2–1the nature of matter a.atoms b.elements and isotopes 1.isotopes 2.radioactive isotopes

• 2–1 The Nature of MatterA. Atoms

B. Elements and Isotopes1. Isotopes

2. Radioactive Isotopes

C.Chemical Compounds

D.Chemical Bonds1. Ionic Bonds

2. Covalent Bonds

3. Van der Waals Forces

Atomic Structure

Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons

6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons

6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons

Isotopes of Carbon

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Ionic Bonding

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

• 2–2 Properties of WaterA.The Water Molecule

1. Polarity

2. Hydrogen Bonds

B.Solutions and Suspensions1. Solutions

2. Suspensions

C.Acids, Bases, and pH1. The pH Scale

2. Acids

3. Bases

4. Buffers

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

pH Scale

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

NaCI Solution

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

NaCI Solution

• 2–3 Carbon CompoundsA.The Chemistry of Carbon

B.Macromolecules

C.Carbohydrates

D.Lipids

E.Nucleic Acids

F. Proteins

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

Carbon Compounds

Starch

Glucose

A Starch

General structure Alanine Serine

Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

General structure Alanine Serine

Amino group Carboxyl group

Amino Acids

General structure Alanine Serine

Amino group Carboxyl group

Amino Acids

Aminoacids

A Protein

• 2–4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesA.Chemical Reactions

B.Energy in Reactions1. Energy Changes

2. Activation Energy

C.Enzymes

D.Enzyme Action1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex

2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Effect of Enzymes

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Chemical Reactions

Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Chemical Reactions

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Enzyme Action

Active site

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released Active site

Enzyme Action

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released Active site

Enzyme Action

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released Active site

Enzyme Action

Enzymatic Reactions

Terms to know

Dehydration synthesis = forming a substance and using water (water is a product)

Hydrolysis = breaking down of substance and forming of water (water is a reactant)

-lysis = to break down