organization of the human body
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Organization of the Human Body. Chapter 1. Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy = Structure. Physiology = Function. How is the body organized?. Body Systems. Main Life Processes. Metabolism Sum of chemical processes occurring in body. Reproduction - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Organization of the Human Body
Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy = Structure
Physiology = Function
How is the body organized?
Body Systems
Main Life ProcessesMetabolismSum of chemical
processes occurring in body
ResponsivenessDetect and respond to
changes in environment
GrowthAn increase in size or
number of cells
MovementMotion of whole body,
individual organs, single cells, etc
DifferentiationUnspecialized cells become specialized
ReproductionFormation of new
cells or production of new individual
Homeostasis
- Maintenance of relatively stable body conditions
- Internal environment remains constant despite changing external environment
- Homeostatic Mechanisms:- Nervous system nerve impulses- Endocrine system hormones
Feedback System
Negative Feedback System-Heart Rate
↑ Blood Pressure
About to give a presentation
Baroreceptors in blood vessels
↓ Heart Rate ↑ Heart Rate (Imbalance)
Heart Rate Normal ( In Homeostasis)
Positive Feedback System-Giving Birth
Cervix Opening MORE Dilated (Imbalance)
Cervix Opening Dilated (Imbalance)
Cervix Opening Normal ( In Homeostasis)
Cervix Receptors Smooth Muscle
Receptors
Factors That Influence Homeostasis
- Environment- Toxic substances (ex: pollution, venomous bites, poisons, etc)- Temperature
- Behavior- Eating habits- Thoughts- Exercise
- Genetics- Hemophilia- Congenital heart defects
- Age- Decreased production of hormones- Decreases lung capacity- Decreased kidney and digestive function
Talking About the Body—Body Regions
1)Head2)Neck3)Trunk4)Upper Limb5)Lower Limb
*Anatomical Position: standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward
Talking About the Body—Directional Terms
Talking About the Body—Planes and Sections
-Sagittal Plane: divides left and right-Frontal Plane: divides front and back
-Transverse Plane: divides upper and lower -Oblique Plane: divides at an angle
Body Cavities
1. Several body cavities & layers of membranes within cavities- Spaces within the body that surround organs
2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")
Body Cavities
- Cranial Cavity- Vertebral Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity - Pleural Cavity - Pericardial Cavity - Mediastinum
- Abdominopelvic Cavity - Abdominal Cavity - Pelvic Cavity
Anterior
Posterior
Anatomy and Medicine
- Homeostatic imbalance can lead to disorders/diseases
- Disorder = abnormality of structure and/or function
- Disease = specific illness characterized by recognizable set of symptoms and signs
- Symptoms = subjective changes in body functions not apparent to observer- Signs = objective changes that can be observed and measured
Studying Diseases
- Pathology (patho- = disease)- Studies the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
- Studies the structural and functional changes that diseases produce
- Diagnosis (dia- through; -gnosis = knowledge)- Identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific
evaluation of symptoms, signs, medical history, physical examination, etc.
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
LEFT LUMBAR REGION
LEFT INGUINAL REGION
RIGHTHYPOCHONDRIACREGION
RIGHTLUMBARREGION
RIGHT INGUINALREGION
Clavicles
EPI-GASTRICREGION
EPI-GASTRICREGION
UMBILICALREGIONUMBILICALREGION
HYPO-GASTRICREGION
HYPO-GASTRICREGION
(b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions
Abdominopelvic Regions
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
Subcostal line
LEFT LUMBAR REGION
Transtubercular line
LEFT INGUINAL REGION
RIGHTHYPOCHONDRIACREGION
RIGHTLUMBARREGION
RIGHT INGUINALREGION
Clavicles
EPIGASTRICREGION
UMBILICALREGION
HYPO-GASTRICREGION
(a) Anterior view showing abdominopelvic regions
Abdominopelvic Regions
LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ)
LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ)
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ)
RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ)
(c) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
A 52-year-old male patient entered the ER experiencing shortness of breath, hyperhydrosis, extreme anxiety, and acute severe thoracic pain that radiates distally to the left brachial region. The patient is also experiencing pain in the buccal, mental, and cervical regions. Patient has suffered from angina in the past, and applied a nitroglycerin patch to the right pelvic region that has had no effect. Patient is resistant to thermometer, so temperature must be taken from the axillary region. Angioplasty has been recommended due to past history, and catheter will be inserted in the medial inguinal region where femoral artery is located.
A 16-year-old male was brought in experiencing nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and muscle pains in the cervical, abdominal, femoral, brachial, sural, dorsal, and gluteal regions. Patient also complains of severe radiating pain in the superior portion of the cephalic region. The patient suffered a short seizure during his soccer game before being brought to the ER. Further assessment showed an increased body temperature, rapid pulse, and a superficial rash extending distally bra chial to antebrachial on both upper and lowerlateral limbs. Patient is also experiencing intermittent emesis. Treat with 0.9% saline IV inserted at manus region to avoid rash, and wait for further test results