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9:00-9:45 a.m.
A REVIEW OF
WASTEWATER
CHARACTERISTICS FOR
WATER
REUSE/RECYCLING AFTER
CHEMICAL & EQUIPMENT
PROCESSING
Mark Andrus, Coventya, Inc. – Water Care
Division
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
A Review of Wastewater
Characteristics for Water
Reuse/Recycling after Chemical and
Equipment Processing
Mark AndrusGlobal Business Manager - WaterCare
Coventya
m.andrus@coventya.com
www.coventya.com
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Globally, 19.32% of industrial
applications apply water reuse techniques.
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Of the effluent reused in North America
(6.5%) only 7% is for industrial purposes.
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Of the effluent reused (6.5%), only
7% is for industrial use.
IDEA..
Let’s start using more wastewater effluent for industrial use!
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Background:
Cost of wastewater is based upon-
… effluent quality desired & treatment costs
…… sludge volume created & disposal
……… equipment & labor
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reusing wastewater: Why?
Reduced surcharges* for
make-up and discharge
*The cost of water is
rising across North America
Permit requirements
Regulatory compliance
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Determining factors for reuse:
Wastewater
Characteristics
The degree of water purity is critical.
Can it be used? Where? How?
Is it corrosive?
Does it create deposition?
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Wastewater
Characteristics
Specific ion analysis – the starting point.
WATER ANALYSIS
Measured pH: 9.00 units
Temperature: 20 °C
Calcium: 30.00 mg/L CaCO3
Total Alkalinity: 820 mg/L CaCO3
Dissolved Solids: 3283.00 mg/L
Chloride: 220 mg/L Cl-
Sulfate: 140.00 mg/L SO4
Dissolved Oxygen: 10 mg/L O2
Reference Temperature: 30.00 °C
Note that 3283 ppm as TDS = 4900 uS ( or mmhos) as Conductivity
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Wastewater
Characteristics
Conductivity conversion to TDS is variable based upon the ions present and the
concentration of the solution - as an AVERAGE the factor is:
Conductivity X 0.67 = TDS [total dissolved solids]
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Wastewater
Characteristics
Species at temperature per process needs.
WATER ANALYSIS
Measured pH: 9.00 units
Temperature: 20 °C
Calcium: 30.00 mg/L CaCO3
Total Alkalinity: 820 mg/L CaCO3
Dissolved Solids: 3283.00 mg/L
Chloride: 220 mg/L Cl-
Sulfate: 140.00 mg/L SO4
Dissolved Oxygen: 10 mg/L O2
Reference Temperature: 30.00 °C
SPECIATION
Temperature: 20 30 °C
Total Acidity: 706.81 706.81 mg/L CaCO3
Total Dissolved CO2: 2.99 3.26 mg/L CaCO3
Bicarbonate: 704.26 704.31 mg/L CaCO3
Carbonate: 115.30 114.92 mg/L CaCO3
Hydroxide: 0.44 0.77
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Wastewater
Characteristics From the analysis derived indices of
reuse potential is obtained. You have..
identified the reuse potential of this source.
INDICIES
pH: 9.00 8.91 -0.09 ∆∆∆∆pH
Saturation pH (Langelier): 7.67 7.53
Saturation pH (Snoeyink): 7.73 7.60
Langelier Index: 1.33 1.37
Snoeyink Index: 1.27 1.31
Ryznar Index: 6.34 6.16
Aggressive Index: 13.39 13.30
CCPP: 166.76 178.24 mg/L CaCO3
Momentary Excess: 27.85 28.05 mg/L CaCO3
Buffer Capacity: 127.71 128.45 mg/L CaCO3
Driving Force Index: 18.44 20.36
Singley Corrosion Rate: 22.20 21.96 mpy
Larson Index: 6.38 6.38
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Wastewater Characteristics
Let’s look again..
INDICIES
pH: 9.00 8.91 -0.09 ∆∆∆∆pH
Saturation pH (Langelier): 7.67 7.53
Saturation pH (Snoeyink): 7.73 7.60
Langelier Index: 1.33 1.37
Snoeyink Index: 1.27 1.31
Ryznar Index: 6.34 6.16
Aggressive Index: 13.39 13.30
CCPP: 166.76 178.24 mg/L CaCO3
Momentary Excess: 27.85 28.05 mg/L CaCO3
Buffer Capacity: 127.71 128.45 mg/L CaCO3
Driving Force Index: 18.44 20.36
Singley Corrosion Rate: 22.20 21.96 mpy
Larson Index: 6.38 6.38
This water has a slight potential for scaling / requires 127 ppm of acid/alkaline to change
the pH by +/- 1 / and is corrosive due to chlorides/sulfate to mild steel at ~22 mpy.
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse water* asReuse water* asReuse water* asReuse water* as----is:is:is:is:
• after the coagulation and after the coagulation and after the coagulation and after the coagulation and flocculation processflocculation processflocculation processflocculation process
• utilize a holding tank for storageutilize a holding tank for storageutilize a holding tank for storageutilize a holding tank for storage
• rererere----route by demand to processroute by demand to processroute by demand to processroute by demand to process
*: You have completed the water reuse analysis*: You have completed the water reuse analysis*: You have completed the water reuse analysis*: You have completed the water reuse analysison this water source to know on this water source to know on this water source to know on this water source to know –––– corrosion & scale potentialcorrosion & scale potentialcorrosion & scale potentialcorrosion & scale potential
Method #1 Reuse Water “as-is”
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Coagulation
Flocculation
==
_
__
_ ==
Colloid Mixed
Chloride
Coagulant
Charge
Neutralization
Destabilization
Destabilized
Colloid
Microfloc
Formation
Microfloc
Microfloc
Polymer Agglomeration
Macrofloc
+
+= = +
+
Mg+
Al+
Ca+
Mg+
Ca+
Al+
Reference: Modified slide from Vulacan Laboratories 1974
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #1:Reuse water asDiagram #1:Reuse water asDiagram #1:Reuse water asDiagram #1:Reuse water as----isisisis
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse water treated to removeReuse water treated to removeReuse water treated to removeReuse water treated to removeorganic contaminants:organic contaminants:organic contaminants:organic contaminants:
• via activated carbonvia activated carbonvia activated carbonvia activated carbon
• catalyzed claycatalyzed claycatalyzed claycatalyzed clay
• absorbing type mediaabsorbing type mediaabsorbing type mediaabsorbing type media
Method #2 Reuse Water
with Organics Removed
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #2: Reuse water with Diagram #2: Reuse water with Diagram #2: Reuse water with Diagram #2: Reuse water with activated carbon treatmentactivated carbon treatmentactivated carbon treatmentactivated carbon treatment
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse water is treated to removeReuse water is treated to removeReuse water is treated to removeReuse water is treated to removeorganic contaminants organic contaminants organic contaminants organic contaminants
& & & & suspended and dissolved solids:suspended and dissolved solids:suspended and dissolved solids:suspended and dissolved solids:
• via ion exchangevia ion exchangevia ion exchangevia ion exchange
• membrane filtration (usually combined)membrane filtration (usually combined)membrane filtration (usually combined)membrane filtration (usually combined)mirco / ultramirco / ultramirco / ultramirco / ultra
nano nano nano nano reverse osmosisreverse osmosisreverse osmosisreverse osmosis
Method #3 Reuse Water with
Organics / Suspended & Dissolved
Solids Removal
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated carbon treatment & IX/membrane unitscarbon treatment & IX/membrane unitscarbon treatment & IX/membrane unitscarbon treatment & IX/membrane units
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.
Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane types may be required. types may be required. types may be required. types may be required.
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.
Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane types may be required. types may be required. types may be required. types may be required.
http://wikiminiforchem.com
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #4: Reuse water with an Diagram #4: Reuse water with an Diagram #4: Reuse water with an Diagram #4: Reuse water with an evaporator as opposed to #3 system.evaporator as opposed to #3 system.evaporator as opposed to #3 system.evaporator as opposed to #3 system.
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may require biological control. UV/H2O2require biological control. UV/H2O2require biological control. UV/H2O2require biological control. UV/H2O2
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purity----
Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]
colloids/carbonatescolloids/carbonatescolloids/carbonatescolloids/carbonatesfloc carryoverfloc carryoverfloc carryoverfloc carryover
solids carryoversolids carryoversolids carryoversolids carryover• plug filters & membranesplug filters & membranesplug filters & membranesplug filters & membranes
CaCO3floc
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purity----Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]
anions and cationsanions and cationsanions and cationsanions and cations
• raises conductivity (TDS)raises conductivity (TDS)raises conductivity (TDS)raises conductivity (TDS)• increase in corrosion potentialincrease in corrosion potentialincrease in corrosion potentialincrease in corrosion potential
Na+Na+Na+Na+
ClClClCl----SOSOSOSO4444----
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
The type of solids is importantThe type of solids is importantThe type of solids is importantThe type of solids is important
•Carbonates & bicarbonates Carbonates & bicarbonates Carbonates & bicarbonates Carbonates & bicarbonates reducereducereducereducethe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potential
•Chlorides and sulfates Chlorides and sulfates Chlorides and sulfates Chlorides and sulfates accelerateaccelerateaccelerateacceleratethe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potential
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
CHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDES
Usually trouble when in excess of 200 ppmUsually trouble when in excess of 200 ppmUsually trouble when in excess of 200 ppmUsually trouble when in excess of 200 ppm
---- “etch or pitting” upon base metals“etch or pitting” upon base metals“etch or pitting” upon base metals“etch or pitting” upon base metals---- “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a
rinse water [intermediate or final] rinse water [intermediate or final] rinse water [intermediate or final] rinse water [intermediate or final]
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
CHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDES
Sources:Sources:Sources:Sources:
---- process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]---- pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid ---- pickling/cleaning of parts pickling/cleaning of parts pickling/cleaning of parts pickling/cleaning of parts
Cl-ClClClCl----
ClClClCl----Cl-
ClClClCl----
Cl-
ClClClCl----Cl- Cl- ClClClCl----
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
SULFATESSULFATESSULFATESSULFATES
Usually trouble when in excess of Usually trouble when in excess of Usually trouble when in excess of Usually trouble when in excess of 200 ppm200 ppm200 ppm200 ppm
---- create active corrosion via the reduction create active corrosion via the reduction create active corrosion via the reduction create active corrosion via the reduction of sulfate to sulfide ions of sulfate to sulfide ions of sulfate to sulfide ions of sulfate to sulfide ions
---- active under anaerobic conditions but active under anaerobic conditions but active under anaerobic conditions but active under anaerobic conditions but also under deposition byalso under deposition byalso under deposition byalso under deposition by----productsproductsproductsproducts
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
SULFATESSULFATESSULFATESSULFATES
Sources:Sources:Sources:Sources:
---- process cleaners [sulfonated process cleaners [sulfonated process cleaners [sulfonated process cleaners [sulfonated intermediates used in compounds] intermediates used in compounds] intermediates used in compounds] intermediates used in compounds]
---- pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid ---- ww treatment [sulfides]ww treatment [sulfides]ww treatment [sulfides]ww treatment [sulfides]
SOSOSOSO4444
SOSOSOSO4444
SOSOSOSO4444
SOSOSOSO4444
SOSOSOSO4444
SOSOSOSO4444
SOSOSOSO4444
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
Alkalinity and Water Hardness Alkalinity and Water Hardness Alkalinity and Water Hardness Alkalinity and Water Hardness
Very importantVery importantVery importantVery important
in the “feasibility” of water reusein the “feasibility” of water reusein the “feasibility” of water reusein the “feasibility” of water reuse
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
ELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITY
---- usually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityusually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityusually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityusually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityafter hydroxide precipitation after hydroxide precipitation after hydroxide precipitation after hydroxide precipitation
---- creates a protective film upon metal surfacecreates a protective film upon metal surfacecreates a protective film upon metal surfacecreates a protective film upon metal surface---- forms carbonates / hydroxidesforms carbonates / hydroxidesforms carbonates / hydroxidesforms carbonates / hydroxides
& “colloidalization of solids”& “colloidalization of solids”& “colloidalization of solids”& “colloidalization of solids”
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
ELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITY
Sources: Sources: Sources: Sources:
-pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based wastewater treatmentwastewater treatmentwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment
---- alkaline cleaning compoundsalkaline cleaning compoundsalkaline cleaning compoundsalkaline cleaning compounds
---- naturally occurring level naturally occurring level naturally occurring level naturally occurring level
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM
-consume cleaner activesconsume cleaner activesconsume cleaner activesconsume cleaner actives
---- change water surface tensionchange water surface tensionchange water surface tensionchange water surface tension
---- can form deposition and scale bycan form deposition and scale bycan form deposition and scale bycan form deposition and scale by----productsproductsproductsproducts
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM
Sources: Sources: Sources: Sources:
---- natural in areanatural in areanatural in areanatural in area---- lime/CaCllime/CaCllime/CaCllime/CaCl2222/Mg(OH) from WWT/Mg(OH) from WWT/Mg(OH) from WWT/Mg(OH) from WWT---- some process chemicalssome process chemicalssome process chemicalssome process chemicals
Mg
MgMg
Ca
CaCa
Mg
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
ORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATION
AAAA majormajormajormajor concernconcernconcernconcern ---- not removed w/ suspended solids not removed w/ suspended solids not removed w/ suspended solids not removed w/ suspended solids & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods
---- “black spotting effect on parts”“black spotting effect on parts”“black spotting effect on parts”“black spotting effect on parts”---- biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization
ORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATION
Sources:Sources:Sources:Sources:
Finishing process.. Finishing process.. Finishing process.. Finishing process.. aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, amines, cocococo----polymers, wetterspolymers, wetterspolymers, wetterspolymers, wetterssurfactants/dispersants surfactants/dispersants surfactants/dispersants surfactants/dispersants
wastewater treatment / cooling / boilerwastewater treatment / cooling / boilerwastewater treatment / cooling / boilerwastewater treatment / cooling / boilertreatment chemicalstreatment chemicalstreatment chemicalstreatment chemicals
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
In summary..
Wastewater Characteristics define
- - - the degree of water purity
- - - water purity defines where water can be
reused!
September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit
A reuse system can be engineered A reuse system can be engineered A reuse system can be engineered A reuse system can be engineered to different levels of water purity..to different levels of water purity..to different levels of water purity..to different levels of water purity..
(1) (1) (1) (1) Water reuse “asWater reuse “asWater reuse “asWater reuse “as----is”is”is”is”----applied to acid/caustic makeapplied to acid/caustic makeapplied to acid/caustic makeapplied to acid/caustic make----ups and nonups and nonups and nonups and non----critical rinsingcritical rinsingcritical rinsingcritical rinsing
(2) (2) (2) (2) Water reuse w/organic contamination removedWater reuse w/organic contamination removedWater reuse w/organic contamination removedWater reuse w/organic contamination removed ----applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions
(3) (3) (3) (3) Water reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removedWater reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removedWater reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removedWater reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removed----applied for water reuse in ALL process applicationsapplied for water reuse in ALL process applicationsapplied for water reuse in ALL process applicationsapplied for water reuse in ALL process applications
Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity (TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.(TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.(TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.(TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.
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