1. brief introduction & organization of human body

Compiled by: Prof.Anwar - AIKTC-SoP

ChapterChapter :1 :1

BriefBrief introductionintroduction toto humanhuman bodybody andand organizationorganization ofof humanhuman bodybody

Presented by: Prof.Mirza Anwar BaigPresented by: Prof.Mirza Anwar Baig

Anjuman-I-Islam's Kalsekar Technical CampusAnjuman-I-Islam's Kalsekar Technical CampusSchool of Pharmacy,New Pavel,Navi School of Pharmacy,New Pavel,Navi

Mumbai,MaharashtraMumbai,Maharashtra

Definatios.....1. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body

and the physical relationships involved between body parts.

2. Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body work,and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual.

3. Pathology is the study of abnormalities and how they affect body functions, often causing illness. Building on the normal anatomy and physiology, relevant illnesses are considered at the end of the later chapters.

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION•• Life is characterized by hierarchical Life is characterized by hierarchical

orders of organizationorders of organizationAtomsAtomsMoleculesMoleculesOrganellesOrganellesCellsCellsTissuesTissuesOrgansOrgansOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrganismOrganism(Population)(Population)(Community)(Community)(Ecosystem)(Ecosystem) 3

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION•• In multicellular organisms, specialized cells In multicellular organisms, specialized cells

are grouped into are grouped into tissues–– A A tissuetissue is a group of cells similar in structure is a group of cells similar in structure

and performing a common functionand performing a common function•• Organs are comprised of Organs are comprised of

combinations of various combinations of various tissuestissues

•• Organ systems include Organ systems include multiple organs working multiple organs working togethertogether

INTERCELLULARINTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONSJUNCTIONS•• Neighboring cells within a multicellular Neighboring cells within a multicellular

organism often adhere, interact, and organism often adhere, interact, and communicate through intracellular communicate through intracellular junctionsjunctions•• Tight junctionsTight junctions•• DesmosomesDesmosomes•• Gap junctionsGap junctions

TIGHTTIGHT JUNCTIONSJUNCTIONS•• Integral membrane proteins of adjacent cells Integral membrane proteins of adjacent cells

fuse togetherfuse togetheroo Membranes of adjacent cells are fused Membranes of adjacent cells are fused oo Form continuous belts around cellsForm continuous belts around cellsoo Impermeable barrierImpermeable barrieroo Some tight junctions Some tight junctions

are somewhat leakyare somewhat leakyoo ““Not-so-tight Not-so-tight

junctionsjunctions””

DESMOSOMESDESMOSOMES•• Anchoring junctionsAnchoring junctions

•• Rivets keeping adjacent cells from separatingRivets keeping adjacent cells from separating•• CompositionComposition

oo Button-like plaque on cytoplasmic face of Button-like plaque on cytoplasmic face of membranemembrane

oo Thin linker protein Thin linker protein filaments interdigitatefilaments interdigitate

oo Desmosomes on opposite Desmosomes on opposite sides of the same cell sides of the same cell connected through connected through intermediate filamentsintermediate filaments

GAPGAP JUNCTIONSJUNCTIONS•• Communicating junction connecting Communicating junction connecting

cytoplasm of adjacent cellscytoplasm of adjacent cells•• CompositionComposition

•• Transmembrane proteins form Transmembrane proteins form ““connexonsconnexons””•• Hollow tubesHollow tubes

•• Connexons of adjacent cells Connexons of adjacent cells fusefuse

•• Chemical substances travel Chemical substances travel through these channelsthrough these channels–– Different connexons have Different connexons have

different specificitiesdifferent specificities 8

TISSUETISSUE TYPESTYPESFour major tissue typesFour major tissue types1.1.Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue2.2.Connective tissueConnective tissue3.3.Muscle tissueMuscle tissue4.4.Nervous tissueNervous tissue

1. Epithelial tissue

Cell shapes and arrangement of layers:

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