a history of western society

A History of Western Society

CHAPTER 23

The Age of Nationalism

1850–1914

Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

John P. McKay • Clare Haru Crowston •

Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks • Joe Perry

• A. France’s Second Republic

• 1. Louis Napoleon’s Election Victory—Despite a lack of political experience, Louis Napoleon provided protection to middle-class and peasant property owners against the socialist challenge.

• 2. Louis Napoleon’s Program—A strong, authoritarian national leader who would serve all the people, provide national unity, promote social progress, and create jobs.

• 3. Political Steps—Louis signed a bill to increase the role of the Catholic Church in primary and secondary education, approved a law depriving many poor people of the right to vote, illegally dismissed the Assembly on December 2, 1851, seized power in a coup d’état, crushed protests with the army.

• B. Napoleon III’s Second Empire

• 1. Economic Measures—Emperor Napoleon III’s government encouraged new investment banks and railroad construction and supported ambitious public works projects to rebuild Paris. In the 1850s and 1860s.

II. Nation Building in Italy1. Count Camillo Benso di Cavour—A nobleman and

brilliant statesman who led Sardinia from 1850 until his

death in 1861. He initially sought unity only for the

states of northern and central Italy.

• 2. Unifying Northern Italy—In 1858, Cavour arranged a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria who controlled part of northern Italy. Cavour achieved his goal of a northern Italian state.

• 3. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882)—Son of a poor sailor and the embodiment of romantic revolutionary nationalism and republicanism who “liberated” the kingdom of the Two Sicilies by landing in Sicily and Naples in 1860. Garibaldi used his Red Shirts (guerilla army) to win the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

Italy becomes Unified• The Italians first get the taste of political

unity from Napoleon. The Congress of

Vienna puts old political divisions back in

place.

• Italian Nationalism - Risorgimento . Secret

Societies formed the carbonari. Giuseppi

Mazzini, early Italian leader.

• “Young Italy Movement” begins in 1831.

• 1848 Rebellions in Sardinia, Tuscany, Rome.

The only successful one in Sardinia.

Count Cavour - Victor Emmanuel II • Many Italians wanted a

country led by the pope.

• Count Cavour was the

prime minister of Sardinia.

He helped unite Italy.

• Austrian control of Northern

Italy prevented Italian unity.

• Cavour plotted with

Napoleon III of France

Count Cavour

Napoleon III • Napoleon III and Cavour

plotted to defeat Austria.

• France got Nice and Savoy

and then turned around and

plotted with the Austrians.

• Many of the other Italian

provinces wanted to join

Sardinia.

• Victor Emmanuel II agrees

to the French terms.

Italy

Garibaldi’s Red Shirts • The Bourbons ruled in

Southern Italy. The Kingdom

of the Two Sicilies.

• Garibaldi was a career

revolutionary.

• Garibaldi with his Red Shirts

conquer The Kingdom of the

Two Sicilies.

• Garibaldi drives the

Bourbons out of Italy.Giuseppe Garibaldi

Final Unification of Italy • In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II is

crowned the king of Italy.

• The new kingdom included all

of Italy except Venetia and the

Papal States.

• Italy gains Venetia after the

Seven Weeks War, between

Austria and Prussia.

• Lots of problems in Italy,

sectionalism, Mafia, high taxes

Italian Celebration

Prussia Created a Unified and

Powerful German Empire

Prussia as a Leader• Napoleon I controlled Prussia from the 1806

- 1812. He helped unify Germany.

• Napoleon ended the Hapsburg control of

Germany and created the Confederation of

the Rhine.

• Napoleon stimulated nationalism in the

German states.

• Nationalism favored Prussia more than

Austria. Prussia had a larger Germanic

population.

The Zollverein• The first major step toward German unity

concerned the economy.

• The drive for movement of goods was

begun by the Junkers (the aristocratic land

owners of Prussia ).

• A customs union was set up called the

Zollverein .

• This benefited members by lower prices and

by lowering trade restrictions.

Bismarck and Prussian Strength•William I became king of

Prussia in 1861.

• In 1862 he appointed Otto von Bismarck to head the Prussian cabinet.

•Bismarck dismissed the Prussian parliament and taxed for military expansion and ignored the protests of the liberals.

The Crowning of the Kaiser

Unification Through War• Bismarck fought a series of Wars to unify

Germany and to weaken Austria.

• The Danish War - Prussia and Austria defeat

Denmark and take the states of Schleswig

and Holstein.

• The Seven Weeks War - Bismarck used Italy

and France to force Austria from the

German Confederation.

• Franco - Prussian War- Prussia defeats

France and united Germany in 1871.

Formation of the German Empire

• In 1871 representatives of the German

states met at Versailles declaring the

formation of the German Empire .

• A federal government was set up.

• The Kaiser, was head of the government .

Bismarck became the chancellor.

• The Bundesrat ( upper house ) appointed

and the Reichstag ( lower house ) was

elected.

The German Industrial Giant• Germany after unification becomes the

industrial giant of Europe.

• Germany had a growing population, coal

and iron, railroads, well educated workforce.

Krupp steel.

• The Germans used Universities to train

workers, organized the economy to favor

business.

• Germany becomes a world leader in steel

production and chemicals.

Bismarck’s Germany• Bismarck’s goals - keep France weak,

maintain ties with Austria and Russia, build

an overseas empire.

• Bismarck at home-limit the power of the

Catholic Church (kulturkampf), and crush

the socialists or Social Democratic Party.

• Bismarck loses both of these efforts and

gives workers benefits.

• After making Germany strong he is fired by

William II in 1890.

Austria Focuses on the Balkans

Austria Focuses on the Balkans• In 1848 Metternich and Emperor Ferdinand

are forced to resign in favor of Francis Joseph I. New Constitution, and legislature for Austria.

• The Hungarians led by Louis Kossuth also revolted in 1848. The Russians fearing that the revolution would spread crushed the revolt. Austria defeated by Prussia.

• Formation of the Dual Monarchies - Austria -Hungary. In 1866 negotiated by Francis Deak

Formation of the Dual Monarchies• After the Prussia defeats Austria

Hungary demands more freedom.

• In 1867 Austria forms the Dual Monarchy.

Austria - Hungary. Francis Deak

negotiates the merger.

• Austrian capital in Vienna. Hungary in

Budapest. Hungary - agricultural Austria-

industrial.

• The mix of nationalities, cultures, and

languages causes problems.

Austria looking towards the Balkans

Austria looking towards the Balkans• By the 1800s the Ottoman Empire had

declined. The Empire is sometimes called

the “ Sick man of Europe.”

• The rulers of the Ottoman Empire had

allowed the empire to decay.

• When Greeks, Jews, or Christians in the

Empire planned rebellions they were

slaughtered.

• The rise of Nationalism in the Balkans

adds fuel to the fire.

The Ottoman Empire

Discontent in the Balkans• Greeks gain their independence in 1831.

• Serbs also gain autonomy.

• The Russians support the Bulgarians and Serbs - Pan-Slavism.

• The British worry about Russian expansion which leads to the Crimean War.

• The autocratic Russians support a revolt while the democratic British support the Ottoman Turks. Crimean War.

Russia: Reform and Reaction

The Russian Colossus• By 1800, Russia was the largest, most populace

nation in Europe.

• Other European powers disliked Russia’s

autocratic government.

• Obstacles to Russian progress, were a rigid social

structure, serfdom, landowners had no incentive

to improve conditions.

• Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism were the

three pillars of Russian absolutism.

• The Decembrist revolt in 1825, led by army officers

demanded a constitution, it was quickly smashed.

Russian Revolt

Reforms of Alexander II• Alexander II the Russian czar had come to

power during the Crimean War in 1855.

• The Crimean War revealed Russia’s backwardness, no railroads, military leadership was terrible.

• In 1861 Alexander II issued a decree that freed the serfs. The freed serfs moved to cities and helped create new Russian industry.

• Other reforms included the zemstvos or local elected assemblies were given some power, and legal reforms and womens rights.

Russian Czars

Alexander IIAlexander III Nicholas II

Return to Reaction in Russia• A Revolutionary movement was trying to change

Russia. ( The People’s Will)

• Alexander II was assassinated by a bomb.

• Alexander III began a crakdown on Russian freedoms. He renewed censorship, began pogroms and Russification.

• Jews were forced to flee Russia, many came to the United States.

• Under Alexander III and Nicholas II Russia entered the Industrial Age.

• The Trans-Siberian Railroad was built. Workers moved to the city, socialists like Lenin tried to organize workers.

Russian Reaction

Bloody Sunday -The Revolution of 1905• After Russia loses the Russo-Japanese War

peasants appeal to the Czar for help.

• The Massacre of 1905 – Sunday 22, January.

• Peaceful march turned violent, which leads to the Revolution of 1905.

• Nicholas II is forced to sign the October Manifesto he agrees to summon the Duma.

• The Manifesto won over moderates and in 1906 the Duma met, but was quickly dissolved.

• Nicholas II appoints Peter Stolypin, brutal repression followed. Stolypin is assassinated.

• By 1914, Russia is a cauldron of unrest.

Bloody Sunday

Bloody Sunday

Duma

II. Nation Building in Italy, Germany,

and the United States

C. Growing Austro-Prussian Rivalry

1. Political Stalemate

2. The Zollverein

3. Prussia and Unification

D. Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War

1. Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)

2. The War Against Denmark

3. The Austro-Prussian War

II. Nation Building in Italy, Germany,

and the United States

E. Taming the German Parliament

1. Wedding Nationalism and Conservatism

2. Bismarck’s Constitution

3. Co-opting Liberals

F. The Franco-Prussian War

1. Unifying the South

2. Prussian Victory

3. The Consequences

II. Nation Building in Italy, Germany,

and the United States

G. Slavery and Nation Building in the United States

1. North and South

2. Tensions between North and South

3. The Civil War (1861–1865)

4. Characteristics of American Life

III. The Modernization of Russia• A. Origins—Industrialization developed slowly in

Russia in the 1850s, a country dominated by a poor agrarian society where close to 90 percent of people lived off the land.

• 2. The Crimean War (1853–1856)—Russia wanted to expand into Ottoman territory but was defeated by France and Britain, aided by Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The defeat humiliated Russia and exposed the country’s lack of industrialization (railroads, armaments, military reform).

• 3. Reforms—The abolition of serfdom in 1861 (peasants received about half of the land), the establishment of a new institution of local government (the zemstvo, 1864

• 4. Economic Modernization—The government encouraged and subsidized private railway companies that delivered and exported

III. The Modernization of Russia• B. The Russian Revolution of 1905

• 1. Military Defeat—In a spirit of territorial expansion, Russia set its eye on northern Korea, which led to conflict with Japan. The Japanese decisively defeated the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war 1904–1905

• 2. Bloody Sunday—A massacre of workers and families peacefully protesting at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in January 1905. This event turned many against the czar and triggered a revolution that overturned absolutist tsarist rule.

• 3. Czarist Reforms—A general strike in October 1905 forced the tsar to issue the October Manifesto, granting full civil rights and a popularly elected Duma (parliament with real legislative power elected indirectly by universal male suffrage).

III. Modernization of the Ottoman Empire• 1.The Ottoman Empire—In the early nineteenth

century, the Ottomans suffered military defeats, but won victories in the Islamic Holy Lands and Sudan under the Ottoman governor of Egypt Muhammad Ali His growing power and influence threatened to depose Ottoman sultan Mahmud II

• 2. The Tanzimat—European military and economic competition spurred an era of radical reforms known as the Tanzimat (“Reorganization”) in which reformers sought to remake the empire on a western European model. Sultan Abdul Mejid (r. 1839–1861) issued the Imperial Rescript of 1856.

• 3. The Consequences The Ottoman imperial economy was dependent on the West for loans, and liberal reforms failed to curb growing nationalism.

• 4. The Young Turks—Fervent patriots who seized power in 1908 and forced Sultan Abdülhamid II.

IV. The Responsive National State,

1871–1914

A. The German Empire

1. Structure

2. The Kulturkampf

3. Anti-Socialist Reforms

4. William II (r. 1888–1918)

IV. The Responsive National State,

1871–1914

B. Republican France

1. The Paris Commune

2. Stabilizing Factors

3. Republican Legislation

4. The Dreyfus Affair

IV. The Responsive National State,

1871–1914

C. Great Britain and Ireland

1. Political Reforms

2. Social Welfare Legislation

3. Irish Home Rule

IV. The Responsive National State,

1871–1914

D. The Austro-Hungarian Empire

1. The Dual Monarchy

2. Austria

3. Hungary

V. The Nation and the People

A. Making National Citizens

1. Challenges to Unity

2. Nationalism’s Popularity

3. Symbols and Rituals

V. The Nation and the People

B. Nationalism and Racism

1. Scientific Understandings

2. Persecution and Exclusion

C. Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism

1. Jewish Emancipation

2. Anti-Semitism

3. Zionism

VI. Marxism and the Socialist Movement

A. The Socialist International

1. The German SPD

2. The First International

3. The Second International

VI. Marxism and the Socialist Movement

B. Unions and Revisionism

1. Militant Rhetoric and Moderate Action

2. Reasons for Moderation

3. Revisionism

4. National Differences