$$8,$089,580$is$generated$annually,$from$the$sale$of$Irvingia$spp.$

•  InternaBonally,$the$kernels$are$exported$within$West$and$Central$Africa$and$to$Europe$and$America.$

Kernels$of$bush$mango$

Snack$of$bush$mango$fruit$

Distribu7on*of*the*species*

D.(edulis*distribu7on:*natural$and$planted$populaBons$in$Africa$

I.(gabonensis(&(I.(wombolu(distribu7on:*natural$$and$planted$populaBons$in$Africa$

Source: &Omogbai and Ojeaburu 2010; $Ajayi and Adesanwo, 2009$

Proximate composition of D. edulis

* Mean %*

Pulp* Seed*Moisture* 18.6* 20.6*

Ash* 3* 2.6*Protein* 1.93* 1.4*Fat* 11.94* 10.44*Fibre* 47.5* 48.5*Carbohydrate* 17.03* 16.46*

Source: Ajayi and Oderinde, 2002 $

Proximate*composi7on*of$I.#gabonensis$(%$dry$weight)$and$I.##wombolu$(%$fresh$weight)$kernels$

Nutri7onal*value*bush*mango*Mineral composition of I.#gabonensis#(ppm$

dry$weight)#and$I.#wombolu$kernels)

* Mean %*

I. gabonensis*

Mg* 429.0 ± 0.3*

Fe* 13.2 ± 0.1*

Zn* 5.7 ± 0.2*

Mn* 3.8 ± 0.2*

Ca* 201.3 ± 0.3*

Na* 395.1 ± 0.5*

K* 587.0 ± 0.4 2*

P* 16.4 ± 0.2*

* Mean %*I. abonensis#* I. wombolu&*

Moisture* 4.0 ± 0.1* 11.9*Ash* 7.8 ± 0.3* 2.46*Protein* 6.5± 0.2* 7.42*Fat* 58.5 ± 0.4* 51.32*Fiber* 6.6 ± 0.2* 0.86*Carbohydrate* 16.6 ± 0.3* 26.02*

Source: #Oboh and Ekperigin, 2004$Source: #Oboh and Ekperigin, 2004; &Ejiofor (1987, cited in Ejiofor 1994)$

Control*pollina7on*of*D.(edulis(trees*in*Cameroon*

*Remarks:$•  Controlled$pollinaBon$

increases$fruit$set$and$frucBficaBon.$

$•  Phenotypic$variaBon$is$

prominent$between$

provenances$compare$to$within$provenances.$

Farm*management:*D.*edulis*

! Suitable$to$grow$in$Coffee,$Cocoa$plantaBons$as$shade$crop,$on$farm$boundaries$and$within$crops$! No$significant$negaBve$interacBons$noted$in$a$trial$on$establishment$methods$! Establish$under$parBal$shade$iniBally$at$100$trees/ha$density$

Food*crop*associa7on* Home*garden*

Farm*management:*Irvingia*spp*

! Suitable$to$grow$in$Coffee,$Cocoa$plantaBons$as$shade$crop,$on$farm$boundaries$and$within$crops$! No$significant$negaBve$interacBons$noted$in$a$trial$on$establishment$methods$! Establish$under$parBal$shade$iniBally$at$100$trees/ha$density$

Food*crop*associa7on*Home*garden*

Mapping*the*carbon*stocks*in*trees*of*seed*and*vegeta7ve*(cu^ng*and*marcot)*origins**

#Biomass,#carbon#and#CO2e#sequestrated##aboveground#in#10#years#old#D.#edulis#trees#of#seed#and#vegeta@ve#origins#(mean#±#s.e.d#Mg#ha#E1)###

•  D. edulis trees of vegetative origin produced significantly (P≤0.05) more biomass and carbon aboveground than trees of seed origin.

.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Aboveground biomass Aboveground carbon CO2e sequestrated aboveground

Abo

vegr

ound

bio

mas

s an

d ca

rbon

yi

eld

in M

g/ha

Cuttings marcots Seed

MOVING FROM PILOT NURSERIES TO RURAL RESOURCE CENTRES

RURAL RESOURCE CENTERS Innova7ve*approach*helping*farmers*to*be*exposed*to*updated*technologies*in*domes7ca7on*and*agroforestry.*Demonstra7on*plots*helping*farmers*to*acquire*skills*in*producing*NTFPs*and*marke7ng*knowledge*

.*

KEY SERVICES OF RRCs •  Strengthening farmers skills

in nursery techniques, group dynamic and marketing.

•  Demonstration and

information on the agrofrestry techniques

•  Access to information on marketing

•  Link the different actors of NTFPs with the private sectors

•  Forum of exchange for different actors of NTFPs

Multiplication effect

TDRC*

TDRC*

TDRC*

TDRC*

Relay*Organisa7on**

A*Relay*

Organisa7on*B*

TDRC*

Relay*Organisa7on

C*

Relay*Organisa7on*

D*

Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**

Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**

Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**

Nursery**

Nursery**Nursery**

Income generation

Income*generated*from*plant*sales*at*RRCs*centers*aaer*2,*5*and*10*years.*

Number of farmer’s that collaborated with ICRAF in Cameroon from 1999 - 2012

Rejuvenating old cocoa plantations

The right tree for the right place 1. Trees for Products

2. Trees for Services

fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder

soil fertility

carbon sequestration

soil erosion

watershed protection

shade biodiversity

Frui7ng*calendar*of*some*indigenous*fruit*trees*in*West*&*Central*Africa**

Tree species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Irvingia wombolu

Cola spp.

Dacryodes edulis

Garcina kola

Irvingia gabonensis

Ricinodendron heudelotii

Safou*variants*

Early$maturity:$ $April$<$May$

Normal:$ $ $June$<$September$

Late$maturity:$$ $October$<$March$

Acknowledgements

International Fund for

Agricultural

Development

*

Partner and beneficicaries

Thank*you*for*your*kind*aben7on**

West and Central Africa Regional O!ce P. O. Box 16317 Yaounde, Cameroon Tel: (+237) 22 21 50 84 Fax: 22 21 50 89 E-mail: icraf-aht@cgiar.org $$$