[2004] 신동광학 근골격계질환 진단 및 대안마련을 위한 연구 보고서
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2004. 6.
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( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ()
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. 1
. 6
. 6
. 19
. 25
1. 25
2. ( ) 39
3. 50
4. ( ) 61
5. 68
6. 75
. 176
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I.
. (WHO) 1985 (WHO, 1985) (multifactorial) . (Sluiter JK etal, 2001).
()
1
, - , .
. (David Stubbs).
. 1992 . 1 ,
. 10 . 1
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. (riskassessment) .- (work system)- - -
( Klaus J. Zink, 2003) .- (Organizational Design and Management : ODAM)- (performance) (quality of working life) - ODAM (Macroergonomics)
(macro-ergonomics) . (Scott PA and Zink K, 2003).
(MICRO-ERGONOMICS)
(MACRO-ERGONOMICS)
(Physical demension)
(Pscychological demension)
(Qualification)
(Economic demension)
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()
1
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, , .
, . WHO 1985 (multifactorial) . . , , , , , , , , , ( , 2003-24) , ( ), ( ), : , , , ( ) :
, . (macro-ergonomics) . , . 1 .
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() ()
,
, () ,
- ,
,
,
,
2
, - , , , .
. 2 . () (posture), (force), (movement) (vibration) (physical factors) () ( : ) ( (decision latitude) ) (nonphysical factors)
1. ; , , ,
2. ; (, : )
(, )
3
EU ,
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1997 NIOSH , Punnet Bergqvist , UEMSD , ISO/DIS 11226, (IEA) (ICOH) . 1997 1999 DG-5 .NIOSH ,
. , (NIOSH, 1997). , WHO (WHO, 1985). . . . : , (decision latitude), (autonomy) . . , , , . , , . , .Karasek job content . , , . , .: 60 10 .
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II.
, . , . , , , , ,
III.
1.
: (Participatory action research)
(Participatory action research) . , , (De Kong Martin 1996). (Participatory action research) --> --> --> --> --> --> --> --> (Ritchie 1996). (Participatory action research) , , .
1) : , .: , .
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2) : , .: , , , , O/T, ,
3) : .: , , ,
4) : , .:
5) :
.:
6) ( ): , .:
7) (1) : , , .: , ,
2.
. .
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1) . 2 . , . .
(1) .
- , , , , , ,
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- , , ,
- , (, )
- , ,
- : , ,
- (HAL)
- (NPF)
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- ,
- ,
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- , ,
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- : , , /, /, /, /, /
- , , ,
- ,
- ,
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4
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(2) (NationalInstitute Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) ( 1), ( 2, 3, 4) .
.
1 : 1 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 (
(3)
. Karasek(1979) . . , , , , , . , 4 (Karasek, 1979)().
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2
(low strain group) . , , . (passive group) . . (active group) . (high straingroup) . , , , , (Karasek , 1988). Karasek Theell(1990) .
Karasek (1988) . , .
Karasek(1979) .
Karasek (1982)
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. (4) (4) .
(5)
6, 7, 3, 1, 2 .
1 5 , , , , . .
[, intensity of labor] ( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/). .
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[ , intensity of labor]
() . ,
. () ,
() ,
. . ,
()
, .
, 1 , 1
, 1 ,
.
, .
, (RMR).
.
RMR = ( - ) /
= /
. RMR
0.1 10.0 , () RMR 01
(), 12 , 24 , 47 , 7 (
) . , ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ()
.
( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/)
5
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[ , intensity of labour]
, , .
.
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1 .
.
, 1 .
,
.
( , http://nisweb.nonghyupi.com/dic/aac/aac206.html)
6 (2)
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( ) =
( )
=
7
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. , . , , , .
(, , )
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,
: , ,
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8
2)
(1) 2003-24: 2003-24(2003.7.15) . . 11 .
1. 4 2. 2 , , ,
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3. 2 , ,
, 4. , 2
5. 2 6. 2 1kg
, 2kg 7. 2 4.5kg
8. 10 25kg 9. 25 10kg ,
, 10. 2 , 2 4.5kg 11. 2 10
(2) ANSI (ANSI) ANSI (ANSI Z-365 Quick Checklist) 10 . , , / , (>3m), ( / / / , / , / : , / / / / / / , ) (8 ) .
(3) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(ACGIH) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (HAL) (NPF) , , (TLV) 0.78
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(TLV) . 0.56 0.78 (AL) . (TLV) (flexin), (extension), (rotation) (neutral) , (TLV) . 4 .
(4) RULA
McAtamney Corlett(1993) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) . ( ), , , (), , . , 3 4 . 1( 1 - 2 ) , 2( 3 - 4 ) ( ), 3( 5 - 6 ) (soon) , 4( 7) (immediately) . .
1 1-2
,
2 3-4
,
3 5-6
4 7
9 RULA
(5) ACGIH Lifting TLV
ACGIH Lifting TLV (ACGIH)
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. , . , 30 (TLV) 1/2 . NLE (the Revised NIOSH LiftingEquation) (TLV) NLE .
(6) NLE (the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation)
NIOSH(1991) (AL: Action Limit) (MPL) (Recommend Weight Limit, RWL) , (Lifting Index, LI) .RWL (, 8) . . RWL AL (H), (V), (D), (FM) (AM) (C) .
RWL = 23(25/H){1-(0.003
V-75}{0.82+(4.5/D)}{1-(0.0032A)}(FM)(CM)
H(Horizontal distance) : , ( ) , 25-63 cm 25cm .V(Vertical distance) : , ( ) 0-175cm.D(Vertical travel distance) : 25-175cm,25cm 25cm .F(Frequency, /) : , 0.2/ 0.2/min(, 5 ) .A(Asymmetric angle) : (sagittal plane) , 0-135 .
RWL 23kg 0.2/ , 25cm, 75cm, 25cm
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, .
NIOSH (Lifting Index, LI)' , (RWL) (Ratio) . LI .
LI = (kg) / RWL(kg)
(LI) RWL . LI . NIOSH LI 1 , LI 3 . LI , LI 1 .
(6)
Kilbom(1994) . 50 10 .
.
2.5
, , ,
/ 10 , ,
/ 10
200
10
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.
1.
1)
( %) .
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4
%
3
.
1 : 1 1 1 (NIOSH ) 2 : 1 (NIOSH , ) 3 : 1 ( ) 4 : 3 1 (
1 119(84.4), 2 49(34.8), 3 28(19.9), 4 21(14.9) . 1 84.4% , 2 34.8% , 3 19.9% , 4 14.9% .
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0102030405060708090
100
1 2 3 4
%
2)
1 39(86.7), 2 19(42.2), 3 1(2.2), 4 1(2.2) . 1 39 , 2 19 , 3 1 , 4 1 .
2 .
3)
1. Motor, Pump , , 8 . , , , , .
2. ANSI 1 , , GM, 15 . ( ANSI 15 ). ANSI
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.
3. ACGIH TLV 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 ,2 , , , ( 1 ). / . ANSI .
4. . . . 25kg .
5. , , , 2 , 2 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , , . .
6. .
7. , . .
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.
.
.
, .
, , - .
4)
(1)
2002 , 2003 . . 2001 46, 2002 78, 2003 133 . .
(2)
. .
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.
(3)
. . . . .
(4)
. .
(5)
. . . .
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(6)
30.0(5.2) 31.4(6.6) -1.4
64.2(9.5) 52.7(11.0) 8.5
9.8(2.7) 8.0(2.6) 1.8
9.5(2.5) 9.9(2.3) -0.4
19.3(4.5) 17.9(4.0) -0.2
11
010203040506070
5
. , . . . .
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- 25 -
.
1.
1)
2004 5 24 . 400 . 186 46.5% . 141 , 45 .1)
2)
. 139(98.6), 2(1.4) . 171.6cm, 68.5kg. 37.97. 111(79.9) 2/3 , 28(20.1). 63(45.3), 55(39.6), 21(15.1) . 102(54.2) . 14.9, 7.17.
1)
.
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(%) (%)
139 98.6 -
2 1.4 -
(cm) 171.6 4.94 -
37.97 9.02 -
(kg) 68.5 8.31 -
14.9 6.9 -
7.17 14.2 -
1 0.7
4
8 5.8
86 62.8
42 30.7
28 20.1
-
111 79.9
0 0
0 0
0 0
30 21.9
4
107 78.1
55 39.6
2 21 15.1
63 45.3
34 25.0
5
102 75.0
62 44.3
1
78 55.7
12.
3)
135(95.7) 6(4.2).2) 1 44.9. 104(73.8) 37(26.2) . 4276.7.
76(53.9), 44(31.2), 16(11.4) . 76(53.9), 41(29.1), 18(12.8) .
2)
.
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- 27 -
(%) (%)
104 73.8
-
37 26.2
16 11.4
-
32 22.7
88 62.4
5 3.6
5 3.6
-
76 53.9
44 31.2
16 11.4
6 4.3
-
76 53.9
41 29.1
18 12.8
4276.7 783.7
135 95.7
3 2.1
() 1 0.7
2 1.4
1 44.9 13.7
13.
5.1 , 3.5 . .
;, 8 (5.8)
2
0 0
; 8 (5.8)
7 (5.0)
; 21 (15.1)
18 (13.0)
; 53 (38.1)
11 (7.9)
; 12 (8.6)
1 (0.7)
; 0 0
14
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()
1 (0.7)
4
4 (2.9)
4 (2.9)
() 30 (21.9)
39 (28.5)
21 (15.3)
22 (16.1)
7 (5.1)
7 (5.1)
2 (1.5)
0 0
() 0 0
15
4) (1)
20(14.2) ,48(34.0) .
() 16(11.4) , 37(26.4) .
25(17.9) , 62(44.3) .
() () 27(19.3) , 73(52.1) .
27(19.3) , 67(47.9) .
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23(16.6) , 75(54.0) .
20(14.3) , 84(60.0) .
52(36.9) , 42(29.8) .
21(15.3) , 49(35.8) .
83(59.3) , 40(28.6) .
.
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- 30 -
()
()
.
1. ()
.
20(14.2) 48(34.0) 57(40.4) 16(11.4)
2. ()
.
16(11.4) 37(26.4) 66(47.1) 21(15.0) 1
3.
.
6(4.3) 47(33.6) 62(44.3) 25(17.9) 1
4. ()
() .
6(4.3) 34(24.3) 73(52.1) 27(19.3) 1
5.
.
4(2.9) 42(30.0) 67(47.9) 27(19.3) 1
6.
.
4(2.9) 37(26.6) 75(54.0) 23(16.6) 2
7. ()
()
.
12(8.6) 43(30.7) 68(48.6) 17(12.1) 1
8.
.
7(5.0) 29(20.7) 84(60.0) 20(14.3) 1
9. ()
.
24(17.0) 37(26.2) 53(37.6) 27(19.2)
10.
.
52(36.9) 42(29.8) 35(24.8) 12(8.5)
11.
.
9(6.4) 31(22.1) 47(33.6) 53(37.9) 1
12.
.
16(11.4) 25(17.9) 48(34.3) 51(36.4) 1
13. . 21(15.3) 49(35.8) 40(29.2) 27(19.7) 4
14.
.
5(3.6) 12(8.6) 40(28.6) 83(59.3) 1
-
- 31 -
5)
. .
1.
.
4(2.9) 18(12.9) 61(43.6) 57(40.7) 1
2.
.
3(2.1) 28(20.0) 82(58.6) 27(19.3) 1
3.
.
3(2.1) 35(25.0) 77(55.0) 25(17.9) 1
4.
.
4(2.9) 31(22.1) 69(49.3) 36(25.7) 1
5.
.
12(8.6) 66(47.1) 57(40.7) 5(3.6) 1
6.
() .
8(5.8) 38(27.3) 83(59.7) 10(7.2) 2
7. . 11(7.9) 61(43.9) 58(41.7) 9(6.5) 2
8.
.
9(6.4) 57(40.4) 63(44.7) 12(8.5)
17
30.0(5.2) 31.4(6.6) -1.4
64.2(9.5) 52.7(11.0) 8.5
9.8(2.7) 8.0(2.6) 1.8
9.5(2.5) 9.9(2.3) -0.4
19.3(4.5) 17.9(4.0) -0.2
010203040506070
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- 32 -
. , . . . .
*
44 (33.3) 9
7 (5.3)
68 (51.5)
13 (9.9)
44(33.3). 68(51.5). .
-
. . . .
-
- 33 -
28.6(4.9) 52.5(10.2) 7.9(2.3) 10.4(1.9) 18.3(3.6)
31.1(6.6) 47.3(9.6) 7.2(2.8) 9.7(2.5) 16.9(4.3)
31.1(5.8) 57.3(10.8) 9.7(2.6) 11.6(2.0) 21.3(3.6)
27.0(9.4) 51.6(14.6) 8.5(1.0) 9.0(1.4) 16.3(0.6)
33.4(5.9) 61.4(8.1) 7.6(1.2) 9.3(2.0) 16.8(2.5)
34.2(5.0) 59.1(10.5) 9.0(2.5) 10.1(2.3) 19.1(4.2)
32.8(9.7) 55.1(9.8) 8.4(2.7) 10.3(2.3) 18.6(3.3)
20 ()
7)
, , ( ) , . ( / 45% ) . 2003 . . .
18.3(2.8) 23.3(2.6) 9.5(1.2) 3.2(0.5) 6.5(0.8) 61.0(5.3)
19.9(3.1) 23.7(4.1) 10.8(1.7) 2.7(0.7) 6.1(1.0) 63.4(7.2)
19.6(2.8) 21.4(4.2) 9.5(1.8) 2.8(1.2) 6.2(0.6) 59.5(8.5)
17.6(2.5) 20.8(4.8) 11.0(1.6) 3.4(0.5) 6.0(0.0) 59.0(6.2)
20.7(3.2) 24.5(2.6) 9.5(1.0) 3.2(0.4) 6.1(0.6) 62.8(4.5)
19.9(3.5) 24.8(3.3) 9.9(1.6) 3.0(0.7) 6.6(1.1) 64.9(8.6)
19.8(4.3) 24.6(3.8) 10.2(1.2) 3.1(0.4) 6.2(0.9) 64.2(8.8)
21 ()
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- 34 -
1 3(2.1) 22(15.7) 56(40.0) 43(30.7) 16(11.4) 1
2 20(14.4) 26(18.7) 84(60.4) 8(5.8) 1(0.7) 2
3 15(10.7) 33(23.6) 85(60.7) 7(5.0) - 1
4
9(6.5) 38(27.3) 77(55.4) 15(10.8) - 2
5 5(3.6) 32(22.9) 69(49.3) 32(22.9) 2(1.4) 1
6 / 11(7.9) 25(17.9) 63(45.0) 35(25.0) 6(4.3) 1
7 3(2.1) 9(6.4) 69(49.3) 46(32.9) 13(9.3) 1
8 2(1.5) 9(6.5) 50(36.2) 59(42.8) 18(13.0) 3
9
5(3.7) 7(5.2) 79(59.0) 37(27.6) 6(4.5) 7
10 ( ) 5(3.6) 5(3.6) 61(44.2) 54(39.1) 13(9.4) 3
11 (
)
16(11.7) 34(24.8) 64(46.7) 20(14.6) 3(2.2) 4
12 3(2.3) 5(3.9) 90(70.3) 24(18.8) 6(4.7) 13
13 3(2.3) 4(3.0) 90(68.2) 33(25.0) 2(1.5) 9
14 1(0.8) 5(3.8) 80(60.6) 44(33.3) 2(1.5) 9
15
4(3.0) 2(1.5) 68(51.5) 45(34.1) 13(9.9) 9
16 4(3.0) 7(5.2) 74(55.2) 36(26.9) 13(9.7) 7
17 9(6.8) 2(1.5) 106(80.3) 13(9.9) 2(1.5) 9
18
6(4.4) 9(6.6) 74(54.0) 46(33.6) 2(1.5) 4
19 7(5.2) 3(2.2) 59(44.0) 54(40.3) 11(8.2) 7
22
8)
, (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), ( 1 ), ( ) .
-
1 119(84.4), 2 49(34.8), 3 28(19.9), 4 21(14.9)
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- 35 -
. 1 84.4% , 2 34.8% , 3 19.9% , 4 14.9% .
1 2 3 4
119(84.4) 49(34.8) 28(19.9) 21(14.9)
23
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4
%
7
-
1 90(63.8), / 83(58.9), 80(56.7), / 63(44.7), / 56(39.7), / 35(24.8) . 50% . 40% .
1 2 3 4
82(58.2) 80(56.7) 21(14.9) 9(6.4) 8(5.7)
99(70.2) 90(63.8) 24(17.0) 13(9.2) 10(7.1)
/ 43(30.5) 35(24.8) 10(7.1) 5(3.6) 3(2.1)
/ 65(46.1) 63(44.7) 17(12.1) 11(7.8) 7(5.0)
/ 91(65.0) 83(58.9) 29(20.6) 10(7.1) 8(5.7)
/ 58(41.1) 56(39.7) 15(10.6) 8(5.7) 4(2.8)
24 ( ) : %
-
- 36 -
-
. 1 95.74%, 2 40.43%, 3 34.04%, 4 21.28% . .
1 2 3 4
22 18(81.82) 15(68.18) 6(27.27) 3(13.64) 3(13.64)
47 45(95.74) 45(95.74) 19(40.43) 16(34.04) 10(21.28)
10 9(90.00) 8(80.00) 2(20.00) 2(20.00) 2(20.00)
5 5(100.00) 3(60.00) 2(40.00) 2(40.00) 2(40.00)
18 16(88.89) 16(88.89) 7(38.89) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
17 15(88.24) 15(88.24) 6(35.29) 2(11.76) 1(5.88)
16 13(81.25) 13(81.25) 5(31.25) 2(12.50) 2(12.50)
25 ( ) : %
9)
p-value
38.7 36.6 0.2062
23.3 23.1 0.7441
4212.2 4380.4 0.2545
15.3 14.2 0.3534
4.9 5.5 0.0675
() 3.3 4.0 0.0235
26 (1)
. .
-
- 37 -
95%
1.06 0.449-2.491
/
/ 3.03 1.354-6.796
0.37 0.178-0.762
/
/ 6.70 3.098-14.492
/
/ 6.07 2.836-13.011
27 (2)
/ / 3.03 . . / / 6.70 . / / 6.07 , .
p-value
18.7 20.9 0.0002
22.7 24.9 0.0017
10.0 10.4 0.1245
2.9 3.1 0.1700
6.3 6.1 0.2873
60.6 65.3 0.0004
(1)
.
-
- 38 -
p-value
30.6 33.1 0.0537
53.0 52.1 0.6811
8.3 7.4 0.0593
10.0 9.8 0.5116
18.3 17.2 0.1197
(1)
.
-
- 39 -
2.
1)
. . . 10% .
-
. . .
13-14 .. .. .. .. .. 2 3 .. .. 1 4 .. 2 .. 12 - 1 .. .. 1 2 ..
2 .. .. .. .. ..
9 6 ..
-
. 46 133 3 . .
-
- 40 -
.. 1,2 .. .. 1 .. .. 20-30 .. 110 .. 1 .. 7-8 40 5:5 .. .. .. .. .. 2 34-36.. .. .. 3-4 .. 150 ..
.. 1,2 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10-15 .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 8 10 10 15 .. ..
-
. .
.. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 .. .. ..
10% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
- 41 -
..
. . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 30 .. .. 120 .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 30 120 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. ... .. ..
2.. 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. , .. ..
.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . .
-
- 42 -
.
... .... .... .. ... 100 200 200 ...
10 .. 15 .. 1 .. 1 2 17 .. 10 20 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. 10 11 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
. .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) .. .. .. .. 10 1 .. 1
-
- 43 -
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
-
. . .
.. .. 8 30 .. .. .. .. 5 10 .. () .. .. 2 .. 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
16 18 .. .. .. .. .. / .. ..
-
- 44 -
.. ..
.. 16 18 .. 16 .. .. .. .. .. 16 .. 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. ..
-
. .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
? .. ... ... .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
- 45 -
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2 ..
-
.. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. () .. 30-40KG .. .. 30KG .. .. 50 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2 .. 3 .. .. 2.. .. 2 .. 3 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. ..
2)
-
-
- 46 -
.3) 2003 .
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
2004
4
4 14 4 14 7 14 11 15 8 22 4 72 7 25
: 2
18
18 21 26 30
76
(8)
01020304050607080
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004.4.
- ()
, () . () . . . 2002 30 2003 76 2 .
2001
2002 2003 2004.
() 46 78 133 175
26 30 76 32(4 )
() 202 206 217 210(4 )
31
3) .( )
-
- 47 -
0
50
100
150
200
250
2001 2002 2003 2004.
() ()
9
1 84.4%, 2 34.8%, 3 19.9%, 4 14.9% . . . , 10 8.5 .
3)
. .
.. .. ..
15-20% .. .. .. ..
30 .. .. .. 20% .. .. ..
.. 8 .. .. ..
-
- 48 -
. , . . .
.. .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. , .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. QC .. .. .. .. .. .. .. To .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ( ) ..
-
- 49 -
.
-
- 50 -
3. 4)
1)
2004 5 24 . 400 . 186 46.5% . 141 , 45 .5)
2)
. 45(100), . 171.2cm, 69.1kg. 35.4. 22(51.2) , 21(48.8). 23(53.5), 9(20.9), 11(25.6) . 38(84.4) . 3.5.
4) .
, .
.
.
.
5)
.
-
- 51 -
(%) (%)
45 100
0 0
(cm) 171.2 5.1
35.4 11.4
(kg) 69.1 10.8
1.4 1.32
3.5 3.05
1 2.3
2
0 0
34 79.1
8 18.6
21 48.8
2
22 51.2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2
43 100
9 20.9
2 11 25.6
23 53.5
7 15.6
-
38 84.4
33 73.3
12 26.7
32.
3)
1(2.2), 5(11.1), () 1(2.2), 38(84.4) . 1 51.1. 30(66.7), 15(33.3) 2/3 . 1397.9 .
19(42.2), 16(35.6), 7(15.6) . 24(53.3), 10(22.2), 6(13.3) .
-
- 52 -
(%) (%)
15 33.3
-
30 66.7
11 24.4
-
8 17.8
25 55.6
1 2.2
3 6.7
-
19 42.2
16 35.6
7 15.6
5 11.1
-
24 53.3
10 22.2
6 13.3
1397.9 558.6
1 2.2
5 11.1
() 1 2.2
38 84.4
1 51.1 14
33.
6.1 , 4.4 . .
;, 0 0
0 0
; 0 0
0 0
;
5 (11.1)
2 (4.4)
;
29 (64.4)
2 (4.4)
;
7 (15.6)
0 0
; 0 0
34
-
- 53 -
()
0 0
0 0
0 0
()
6 (13.3)
13 (28.9)
6 (13.3)
12 (26.7)
1 (2.2)
4 (8.9)
1 (2.2)
0 0
()
2 (4.4)
35
4) (1)
16(30.8) 23(44.2) .
() 18(34.6) .
18(34.6) 13(25.0) , 21(42.0), 14(28.0) .
34(65.4) 14(26.9) . .
.
-
- 54 -
()
()
.
1. ()
.
5(11.1) 17(37.8) 21(46.7) 2(4.4)
2. ()
.
5(11.1) 16(35.6) 20(44.4) 4(8.9)
3.
.
3(6.7) 16(35.6) 17(37.8) 9(20.0)
4. ()
() .
3(6.7) 13(28.9) 19(42.2) 10(22.2)
5.
.
3(6.7) 9(20.0) 21(46.7) 12(26.7)
6.
.
1(2.3) 8(18.6) 16(37.2) 18(41.9)
2
7. ()
()
.
12(26.7) 17(37.8) 8(17.8) 8(17.8)
8.
.
1(2.3) 12(27.9) 11(25.6) 19(44.2)
2
9. ()
.
5(11.4) 11(25.0) 16(36.4) 12(27.3)
1
10.
.
30(66.7) 14(31.1)
- 1(2.2)
11.
.
1(2.3) 4(9.3) 9(20.9) 29(67.4)
2
12.
.
2(4.6) 5(11.4) 13(29.6) 24(54.6)
1
13.
.
7(15.9) 12(27.3) 16(36.4) 9(20.5)
1
14.
.
2(4.6) 2(4.6) 7(15.9) 33(75.0)
1
36 (1)
-
- 55 -
5)
. .
1.
.
2(4.6) 6(13.6) 16(36.4) 20(45.5)
1
2.
.
4
(8.9)
10(22.2) 20(44.4) 11(24.4)
3.
.
4(8.9) 11(24.4) 21(46.7) 9(20.0)
4.
.
5(11.1) 14(31.1) 19(42.2) 7(15.6)
5.
.
3(6.7) 24(53.3) 15(33.3) 3(6.7)
6.
() .
5(11.1) 21(46.7) 14(31.1) 5(11.1)
7. .
8(18.2) 20(45.5) 11(25.0) 5(11.4)
1
8.
.
9(20.0) 21(46.7) 11(24.4) 4(8.9)
37
30.0(5.2) 32.0(6.8) -2.0
64.2(9.5) 43.3(11.3) 20.9
9.8(2.7) 8.4(3.1) 1.4
9.5(2.5) 10.6(2.6) -1.1
19.3(4.5) 19.0(4.9) 0.3
-
- 56 -
010203040506070
. , . . . .*
14 (36.0)
6
- -
24 (61.5)
1 (2.6)
14(36.0), 24(61.5). .
-
- 57 -
7)
, . .
. . . . .
1 1(2.2) 12(26.7) 24(53.3) 4(8.9) 4(8.9) -
2 7(15.6) 6(13.3) 28(62.2) 4(8.9) - -
3 7(15.6) 6(13.3) 26(57.8) 6(13.3) - -
4
8(18.2) 8(18.2) 20(45.5) 8(18.2) - -1
5 3(6.7) 5(11.1) 24(53.3) 12(26.7) 1(2.2) -
6 / 14(31.1) 14(31.1) 14(31.1) 1(2.2) 2(4.4) -
7 1(2.2) 9(20.0) 26(57.8) 5(11.1) 4(8.9) -
8 - 7(15.6) 28(62.2) 6(13.3) 4(8.9) -
9
- 3(6.8) 33(75.0) 7(15.9) 1(2.3) 1
10 ( ) 4(9.1) 32(72.7) 6(13.6) 2(4.6) 1
11 (
)
1(2.4) 15(35.7) 24(57.1) 2(4.8) - 3
12 2(4.6) 3(6.8) 33(75.0) 2(4.6) 4(9.1) 1
13 1(2.2) 38(84.4) 5(11.1) 1(2.2) - -
14 - - 38(84.4) 7(15.6) - -
15
1(2.2) 1(2.2) 39(86.7) 4(8.9) - -
16 - - 31(68.9) 10(22.2) 4(8.9) -
17 - - 44(97.8) 1(2.2) - -
18
2(4.4) 2(4.4) 39(86.7) 2(4.4) - -
19 2(4.4) - 43(95.6) - - -
-
- 58 -
0102030405060708090
100
1 2 3 4
%
8)
, (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), ( 1 ), ( ) . 1 39(86.7), 2 19(42.2), 3 1(2.2), 4 1(2.2) . 1 39 , 2 19 , 3 1 , 4 1 .
1 2 3 4
39(86.7) 19(42.2) 1(2.2) 1(2.2)
41
- 1 / 39(86.7), 28(62.2), / 27(60.0), / 24(53.3), / 20(44.4), 15(33.3) . / 86.7% . / . 50% .
-
- 59 -
1 2 3 4
20(44.44) 15(33.33) 6(13.33) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
30(66.67) 28(62.22) 9(20.00) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
/ 21(46.67) 20(44.44) 3(6.67) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
/ 24(53.33) 24(53.33) 6(13.33) 1(2.22) 1(2.22)
/ 29(64.44) 27(60.00) 11(24.44) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)
/ 39(86.67) 39(86.67) 19(42.22) 1(2.22) 1(2.22)
39(86.67) 39(86.67) 19(42.22) 1(2.22) 1(2.22)
42 ( ) : %
9)
p-value
36.2 34.1 0.5664
24.0 22.9 0.2205
1399.3 1395.6 0.9876
1.2 1.7 0.1457
5.8 6.5 0.0402
() 3.7 5.3 0.0145
43 (1)
, .
95%
1.15 0.325-4.045
/
/ 3.54 1.001-12.485
0.48 0.142-1.598
/
/ 3.47 0.994-12.088
/
/ 9.43 2.289-38.835
44 (2)
-
- 60 -
/ / 3.54 . / / 9.43 , .
p-value
17.7 18.9 0.1936
21.3 22.7 0.2282
9.6 9.8 0.4293
3.0 3.0 0.3269
6.0 6.1 0.3224
57.0 60.2 0.1094
45
. // / .
p-value
29.7 35.2 0.0054
45.6 40.9 0.1973
9.8 6.5 0.0002
11.3 9.7 0.0436
21.0 16.2 0.0009
46
/ / / .
-
- 61 -
4.
1)
. . .
-
. .
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. , ? .. ?.. .. 4~5 ..
.. 90 .... ...
.. () .. ..
-
. . .
-
- 62 -
.. .. .. .. 3D .. ..
.. .. .. EM.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
. . .
.. 16 .. 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
..
1600-1900 .. 3000 .. 1 .. ..
.. .. 30 .. .. .. ..
-
- 63 -
60 .. 10 .. .. ?.. , 10 .. 2 3 .. .. . , .. 500 .. .. .. .. 80 .. , .. .. .. ..
-
. . , .
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. ~~ .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
-
1397.9 . . .
.. / .. 1600-1800 .. .. .. .. ..
-
- 64 -
2 .. 200 .. .. .. ..
.. .. 3700 .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. 90~100 120~130.. 140 ..
1200 .. 3/1 ..
3 200 .. 6 .. 250%.. 100%.. 50% .. 30 20.. 10 .. ..
-
. , .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
- 65 -
.. .. .. ..
-
. . .
.. 2 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 00 .. .. ..
.. .. ?.. ? .. ..
.. 5 .. .. .. ..
-
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-
- 66 -
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2)
1 39(86.7), 2 19(42.2), 3 1(2.2), 4 1(2.2) . 1 39 , 2 19 , 3 1 , 4 1 .
3)
. / . . .
24 3 , , 8 .. 8 .. 8 .. 8 ..
-
- 67 -
.. .. 15%-20% ..
.. /.. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) ..
. .. 150.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.
-
- 68 -
5.
( ) .
1)
(1)
() / ANSI .
-
- 69 -
ANSI Z-365
A
(1) 12
(1) 13
MCT(3) 8
1 (2) 11
2 (1) 9
(6) 9
2 (2) 10
1 (7) 12
1 (1) 12
2 (3) 9
2 R/V(2) 11
1 (5) 10
1 (10) 18
1 (5) 14
1 (6) 15
2 (4) 15
2 (1) 9
2 (2) 15
2 (2) 15
2 (T3X)(4) 12
2 (2) 11
(2) 18
GM(4) 16
(2) 12
(2) 17
(2) 15
(1) 18
(5) 12
TEC(1) 15
FBR (5) 15
(6) 15
(5) 13
47 ANSI
ANSI =10 ( )
ANSI 10 .
-
- 70 -
1 , , GM, 15 . 13.
() (Hand Activity) ACGIH TLV .
( ) TLV
(1) -
(1) -
MCT(3) -
1 (2) -
2 (1) 0.5
(6) -
2 (2) 0.83
1 (7) 0.8
1 (1) -
2 (3) -
2 R/V(2) -
1 (5) 1
1 (10) -
1 (5) -
1 (6) -
2 (4) -
2 (1) -
2 (2) -
2 (2) 1
2 (T3X)(4) -
2 (2) 0.8
(2) -
GM(4) -
(2) 1
(2) 1
(2) 1
(1) -
(5) -
TEC(1) -
FBR (5) -
(6) -
(5) -
48.
( ) = /(10- ) TLV: =0.78 (=0.56)
-
- 71 -
ACGIH , , (TLV) . (Hand Activity Level, HAL) (Normalized Peak Force, NPF) . ( ) . (TLV) 0.78 (AL) 0.56. 0.78 .
= / (10 - )
2 TLV . 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , , ., .
() ACGIH Lifting TLV . (LI) TLV() 1 .
ACGIH TLV . , . ().
-
- 72 -
ACGIH TLV ()
(1) (16kg)
(1) -
MCT(3) ()
1 (2) -
2 (1) (16kg)
(6) (16kg)
2 (2) (16kg)
1 (7) (14kg)
1 (1) -
2 (3) ()
2 R/V(2) (9kg)
1 (5) -
1 (10) (16kg)
1 (5) (16kg)
1 (6) (16kg)
2 (4) (16kg)
2 (1) -
2 (2) (16kg)
2 (2) (16kg)
2 (T3X)(4) -
2 (2) (7kg)
(2) -
GM(4) -
(2) (16kg)
(2) (16kg)
(2) -
(1) -
(5) -
TEC(1) -
FBR (5) -
(6) -
(5) -
49 ACGIH TLV
.( )
, TLV .
-
- 73 -
: > 360/ : 8 : 30 ( ) ( ) , (: )
()
Kilbom(1994) .
.
2.5 , , ,
/
10 , ,
/
10
200
60, 60
17, 34
70, 28
2 28, 28
2
48
1 48
1 70, 210
2 45
2 50, 50
2 45, 45
15, 30
(:12, :20), 60
15, 40
51 Kilbom(1994)
-
- 74 -
50 10 . , , , 2 , , 1 , , 2 , , , , , . . , .
-
- 75 -
6. .
1.
2004. 5.25 (5), (,,,,)
1
, . EL(20kg) . .
1 :
(,/ )
, /,
2 :
/ /
-
- 76 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 12
: 12 .
* ( ) . ANSI . /, , / .
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 60/ 60/ - ,
, .
3)
.
-
- 77 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :TS ES / 12 (kg) 14.4kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 78 -
4)
1 . . 2 1 1 . , . .
. , . . .
.
. . . .
-
- 79 -
2.
2004. 5. 25. (5), (,,,,)
1
15 . . . .
1 :
()
2 :
(/, )
/,
-
- 80 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 13
: 13 .
* ( ) . ANSI ., /, , /
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 17/ 34/ - ,
, .
-
- 81 -
3)
.
.
/ .
.
.
.
-
- 82 -
3.
2004. 5. 25. (5), (,,,,)
MCT
3
b.n.c3, c.n.c1 4 . 3 2 1 . 1 4 . . .
1 : mct
()
2 : mct
-
- 83 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 8
: 8 .
* ( ) . ANSI .
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : TS / 12 (kg) 18.2kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) TLV (TLV) .
-
- 84 -
3)
4 .
.
.
, .
.
.
.( )
-
- 85 -
4.
2004. 5. 25
(5), (,,,,)
1
2
1 . . . 1~2 . .
1 :
, /
2 :
, , /
-
- 86 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 11
: 11 .
* ( ) . ANSI . , /, , / .
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 70/ 28/ - ,
, .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
-
- 87 -
3)
2~3 .
() (2) .
.
, , .
.
().
-
- 88 -
5.
2004. 5. 25 (5), (,,,,)
2
1
. . 10kg . .
1 : 2
2 : 2
, ,
-
- 89 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 1(3) 1(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9
: 9 .
* ( ) . ANSI .
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
4 3 0.5
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
0.5 .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
-
28/()28/(
) - ,
/ .
4)
-
- 90 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 14.6kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV . 14.6kg 20kg .
20kg ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
5)
.
.
.
.
. . .
-
- 91 -
6.
2004. 5. 25 (5), (,,,,)
6
. . (30 - 40kg)
1 :
/, /
-
- 92 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 9
: 9 .
* ( ) . ANSI .. , , /
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 3, 2 , .
RULA 2 , , .
-
- 93 -
3)
.
, .
(86) (2) .
, . .
, .
.
K-1 (MILL-H-46170, MILL-H-6083, SELL TELLES22) ( )
.
.
.
.
-
- 94 -
7.
2004. 5.25 (5), (,,,,)
2
2
2 . , . 2 1 . . .
-
- 95 -
1 : 2
2 : 2
.
3 : 2
T
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 2(3) 1(3) 2(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 10
: 10 .
-
- 96 -
* ( ) . ANSI .. .
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
4 5 0.83
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
0.83 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : BETTEL END, / 12/ (kg) 19.3kg,(bottel end) 30~60CM(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV)
-
- 97 -
4)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
-
48/() - -
.
5)
(2 ) .
.
.
BOTTLE END , .
.
.
BOTTLE END .
.
.
-
- 98 -
8.
2004. 5. 25 (5), (, ,, , )
1
7
7 . . (2.8-8kg) . . , .
-
- 99 -
1 : 1
,
2 : 1
3 : 1
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 2(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12
: 12 .
-
- 100 -
* ( ) . ANSI .. , /,
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
5 4 0.8
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
0.8 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
-
48/()1 :1~1:30 - -
.
4)
-
- 101 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13~30/ (kg) 8kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 14kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 102 -
5)
, .
, .
,, .
.
.
.
LOADING UNLOADING ( ) .
.
LAY OUT
, .
.
-
- 103 -
9.
2004. 5. 25 (5), (,,,,)
1
1
. . .
1 : 1
, /
2 : 1
, /
/
-
- 104 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12
: 12 .
* ( ) . ANSI .. , /,
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- - 70/() 210/() ,
, .
-
- 105 -
3)
.
.
.
.
( )
.
.
-
- 106 -
10.
2004.5.26 (5), (, ,, , )
2
4
REAR FLANGE 54 2,2 . 230 AIR . , , . 4~5 () .
1 :
-
- 107 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 9
: 9 .
* ( ) . ANSI ..
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) :
/ 12/ (kg) 24.9kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) TLV . ( ) ACGIH (Lifting TLV)
-
- 108 -
3)
1 (4.5)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
LOADING UNLOADING ( ) .(,)
-
- 109 -
11.
2004. 5.26. (5), (,,,)
2
R/V
4
11.2KG 26 , , 5 (26*5=130) .LNC 24 3(24*3=72) .( ) CNC . 24 6(24*6=144) . 2 26 24 ,2 32 30 .
1 : 2 R/V
/,
-
- 110 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 11
: 11 .
* ( ) . ANSI 11 .. , /, .
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : R/V / 31~360/ (kg) 11.2kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 9kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 111 -
3)
.
.
.
, 1 .
.
.
.
.
.
-
- 112 -
12.
2004. 5. 26. (5), (,,,)
1
7
1 .7 . . . (35VA,40VC COVER)1PART 12 1 .
1 : 1 1
2 : 1 1
/
-
- 113 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 1(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 10
: 10 .
* ( ) . ANSI ../, /, .
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
-
- 114 -
3)
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
-
- 115 -
13.
2004. 5. 26 (5), (,,,)
1
10
. 1 .(,) . .
1 : 1
, , /,
/
2 : 1
-
- 116 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18
: 18 ( ) .
* ( ) . ANSI ( ) .. , /, , /, , ,
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : ASS'Y / 12/ (kg) 22.5kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 117 -
3)
.
.
.
(: 8kg) .
.( )
.( )
.( )
TM40VC .
, .
-
- 118 -
14.
2004. 5. 26 (5), (,,,)
1
5
5 3 2 . . . (25KG)
1 : 1
/ ,
-
- 119 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 1(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 14
: 14 .
* ( ) . ANSI .. , /, /. .
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 25kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 120 -
3)
( )
, , .
.
(4.4kg) .
.
.
.
( ) .
-
- 121 -
15.
2004. 5. 26 (5), (,,,)
1
9
6 21 .1 . (:18KG) . . .
1 : 1
,
, O
2 : 1
,
-
- 122 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) . ANSI .. , , /, .
2)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 20.1kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 123 -
3)
, () .
.
ERP
.
, .
(4.4kg) . .
.
-
- 124 -
17.
2004.5.27 (5), (,,,)
2
6
, , 2 2 .( 1) , (, , ) . , .
1 : 2
2 : 2
/,
-
- 125 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 2(3) 1(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) .
ANSI ./, , /,
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
-
45/()43/() - -
.
3)
-
- 126 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : 140 / 12 / (kg) 25kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV)
4)
, .
, .
.
.
.
-
- 127 -
18.
2004.5.27 (5), (,,,)
2
1
. . , . (2.8~ 8kg) .
1 : 2
/, /
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 9
: 9 .
* ( ) .
-
- 128 -
ANSI . , /,
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 26/ - -
.
3)
.
.
/ .
.
.
-
- 129 -
19. .
2004. 5. 27 (5), (,,,)
2
1
20 , , . . .
1 : 2
, , , /
, , ,
2 : 2
, /
, /
-
- 130 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) .
ANSI .. , /, , /, .
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 50/ 50/ - ,
, .
3)
-
- 131 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 13~30 / (kg) 15.5 kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 14TLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
4)
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
-
- 132 -
20.
2004. 5.27 (5), (,,,)
2
2
. . .
1 : 2
/, ,
-
- 133 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) .
ANSI . , /, /, , /,
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 45/ 45/ - ,
, .
-
- 134 -
4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/
(kg) 13.3kg
*
30~60cm
(TLV) (kg) 16kg
TLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .( )
-
- 135 -
5)
.
.
.
( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, . .
-
- 136 -
21.
2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)
2
(t3x)
4
4 . , , , . .
1 :
,
2 :
-
- 137 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 1(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12
: 12 .
* ( ) .
ANSI ../, , /, .
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 1 2 1 1 4 2 7 4 7, 4 .
-
- 138 -
3)
.
. .
.
-
- 139 -
21.
2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)
2
2
2 . . . .
1 : 2
2 : 2
,
,
-
- 140 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 11
: 11 .
* ( ) .
ANSI .. , , /, .
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF)
[NPF/(10-HAL)]
5 4 0.8
:
(TLV)=0.78
(Action
Limit)=0.56
0.8 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
-
- 141 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 25kg 8cm (180cm) * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 7kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
4)
. . .
.
.
, .
( ).
.
.
-
- 142 -
22.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
2
. . . . .
1 :
, ,
2 :
, , .
-
- 143 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 2(3) 2(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18
: 18 .( )
* ( ) .
ANSI .( )/, , /, ,
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- 15/ 30/ - ,
, .
-
- 144 -
3)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
- 145 -
23.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
GM
2
. 1. 2 . . . .
1 : GM
, T
2 : GM
-
- 146 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 2(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 16
: 16 .( )
* ( ) .
ANSI .( ) /, , /, , .
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
TM 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 4, 2 .
-
- 147 -
3)
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( ) . .
-
- 148 -
24.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
2
2 . . .
1 :
,
2 :
-
- 149 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12
: 12 .
* ( ) .
ANSI . , /, , /,
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF)
[NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:
(TLV)=0.78
(Action
Limit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
-
- 150 -
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 22.2kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV)
4)
.
() ( )
, .
() .
-
- 151 -
25.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
2
. . .
1 :
, /,
-
- 152 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
3(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 17
: 17 .( )
* ( ) .
ANSI .( ) , , /, , /, ,
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF) [NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:(TLV)=0.78(ActionLimit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/) 20/()12//() 60/ - -
,
, .
-
- 153 -
4)
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) : / 12/ (kg) 22.2kg * 30~60cm(TLV) (kg) 16kgTLV
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
-
- 154 -
5)
.
.
() ..
.
.
-
- 155 -
26.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
2
. , .2 .
1 :
, /
2 :
-
- 156 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 13
: 13 .
* ( ) .
ANSI . /, , /, , .
2) - ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity
(HAL) (NPF)
[NPF/(10-HAL)]
6 4 1
:
(TLV)=0.78
(Action
Limit)=0.56
1 .
ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (Action Limit) .
3)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
15/ 40/ - - ,
, .
-
- 157 -
4)
1 : 1 30(1 3)
. PULL .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
- 158 -
27.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
1
1 1 , . .
1 :
/
2 :
/, .
-
- 159 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 2(3) 2(2) 1(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 18
: 18 .( )
* ( ) .
ANSI .( ) , /, , /, ,
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
3 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 3 5, 3 .
-
- 160 -
3)
( )
( )
() . ( )
. . . . . . . .
-
- 161 -
28.
2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)
5()
5 1 . . .
1 :
/, , , ,
, / ,
2 :
,
-
- 162 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 1(3) 0(3) 0(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 12
: 12 .
* ( ) .
ANSI . /, , /, .
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
2 1 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 7, 3 .
-
- 163 -
3)
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ( )
()
.
.
-
- 164 -
29.
2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)
TEC
2
2 . () .
1 : TEC
/
,
2 : TEC
-
- 165 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) .
ANSI . , /, , /, .
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
TEC 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 6 3 6, 3 .
-
- 166 -
3)
. ( ) .
, .
.
.
-
- 167 -
30.
2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)
FBR
5
1 , , , , , , , . .
1 : FBR
2 : FBR
, ,
-
- 168 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) . ANSI .. , /, , /, .
ACGIH (Lifting TLV) .
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
FBR 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3, 2 .
-
- 169 -
3)
( , )
.
.
.
-
- 170 -
30.
2004. 5.28 (5), (,,,)
6
6 . . , . . .
1 :
2 :
,
-
- 171 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
0(3) 3(3) 1(3) 1(3) 2(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 2(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 15
: 15 .
* ( ) .
ANSI .. , /, , /, , .
2)
(2.5/) (10/) (10/) (200/)
- -
1 120/ -
.
-
- 172 -
3)
.
.
, ..
( ).
-
- 173 -
1 :
,
, ,
31.
2004. 6. 1 (5), (,,,)
5
. 5 . .
-
- 174 -
1) - ANSI Z-365
/
/
/
1(3) 3(3) 0(3) 1(3) 1(2) 0(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 0(2) 2(2) 13
: 13 .
* ( ) . ANSI .. , , /,
2) RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment)
(6) (3) (4) (2) (6) (6) (2)
1 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 3, 2 .
-
- 175 -
3)
.
.
.
, .
.
.( . )
/ .
.
-
- 176 -
.
. . IMF .6) .
1. 84.4% , 34.8% , 19.9% , 14.9% . 34.8% .
2. ( ),, , . , , , .
3. , , , , , , . .
4. . . , , . .
5. .
6) IMF . 2001
. .
.
-
- 177 -
, , . .
6. .
1) .
2) .
3) . .
4) .
5) .
6) , .
7) .
8) . , . .
9) . ,
-
- 178 -
. . .
, .
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