2. introduction -2
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Computer Organization
and Architecture
Lecture- 2
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von Neumann/Turing
Stored Program concept
Main memory storing programs and data
ALU operating on binary data
Control unit interpreting instructions from
memory and executing
Input and output equipment operated by controlunit
Princeton Institute for Advanced StudiesIAS
Completed 1952
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Structure of von Neumann machine
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IAS - details
1000 x 40 bit wordsBinary number
2 x 20 bit instructions
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IAS - details
Set of registers (storage in CPU)
Memory Buffer Register (MBR)-40 bit
Memory Address Register (MAR)-12 bit
Instruction Register (IR)-8bit
Instruction Buffer Register (IBR)-20bitProgram Counter (PC)
Accumulator (AC)
Multiplier Quotient (MQ)
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40bit
20bit12 bit
12 bit8 bit
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IAS
Instruction Set
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Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
William Shockley et al.
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Microelectronics
Literally -small electronics
A computer is made up of gates, memory cellsand interconnections
These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
e.g. silicon wafer
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Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
Transistor - 1958-1964
Small scale integration - 1965 onUp to 100 devices on a chip
Medium scale integration - to 1971100-3,000 devices on a chip
Large scale integration - 1971-19773,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
Very large scale integration - 1978 to date100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Ultra large scale integrationOver 100,000,000 devices on a chip
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Intel
1971 - 4004
First microprocessor
All CPU components on a single chip
4 bit
Followed in 1972 by 80088 bit
Both designed for specific applications
1974 - 8080
Intels first general purpose microprocessor
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Speeding it up
Pipelining
On board cache
On board L1 & L2 cache
Branch prediction
Data flow analysis
Speculative execution
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Performance Mismatch
Processor speed increased
Memory capacity increased
Memory speed lags behind processor speed
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Pentium Evolution (1)
8080
first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path
Used in first personal computer Altair
8086 much more powerful
16 bit
instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286
16 Mbyte memory addressable up from 1Mb
80386 32 bit
Support for multitasking
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Pentium Evolution (2)
80486
sophisticated powerful cache and instructionpipelining
built in maths co-processor
Pentium
Superscalar
Multiple instructions executed in parallel
Pentium ProIncreased superscalar organization
Aggressive register renaming
branch prediction
data flow analysis
speculative execution
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Pentium Evolution (3)
Pentium II
MMX technology
graphics, video & audio processing
Pentium IIIAdditional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
Pentium 4Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium64 bitsee chapter 15
See Intel web pages for detailed information on
processors
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Internet Resources
http://www.intel.com/
Search for the Intel Museum
http://www.ibm.com
http://www.dec.com
Charles Babbage Institute
PowerPC
Intel Developer Home
http://www.intel.com/http://www.ibm.com/http://www.dec.com/http://www.dec.com/http://www.ibm.com/http://www.intel.com/
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