©2003, elsevier science (usa). all rights reserved. chapter 1,2,& 4 nutrition essentials and...

©2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 1,2,& 4

NUTRITION ESSENTIALSand Diet Therapy

by Angie Lawson RN, BSN

CHAPTER 1,2,& 4

NUTRITION ESSENTIALSand Diet Therapy

by Angie Lawson RN, BSN

01- 01

©2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

History of Food Guides 1940s—Seven Food Groups; included butter

(for a vitamin D source).

1950s—“Basic Four” Food Groups. Composed of bread, vegetables and fruits, dairy, and meat/protein.

1990s—The Food Guide Pyramid. The foundation of the diet (base of the pyramid) is plant-based; fats and sugars form the smallest part of the diet (tip of the pyramid).

01- 02

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Basic Terms

Nutrition

Malnutrition

Optimal Nutrition

Nutrient

Kilocalorie

Health

Public Health

Holistic Health

Medical Nutrition Therapy

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External Barriers to Adequate Nutrition

Economic

Physical

Cultural

Ecologic

Emotional

Religious

Political

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Positive Meal Environment Positive Conversation

Soft Music

Candles

Eat as a family

Food Variety

Encourage Relaxation

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Know some Positive Ethnic Eating Habits for:

Chinese

French

Japanese

Mediterranean Region

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Vegetarians Lacto-ovo vegetarian

Lacto-vegetarian

Total vegetarian

01- 03

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Macronutrients Carbohydrates

Proteins

Fats

01- 04

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Carbohydrates Sugars

– Monosaccharides

– Disaccharides

Starches

– Polysaccharide

Dietary Fiber

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Proteins Biological Value

Essential Amino Acids

Complete Protein

Incomplete Protein

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Fats (Lipids) Phospholipids

Sterols

Monounsaturated Fats

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats

Cholesterol

Triglycerides

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Triglycerides Diglycerides

Monoglycerides

Glycerol

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Calories per Gram Carbohydrates = 4 kcal Proteins = 4 kcal Fats = 9 kcal

***YOU WILL WANT TO MEMORIZE THIS. YOU WILL

SEE IT AGAIN.***

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Vitamins & Minerals Water soluble

Fat soluble

Major Minerals

Trace Minerals

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Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

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Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B Complex

– Thiamin (Vit B1)

– Riboflavin (Vit B2)

– Niacin (Vit B3)

– Pyridoxine (Vit B6)

– Cobalamin (Vit B12)

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Water Soluble Vitamins (cont.) Folate

Choline

Pantothenic Acid

Biotin

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

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Major Minerals Calcium

Magnesium

Phosphorus

Potassium

Sodium

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Trace Minerals Fluoride

Iron

Iodine

Selenium

Zinc

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Other Trace Minerals Chromium

Cobalt

Copper

Manganese

Molybdenum

Sulfur

Nickel, Tin, Vanadium & Silicon

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Electrolytes Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Chloride

Phosphate

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Harmful Minerals Arsenic

Excess Mercury

Lead

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Water > ½ of body weight is water

Intake = Output

Increase intake

– Excessive sweating

– Fever

– Diarrhea

– High protein & fiber diets